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# Guide to CVS commands

This appendix describes the overall structure of CVS commands, and describes some commands in detail (others are described elsewhere; for a quick reference to CVS commands, see section Quick reference to CVS commands).

- Structure: Overall structure of CVS commands
- Exit status: Indicating CVS's success or failure
- ~/.cvsrc: Default options with the ~/.csvrc file
- Global options: Options you give to the left of cvs_command
- Common options: Options you give to the right of cvs_command
- admin: Administration
- checkout: Checkout sources for editing
- commit: Check files into the repository
- diff: Show differences between revisions
- export: Export sources from CVS, similar to checkout
- history: Show status of files and users
- import: Import sources into CVS, using vendor branches
- log: Show log messages for files
- rdiff: 'patch' format diffs between releases
- release: Indicate that a Module is no longer in use
- rtag: Add a tag to a module
- tag: Add a tag to checked out version
- update: Bring work tree in sync with repository

## Overall structure of CVS commands

The overall format of all CVS commands is:

    cvs [ cvs_options ] cvs_command [ command_options ] [ command_args ]

`cvs`
  The name of the CVS program.
`cvs_options`
  Some options that affect all sub-commands of CVS. These are described below.
`cvs_command`
  One of several different sub-commands. Some of the commands have aliases that can be used instead; those aliases are noted in the reference manual for that command. There are only two situations where you may omit ``cvs_command'`: ``cvs -H'` elicits a list of available commands, and ``cvs -v'` displays version information on CVS itself.
`command_options`
  Options that are specific for the command.
`command_args`
  Arguments to the commands.

There is unfortunately some confusion between `cvs_options` and `command_options`. ``-l'`, when given as a `cvs_option`, only affects some of the commands. When it is given as a `command_option` is has a different meaning, and is accepted by more commands. In other words, do not take the above categorization too seriously. Look at the documentation instead.

## CVS's exit status

CVS can indicate to the calling environment whether it succeeded or failed by setting its exit status. The exact way of testing the exit status will vary from one operating system to another. For example in a unix shell script the ``$?'` variable will be 0 if the last command returned a successful exit status, or greater than 0 if the exit status indicated failure.

If CVS is successful, it returns a successful status; if there is an error, it prints an error message and returns a failure status. The one exception to this is the `cvs diff` command. It will return a successful status if it found no differences, or a failure status if there were differences or if there was an error. Because this behavior provides no good way to detect errors, in the future it is possible that `cvs diff` will be changed to behave like the other CVS commands.

## Default options and the ~/.cvsrc file

There are some `command_options` that are used so often that you might have set up an alias or some other means to make sure you always specify that option. One example (the one that drove the implementation of the ``.cvsrc'` support, actually) is that many people find the default output of the ``diff'` command to be very hard to read, and that either context diffs or unidiffs are much easier to understand.

The ``~/.cvsrc'` file is a way that you can add default options to `cvs_commands` within cvs, instead of relying on aliases or other shell scripts.

The format of the ``~/.cvsrc'` file is simple. The file is searched for a line that begins with the same name as the `cvs_command` being executed. If a match is found, then the remainder of the line is split up (at whitespace characters) into separate options and added to the command arguments before any options from the command line.

If a command has two names (e.g., `checkout` and `co`), the official name, not necessarily the one used on the command line, will be used to match against the file. So if this is the contents of the user's ``~/.cvsrc'` file:

    log -N
    diff -u
    update -P
    checkout -P

the command ``cvs checkout foo'` would have the ``-P'` option added to the arguments, as well as ``cvs co foo'`.

With the example file above, the output from ``cvs diff foobar'` will be in unidiff format. ``cvs diff -c foobar'` will provide context diffs, as usual. Getting "old" format diffs would be slightly more complicated, because `diff` doesn't have an option to specify use of the "old" format, so you would need ``cvs -f diff foobar'`.

In place of the command name you can use `cvs` to specify global options (see section Global options). For example the following line in ``.cvsrc'`

    cvs -z6

causes CVS to use compression level 6.

## Global options

The available ``cvs_options'` (that are given to the left of ``cvs_command'`) are:

`--allow-root=rootdir`
  Specify legal CVSROOT directory. See section Setting up the server for password authentication.
`-a`
  Authenticate all communication between the client and the server. Only has an effect on the CVS client. As of this writing, this is only implemented when using a GSSAPI connection (see section Direct connection with GSSAPI). Authentication prevents certain sorts of attacks involving hijacking the active TCP connection. Enabling authentication does not enable encryption.
`-b bindir`
  In CVS 1.9.18 and older, this specified that RCS programs are in the bindir directory. Current versions of CVS do not run RCS programs; for compatibility this option is accepted, but it does nothing.
`-T tempdir`
  Use tempdir as the directory where temporary files are located. Overrides the setting of the `$TMPDIR` environment variable and any precompiled directory. This parameter should be specified as an absolute pathname.
`-d cvs_root_directory`
  Use cvs_root_directory as the root directory pathname of the repository. Overrides the setting of the `$CVSROOT` environment variable. See section The Repository.
`-e editor`
  Use editor to enter revision log information. Overrides the setting of the `$CVSEDITOR` and `$EDITOR` environment variables. For more information, see section Committing your changes.
`-f`
  Do not read the ``~/.cvsrc'` file. This option is most often used because of the non-orthogonality of the CVS option set. For example, the ``cvs log'` option ``-N'` (turn off display of tag names) does not have a corresponding option to turn the display on. So if you have ``-N'` in the ``~/.cvsrc'` entry for ``log'`, you may need to use ``-f'` to show the tag names.
`-H`
`--help`
  Display usage information about the specified ``cvs_command'` (but do not actually execute the command). If you don't specify a command name, ``cvs -H'` displays overall help for CVS, including a list of other help options.
`-l`
  Do not log the ``cvs_command'` in the command history (but execute it anyway). See section history--Show status of files and users, for information on command history.
`-n`
  Do not change any files. Attempt to execute the ``cvs_command'`, but only to issue reports; do not remove, update, or merge any existing files, or create any new files. Note that CVS will not necessarily produce exactly the same output as without ``-n'`. In some cases the output will be the same, but in other cases CVS will skip some of the processing that would have been required to produce the exact same output.
`-Q`
  Cause the command to be really quiet; the command will only generate output for serious problems.
`-q`
  Cause the command to be somewhat quiet; informational messages, such as reports of recursion through subdirectories, are suppressed.
`-r`
  Make new working files read-only. Same effect as if the `$CVSREAD` environment variable is set (see section All environment variables which affect CVS). The default is to make working files writable, unless watches are on (see section Mechanisms to track who is editing files).
`-s variable=value`
  Set a user variable (see section Expansions in administrative files).
`-t`
  Trace program execution; display messages showing the steps of CVS activity. Particularly useful with ``-n'` to explore the potential impact of an unfamiliar command.
`-v`
`--version`
  Display version and copyright information for CVS.
`-w`
  Make new working files read-write. Overrides the setting of the `$CVSREAD` environment variable. Files are created read-write by default, unless `$CVSREAD` is set or ``-r'` is given.
`-x`
  Encrypt all communication between the client and the server. Only has an effect on the CVS client. As of this writing, this is only implemented when using a GSSAPI connection (see section Direct connection with GSSAPI) or a Kerberos connection (see section Direct connection with kerberos). Enabling encryption implies that message traffic is also authenticated. Encryption support is not available by default; it must be enabled using a special configure option, ``--enable-encryption'`, when you build CVS.
`-z gzip-level`
  Set the compression level. Only has an effect on the CVS client.

## Common command options

This section describes the ``command_options'` that are available across several CVS commands. These options are always given to the right of ``cvs_command'`. Not all commands support all of these options; each option is only supported for commands where it makes sense. However, when a command has one of these options you can almost always count on the same behavior of the option as in other commands. (Other command options, which are listed with the individual commands, may have different behavior from one CVS command to the other).

Warning: the ``history'` command is an exception; it supports many options that conflict even with these standard options.

`-D date_spec`
  Use the most recent revision no later than date_spec. date_spec is a single argument, a date description specifying a date in the past. The specification is sticky when you use it to make a private copy of a source file; that is, when you get a working file using ``-D'`, CVS records the date you specified, so that further updates in the same directory will use the same date (for more information on sticky tags/dates, see section Sticky tags). ``-D'` is available with the `checkout`, `diff`, `export`, `history`, `rdiff`, `rtag`, and `update` commands. (The `history` command uses this option in a slightly different way; see section history options). A wide variety of date formats are supported by CVS. The most standard ones are ISO8601 (from the International Standards Organization) and the Internet e-mail standard (specified in RFC822 as amended by RFC1123). ISO8601 dates have many variants but a few examples are:

      1972-09-24
      1972-09-24 20:05

  For more details about ISO8601 dates, see:

      http://www.ft.uni-erlangen.de/~mskuhn/iso-time.html

  In addition to the dates allowed in Internet e-mail itself, CVS also allows some of the fields to be omitted. For example:

      24 Sep 1972 20:05
      24 Sep

  The date is interpreted as being in the local timezone, unless a specific timezone is specified. These two date formats are preferred. However, CVS currently accepts a wide variety of other date formats. They are intentionally not documented here in any detail, and future versions of CVS might not accept all of them. One such format is `month/day/year`. This may confuse people who are accustomed to having the month and day in the other order; ``1/4/96'` is January 4, not April 1. Remember to quote the argument to the ``-D'` flag so that your shell doesn't interpret spaces as argument separators. A command using the ``-D'` flag can look like this:

      $ cvs diff -D "1 hour ago" cvs.texinfo

`-f`
  When you specify a particular date or tag to CVS commands, they normally ignore files that do not contain the tag (or did not exist prior to the date) that you specified. Use the ``-f'` option if you want files retrieved even when there is no match for the tag or date. (The most recent revision of the file will be used). ``-f'` is available with these commands: `annotate`, `checkout`, `export`, `rdiff`, `rtag`, and `update`. Warning: The `commit` and `remove` commands also have a ``-f'` option, but it has a different behavior for those commands. See section commit options, and section Removing files.
`-k kflag`
  Alter the default processing of keywords. See section Keyword substitution, for the meaning of kflag. Your kflag specification is sticky when you use it to create a private copy of a source file; that is, when you use this option with the `checkout` or `update` commands, CVS associates your selected kflag with the file, and continues to use it with future update commands on the same file until you specify otherwise. The ``-k'` option is available with the `add`, `checkout`, `diff`, `import` and `update` commands.
`-l`
  Local; run only in current working directory, rather than recursing through subdirectories. Warning: this is not the same as the overall ``cvs -l'` option, which you can specify to the left of a cvs command! Available with the following commands: `annotate`, `checkout`, `commit`, `diff`, `edit`, `editors`, `export`, `log`, `rdiff`, `remove`, `rtag`, `status`, `tag`, `unedit`, `update`, `watch`, and `watchers`.
`-m message`
  Use message as log information, instead of invoking an editor. Available with the following commands: `add`, `commit` and `import`.
`-n`
  Do not run any checkout/commit/tag program. (A program can be specified to run on each of these activities, in the modules database (see section The modules file); this option bypasses it). Warning: this is not the same as the overall ``cvs -n'` option, which you can specify to the left of a cvs command! Available with the `checkout`, `commit`, `export`, and `rtag` commands.
`-P`
  Prune empty directories. See section Removing directories.
`-p`
  Pipe the files retrieved from the repository to standard output, rather than writing them in the current directory. Available with the `checkout` and `update` commands.
`-R`
  Process directories recursively. This is on by default. Available with the following commands: `annotate`, `checkout`, `commit`, `diff`, `edit`, `editors`, `export`, `rdiff`, `remove`, `rtag`, `status`, `tag`, `unedit`, `update`, `watch`, and `watchers`.
`-r tag`
  Use the revision specified by the tag argument instead of the default head revision. As well as arbitrary tags defined with the `tag` or `rtag` command, two special tags are always available: ``HEAD'` refers to the most recent version available in the repository, and ``BASE'` refers to the revision you last checked out into the current working directory. The tag specification is sticky when you use this with `checkout` or `update` to make your own copy of a file: CVS remembers the tag and continues to use it on future update commands, until you specify otherwise (for more information on sticky tags/dates, see section Sticky tags). The tag can be either a symbolic or numeric tag. See section Tags--Symbolic revisions. Specifying the ``-q'` global option along with the ``-r'` command option is often useful, to suppress the warning messages when the RCS file does not contain the specified tag. Warning: this is not the same as the overall ``cvs -r'` option, which you can specify to the left of a CVS command! ``-r'` is available with the `checkout`, `commit`, `diff`, `history`, `export`, `rdiff`, `rtag`, and `update` commands.
`-W`
  Specify file names that should be filtered. You can use this option repeatedly. The spec can be a file name pattern of the same type that you can specify in the ``.cvswrappers'` file. Available with the following commands: `import`, and `update`.

## admin--Administration

- Requires: repository, working directory.
- Changes: repository.
- Synonym: rcs

This is the CVS interface to assorted administrative facilities. Some of them have questionable usefulness for CVS but exist for historical purposes. Some of the questionable options are likely to disappear in the future. This command does work recursively, so extreme care should be used.

On unix, if there is a group named `cvsadmin`, only members of that group can run `cvs admin`. This group should exist on the server, or any system running the non-client/server CVS. To disallow `cvs admin` for all users, create a group with no users in it. On NT, the `cvsadmin` feature does not exist and all users can run `cvs admin`.

- admin options: admin options

### admin options

Some of these options have questionable usefulness for CVS but exist for historical purposes. Some even make it impossible to use CVS until you undo the effect!

`-Aoldfile`
  Might not work together with CVS. Append the access list of oldfile to the access list of the RCS file.
`-alogins`
  Might not work together with CVS. Append the login names appearing in the comma-separated list logins to the access list of the RCS file.
`-b[rev]`
  Set the default branch to rev. In CVS, you normally do not manipulate default branches; sticky tags (see section Sticky tags) are a better way to decide which branch you want to work on. There is one reason to run `cvs admin -b`: to revert to the vendor's version when using vendor branches (see section Reverting to the latest vendor release). There can be no space between ``-b'` and its argument.
`-cstring`
  Sets the comment leader to string. The comment leader is not used by current versions of CVS or RCS 5.7. Therefore, you can almost surely not worry about it. See section Keyword substitution.
`-e[logins]`
  Might not work together with CVS. Erase the login names appearing in the comma-separated list logins from the access list of the RCS file. If logins is omitted, erase the entire access list.
`-I`
  Run interactively, even if the standard input is not a terminal. This option does not work with the client/server CVS and is likely to disappear in a future release of CVS.
`-i`
  Useless with CVS. This creates and initializes a new RCS file, without depositing a revision. With CVS, add files with the `cvs add` command (see section Adding files to a directory).
`-ksubst`
  Set the default keyword substitution to subst. See section Keyword substitution. Giving an explicit ``-k'` option to `cvs update`, `cvs export`, or `cvs checkout` overrides this default.
`-l[rev]`
  Lock the revision with number rev. If a branch is given, lock the latest revision on that branch. If rev is omitted, lock the latest revision on the default branch. There can be no space between ``-l'` and its argument. This can be used in conjunction with the ``rcslock.pl'` script in the ``contrib'` directory of the CVS source distribution to provide reserved checkouts (where only one user can be editing a given file at a time). See the comments in that file for details (and see the ``README'` file in that directory for disclaimers about the unsupported nature of contrib). According to comments in that file, locking must set to strict (which is the default).
`-L`
  Set locking to strict. Strict locking means that the owner of an RCS file is not exempt from locking for checkin. For use with CVS, strict locking must be set; see the discussion under the ``-l'` option above.
`-mrev:msg`
  Replace the log message of revision rev with msg.
`-Nname[:[rev]]`
  Act like ``-n'`, except override any previous assignment of name. For use with magic branches, see section Magic branch numbers.
`-nname[:[rev]]`
  Associate the symbolic name name with the branch or revision rev. It is normally better to use ``cvs tag'` or ``cvs rtag'` instead. Delete the symbolic name if both ``:'` and rev are omitted; otherwise, print an error message if name is already associated with another number. If rev is symbolic, it is expanded before association. A rev consisting of a branch number followed by a ``.'` stands for the current latest revision in the branch. A ``:'` with an empty rev stands for the current latest revision on the default branch, normally the trunk. For example, ``cvs admin -nname:'` associates name with the current latest revision of all the RCS files; this contrasts with ``cvs admin -nname:$'` which associates name with the revision numbers extracted from keyword strings in the corresponding working files.
`-orange`
  Deletes (outdates) the revisions given by range. Note that this command can be quite dangerous unless you know exactly what you are doing (for example see the warnings below about how the rev1:rev2 syntax is confusing). If you are short on disc this option might help you. But think twice before using it--there is no way short of restoring the latest backup to undo this command! If you delete different revisions than you planned, either due to carelessness or (heaven forbid) a CVS bug, there is no opportunity to correct the error before the revisions are deleted. It probably would be a good idea to experiment on a copy of the repository first. Specify range in one of the following ways:
  `rev1::rev2`
    Collapse all revisions between rev1 and rev2, so that CVS only stores the differences associated with going from rev1 to rev2, not intermediate steps. For example, after ``-o 1.3::1.5'` one can retrieve revision 1.3, revision 1.5, or the differences to get from 1.3 to 1.5, but not the revision 1.4, or the differences between 1.3 and 1.4. Other examples: ``-o 1.3::1.4'` and ``-o 1.3::1.3'` have no effect, because there are no intermediate revisions to remove.
  `::rev`
    Collapse revisions between the beginning of the branch containing rev and rev itself. The branchpoint and rev are left intact. For example, ``-o ::1.3.2.6'` deletes revision 1.3.2.1, revision 1.3.2.5, and everything in between, but leaves 1.3 and 1.3.2.6 intact.
  `rev::`
    Collapse revisions between rev and the end of the branch containing rev. Revision rev is left intact but the head revision is deleted.
  `rev`
    Delete the revision rev. For example, ``-o 1.3'` is equivalent to ``-o 1.2::1.4'`.
  `rev1:rev2`
    Delete the revisions from rev1 to rev2, inclusive, on the same branch. One will not be able to retrieve rev1 or rev2 or any of the revisions in between. For example, the command ``cvs admin -oR_1_01:R_1_02 .'` is rarely useful. It means to delete revisions up to, and including, the tag R_1_02. But beware! If there are files that have not changed between R_1_02 and R_1_03 the file will have the same numerical revision number assigned to the tags R_1_02 and R_1_03. So not only will it be impossible to retrieve R_1_02; R_1_03 will also have to be restored from the tapes! In most cases you want to specify rev1::rev2 instead.
  `:rev`
    Delete revisions from the beginning of the branch containing rev up to and including rev.
  `rev:`
    Delete revisions from revision rev, including rev itself, to the end of the branch containing rev.
  None of the revisions to be deleted may have branches or locks. If any of the revisions to be deleted have symbolic names, and one specifies one of the ``::'` syntaxes, then CVS will give an error and not delete any revisions. If you really want to delete both the symbolic names and the revisions, first delete the symbolic names with `cvs tag -d`, then run `cvs admin -o`. If one specifies the non-``::'` syntaxes, then CVS will delete the revisions but leave the symbolic names pointing to nonexistent revisions. This behavior is preserved for compatibility with previous versions of CVS, but because it isn't very useful, in the future it may change to be like the ``::'` case. Due to the way CVS handles branches rev cannot be specified symbolically if it is a branch. See section Magic branch numbers, for an explanation. Make sure that no-one has checked out a copy of the revision you outdate. Strange things will happen if he starts to edit it and tries to check it back in. For this reason, this option is not a good way to take back a bogus commit; commit a new revision undoing the bogus change instead (see section Merging differences between any two revisions).
`-q`
  Run quietly; do not print diagnostics.
`-sstate[:rev]`
  Useful with CVS. Set the state attribute of the revision rev to state. If rev is a branch number, assume the latest revision on that branch. If rev is omitted, assume the latest revision on the default branch. Any identifier is acceptable for state. A useful set of states is ``Exp'` (for experimental), ``Stab'` (for stable), and ``Rel'` (for released). By default, the state of a new revision is set to ``Exp'` when it is created. The state is visible in the output from cvs log (see section log--Print out log information for files), and in the ``$'`Log$ and ``$'`State$ keywords (see section Keyword substitution). Note that CVS uses the `dead` state for its own purposes; to take a file to or from the `dead` state use commands like `cvs remove` and `cvs add`, not `cvs admin -s`.
`-t[file]`
  Useful with CVS. Write descriptive text from the contents of the named file into the RCS file, deleting the existing text. The file pathname may not begin with ``-'`. The descriptive text can be seen in the output from ``cvs log'` (see section log--Print out log information for files). There can be no space between ``-t'` and its argument. If file is omitted, obtain the text from standard input, terminated by end-of-file or by a line containing ``.'` by itself. Prompt for the text if interaction is possible; see ``-I'`. Reading from standard input does not work for client/server CVS and may change in a future release of CVS.
`-t-string`
  Similar to ``-tfile'`. Write descriptive text from the string into the RCS file, deleting the existing text. There can be no space between ``-t'` and its argument.
`-U`
  Set locking to non-strict. Non-strict locking means that the owner of a file need not lock a revision for checkin. For use with CVS, strict locking must be set; see the discussion under the ``-l'` option above.
`-u[rev]`
  See the option ``-l'` above, for a discussion of using this option with CVS. Unlock the revision with number rev. If a branch is given, unlock the latest revision on that branch. If rev is omitted, remove the latest lock held by the caller. Normally, only the locker of a revision may unlock it. Somebody else unlocking a revision breaks the lock. This causes a mail message to be sent to the original locker. The message contains a commentary solicited from the breaker. The commentary is terminated by end-of-file or by a line containing `.` by itself. There can be no space between ``-u'` and its argument.
`-Vn`
  In previous versions of CVS, this option meant to write an RCS file which would be acceptable to RCS version n, but it is now obsolete and specifying it will produce an error.
`-xsuffixes`
  In previous versions of CVS, this was documented as a way of specifying the names of the RCS files. However, CVS has always required that the RCS files used by CVS end in ``,v'`, so this option has never done anything useful.

## checkout--Check out sources for editing

- Synopsis: checkout [options] modules...
- Requires: repository.
- Changes: working directory.
- Synonyms: co, get

Create or update a working directory containing copies of the source files specified by modules. You must execute `checkout` before using most of the other CVS commands, since most of them operate on your working directory.

The modules are either symbolic names for some collection of source directories and files, or paths to directories or files in the repository. The symbolic names are defined in the ``modules'` file. See section The modules file.

Depending on the modules you specify, `checkout` may recursively create directories and populate them with the appropriate source files. You can then edit these source files at any time (regardless of whether other software developers are editing their own copies of the sources); update them to include new changes applied by others to the source repository; or commit your work as a permanent change to the source repository.

Note that `checkout` is used to create directories. The top-level directory created is always added to the directory where `checkout` is invoked, and usually has the same name as the specified module. In the case of a module alias, the created sub-directory may have a different name, but you can be sure that it will be a sub-directory, and that `checkout` will show the relative path leading to each file as it is extracted into your private work area (unless you specify the ``-Q'` global option).

The files created by `checkout` are created read-write, unless the ``-r'` option to CVS (see section Global options) is specified, the `CVSREAD` environment variable is specified (see section All environment variables which affect CVS), or a watch is in effect for that file (see section Mechanisms to track who is editing files).

Note that running `checkout` on a directory that was already built by a prior `checkout` is also permitted. This is similar to specifying the ``-d'` option to the `update` command in the sense that new directories that have been created in the repository will appear in your work area. However, `checkout` takes a module name whereas `update` takes a directory name. Also to use `checkout` this way it must be run from the top level directory (where you originally ran `checkout` from), so before you run `checkout` to update an existing directory, don't forget to change your directory to the top level directory.

For the output produced by the `checkout` command see section update output.

- checkout options: checkout options
- checkout examples: checkout examples

### checkout options

These standard options are supported by `checkout` (see section Common command options, for a complete description of them):

`-D date`
  Use the most recent revision no later than date. This option is sticky, and implies ``-P'`. See section Sticky tags, for more information on sticky tags/dates.
`-f`
  Only useful with the ``-D date'` or ``-r tag'` flags. If no matching revision is found, retrieve the most recent revision (instead of ignoring the file).
`-k kflag`
  Process keywords according to kflag. See section Keyword substitution. This option is sticky; future updates of this file in this working directory will use the same kflag. The `status` command can be viewed to see the sticky options. See section Quick reference to CVS commands, for more information on the `status` command.
`-l`
  Local; run only in current working directory.
`-n`
  Do not run any checkout program (as specified with the ``-o'` option in the modules file; see section The modules file).
`-P`
  Prune empty directories. See section Moving and renaming directories.
`-p`
  Pipe files to the standard output.
`-R`
  Checkout directories recursively. This option is on by default.
`-r tag`
  Use revision tag. This option is sticky, and implies ``-P'`. See section Sticky tags, for more information on sticky tags/dates.

In addition to those, you can use these special command options with `checkout`:

`-A`
  Reset any sticky tags, dates, or ``-k'` options. See section Sticky tags, for more information on sticky tags/dates.
`-c`
  Copy the module file, sorted, to the standard output, instead of creating or modifying any files or directories in your working directory.
`-d dir`
  Create a directory called dir for the working files, instead of using the module name. In general, using this flag is equivalent to using ``mkdir dir; cd dir'` followed by the checkout command without the ``-d'` flag. There is an important exception, however. It is very convenient when checking out a single item to have the output appear in a directory that doesn't contain empty intermediate directories. In this case only, CVS tries to "shorten" pathnames to avoid those empty directories. For example, given a module ``foo'` that contains the file ``bar.c'`, the command ``cvs co -d dir foo'` will create directory ``dir'` and place ``bar.c'` inside. Similarly, given a module ``bar'` which has subdirectory ``baz'` wherein there is a file ``quux.c'`, the command ``cvs -d dir co bar/baz'` will create directory ``dir'` and place ``quux.c'` inside. Using the ``-N'` flag will defeat this behavior. Given the same module definitions above, ``cvs co -N -d dir foo'` will create directories ``dir/foo'` and place ``bar.c'` inside, while ``cvs co -N -d dir bar/baz'` will create directories ``dir/bar/baz'` and place ``quux.c'` inside.
`-j tag`
  With two ``-j'` options, merge changes from the revision specified with the first ``-j'` option to the revision specified with the second ``j'` option, into the working directory. With one ``-j'` option, merge changes from the ancestor revision to the revision specified with the ``-j'` option, into the working directory. The ancestor revision is the common ancestor of the revision which the working directory is based on, and the revision specified in the ``-j'` option. In addition, each -j option can contain an optional date specification which, when used with branches, can limit the chosen revision to one within a specific date. An optional date is specified by adding a colon (:) to the tag: ``-jSymbolic_Tag:Date_Specifier'`. See section Branching and merging.
`-N`
  Only useful together with ``-d dir'`. With this option, CVS will not "shorten" module paths in your working directory when you check out a single module. See the ``-d'` flag for examples and a discussion.
`-s`
  Like ``-c'`, but include the status of all modules, and sort it by the status string. See section The modules file, for info about the ``-s'` option that is used inside the modules file to set the module status.

### checkout examples

Get a copy of the module ``tc'`:

    $ cvs checkout tc

Get a copy of the module ``tc'` as it looked one day ago:

    $ cvs checkout -D yesterday tc

## commit--Check files into the repository

- Synopsis: commit [-lnRf] [-m 'log_message' | -F file] [-r revision] [files...]
- Requires: working directory, repository.
- Changes: repository.
- Synonym: ci

Use `commit` when you want to incorporate changes from your working source files into the source repository.

If you don't specify particular files to commit, all of the files in your working current directory are examined. `commit` is careful to change in the repository only those files that you have really changed. By default (or if you explicitly specify the ``-R'` option), files in subdirectories are also examined and committed if they have changed; you can use the ``-l'` option to limit `commit` to the current directory only.

`commit` verifies that the selected files are up to date with the current revisions in the source repository; it will notify you, and exit without committing, if any of the specified files must be made current first with `update` (see section update--Bring work tree in sync with repository). `commit` does not call the `update` command for you, but rather leaves that for you to do when the time is right.

When all is well, an editor is invoked to allow you to enter a log message that will be written to one or more logging programs (see section The modules file, and see section Loginfo) and placed in the RCS file inside the repository. This log message can be retrieved with the `log` command; see section log--Print out log information for files. You can specify the log message on the command line with the ``-m message'` option, and thus avoid the editor invocation, or use the ``-F file'` option to specify that the argument file contains the log message.

- commit options: commit options
- commit examples: commit examples

### commit options

These standard options are supported by `commit` (see section Common command options, for a complete description of them):

`-l`
  Local; run only in current working directory.
`-n`
  Do not run any module program.
`-R`
  Commit directories recursively. This is on by default.
`-r revision`
  Commit to revision. revision must be either a branch, or a revision on the main trunk that is higher than any existing revision number (see section Assigning revisions). You cannot commit to a specific revision on a branch.

`commit` also supports these options:

`-F file`
  Read the log message from file, instead of invoking an editor.
`-f`
  Note that this is not the standard behavior of the ``-f'` option as defined in section Common command options. Force CVS to commit a new revision even if you haven't made any changes to the file. If the current revision of file is 1.7, then the following two commands are equivalent:

      $ cvs commit -f file
      $ cvs commit -r 1.8 file

  The ``-f'` option disables recursion (i.e., it implies ``-l'`). To force CVS to commit a new revision for all files in all subdirectories, you must use ``-f -R'`.
`-m message`
  Use message as the log message, instead of invoking an editor.

### commit examples

#### Committing to a branch

You can commit to a branch revision (one that has an even number of dots) with the ``-r'` option. To create a branch revision, use the ``-b'` option of the `rtag` or `tag` commands (see section tag--Add a symbolic tag to checked out versions of files or see section rtag--Add a symbolic tag to a module). Then, either `checkout` or `update` can be used to base your sources on the newly created branch. From that point on, all `commit` changes made within these working sources will be automatically added to a branch revision, thereby not disturbing main-line development in any way. For example, if you had to create a patch to the 1.2 version of the product, even though the 2.0 version is already under development, you might do:

    $ cvs rtag -b -r FCS1_2 FCS1_2_Patch product_module
    $ cvs checkout -r FCS1_2_Patch product_module
    $ cd product_module
    [[ hack away ]]
    $ cvs commit

This works automatically since the ``-r'` option is sticky.

#### Creating the branch after editing

Say you have been working on some extremely experimental software, based on whatever revision you happened to checkout last week. If others in your group would like to work on this software with you, but without disturbing main-line development, you could commit your change to a new branch. Others can then checkout your experimental stuff and utilize the full benefit of CVS conflict resolution. The scenario might look like:

    [[ hacked sources are present ]]
    $ cvs tag -b EXPR1
    $ cvs update -r EXPR1
    $ cvs commit

The `update` command will make the ``-r EXPR1'` option sticky on all files. Note that your changes to the files will never be removed by the `update` command. The `commit` will automatically commit to the correct branch, because the ``-r'` is sticky. You could also do like this:

    [[ hacked sources are present ]]
    $ cvs tag -b EXPR1
    $ cvs commit -r EXPR1

but then, only those files that were changed by you will have the ``-r EXPR1'` sticky flag. If you hack away, and commit without specifying the ``-r EXPR1'` flag, some files may accidentally end up on the main trunk.

To work with you on the experimental change, others would simply do

    $ cvs checkout -r EXPR1 whatever_module

## diff--Show differences between revisions

- Synopsis: diff [-lR] [format_options] [[-r rev1 | -D date1] [-r rev2 | -D date2]] [files...]
- Requires: working directory, repository.
- Changes: nothing.

The `diff` command is used to compare different revisions of files. The default action is to compare your working files with the revisions they were based on, and report any differences that are found.

If any file names are given, only those files are compared. If any directories are given, all files under them will be compared.

The exit status for diff is different than for other CVS commands; for details section CVS's exit status.

- diff options: diff options
- diff examples: diff examples

### diff options

These standard options are supported by `diff` (see section Common command options, for a complete description of them):

`-D date`
  Use the most recent revision no later than date. See ``-r'` for how this affects the comparison.
`-k kflag`
  Process keywords according to kflag. See section Keyword substitution.
`-l`
  Local; run only in current working directory.
`-R`
  Examine directories recursively. This option is on by default.
`-r tag`
  Compare with revision tag. Zero, one or two ``-r'` options can be present. With no ``-r'` option, the working file will be compared with the revision it was based on. With one ``-r'`, that revision will be compared to your current working file. With two ``-r'` options those two revisions will be compared (and your working file will not affect the outcome in any way). One or both ``-r'` options can be replaced by a ``-D date'` option, described above.

The following options specify the format of the output. They have the same meaning as in GNU diff.

    -0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9
    --binary
    --brief
    --changed-group-format=arg
    -c
      -C nlines
      --context[=lines]
    -e --ed
    -t --expand-tabs
    -f --forward-ed
    --horizon-lines=arg
    --ifdef=arg
    -w --ignore-all-space
    -B --ignore-blank-lines
    -i --ignore-case
    -I regexp
       --ignore-matching-lines=regexp
    -h
    -b --ignore-space-change
    -T --initial-tab
    -L label
      --label=label
    --left-column
    -d --minimal
    -N --new-file
    --new-line-format=arg
    --old-line-format=arg
    --paginate
    -n --rcs
    -s --report-identical-files
    -p
    --show-c-function
    -y --side-by-side
    -F regexp
    --show-function-line=regexp
    -H --speed-large-files
    --suppress-common-lines
    -a --text
    --unchanged-group-format=arg
    -u
      -U nlines
      --unified[=lines]
    -V arg
    -W columns
      --width=columns

### diff examples

The following line produces a Unidiff (``-u'` flag) between revision 1.14 and 1.19 of ``backend.c'`. Due to the ``-kk'` flag no keywords are substituted, so differences that only depend on keyword substitution are ignored.

    $ cvs diff -kk -u -r 1.14 -r 1.19 backend.c

Suppose the experimental branch EXPR1 was based on a set of files tagged RELEASE_1_0. To see what has happened on that branch, the following can be used:

    $ cvs diff -r RELEASE_1_0 -r EXPR1

A command like this can be used to produce a context diff between two releases:

    $ cvs diff -c -r RELEASE_1_0 -r RELEASE_1_1 > diffs

If you are maintaining ChangeLogs, a command like the following just before you commit your changes may help you write the ChangeLog entry. All local modifications that have not yet been committed will be printed.

    $ cvs diff -u | less

## export--Export sources from CVS, similar to checkout

- Synopsis: export [-flNnR] [-r rev|-D date] [-k subst] [-d dir] module...
- Requires: repository.
- Changes: current directory.

This command is a variant of `checkout`; use it when you want a copy of the source for module without the CVS administrative directories. For example, you might use `export` to prepare source for shipment off-site. This command requires that you specify a date or tag (with ``-D'` or ``-r'`), so that you can count on reproducing the source you ship to others.

One often would like to use ``-kv'` with `cvs export`. This causes any keywords to be expanded such that an import done at some other site will not lose the keyword revision information. But be aware that doesn't handle an export containing binary files correctly. Also be aware that after having used ``-kv'`, one can no longer use the `ident` command (which is part of the RCS suite--see ident(1)) which looks for keyword strings. If you want to be able to use `ident` you must not use ``-kv'`.

- export options: export options

### export options

These standard options are supported by `export` (see section Common command options, for a complete description of them):

`-D date`
  Use the most recent revision no later than date.
`-f`
  If no matching revision is found, retrieve the most recent revision (instead of ignoring the file).
`-l`
  Local; run only in current working directory.
`-n`
  Do not run any checkout program.
`-R`
  Export directories recursively. This is on by default.
`-r tag`
  Use revision tag.

In addition, these options (that are common to `checkout` and `export`) are also supported:

`-d dir`
  Create a directory called dir for the working files, instead of using the module name. See section checkout options, for complete details on how CVS handles this flag.
`-k subst`
  Set keyword expansion mode (see section Substitution modes).
`-N`
  Only useful together with ``-d dir'`. See section checkout options, for complete details on how CVS handles this flag.

## history--Show status of files and users

- Synopsis: history [-report] [-flags] [-options args] [files...]
- Requires: the file ``$CVSROOT/CVSROOT/history'`
- Changes: nothing.

CVS can keep a history file that tracks each use of the `checkout`, `commit`, `rtag`, `update`, and `release` commands. You can use `history` to display this information in various formats.

Logging must be enabled by creating the file ``$CVSROOT/CVSROOT/history'`.

Warning: `history` uses ``-f'`, ``-l'`, ``-n'`, and ``-p'` in ways that conflict with the normal use inside CVS (see section Common command options).

- history options: history options

### history options

Several options (shown above as ``-report'`) control what kind of report is generated:

`-c`
  Report on each time commit was used (i.e., each time the repository was modified).
`-e`
  Everything (all record types). Equivalent to specifying ``-x'` with all record types. Of course, ``-e'` will also include record types which are added in a future version of CVS; if you are writing a script which can only handle certain record types, you'll want to specify ``-x'`.
`-m module`
  Report on a particular module. (You can meaningfully use ``-m'` more than once on the command line.)
`-o`
  Report on checked-out modules.
`-T`
  Report on all tags.
`-x type`
  Extract a particular set of record types type from the CVS history. The types are indicated by single letters, which you may specify in combination. Certain commands have a single record type:
  `F`
    release
  `O`
    checkout
  `E`
    export
  `T`
    rtag
  One of four record types may result from an update:
  `C`
    A merge was necessary but collisions were detected (requiring manual merging).
  `G`
    A merge was necessary and it succeeded.
  `U`
    A working file was copied from the repository.
  `W`
    The working copy of a file was deleted during update (because it was gone from the repository).
  One of three record types results from commit:
  `A`
    A file was added for the first time.
  `M`
    A file was modified.
  `R`
    A file was removed.

The options shown as ``-flags'` constrain or expand the report without requiring option arguments:

`-a`
  Show data for all users (the default is to show data only for the user executing `history`).
`-l`
  Show last modification only.
`-w`
  Show only the records for modifications done from the same working directory where `history` is executing.

The options shown as ``-options args'` constrain the report based on an argument:

`-b str`
  Show data back to a record containing the string str in either the module name, the file name, or the repository path.
`-D date`
  Show data since date. This is slightly different from the normal use of ``-D date'`, which selects the newest revision older than date.
`-p repository`
  Show data for a particular source repository (you can specify several ``-p'` options on the same command line).
`-r rev`
  Show records referring to revisions since the revision or tag named rev appears in individual RCS files. Each RCS file is searched for the revision or tag.
`-t tag`
  Show records since tag tag was last added to the history file. This differs from the ``-r'` flag above in that it reads only the history file, not the RCS files, and is much faster.
`-u name`
  Show records for user name.

## import--Import sources into CVS, using vendor branches

- Synopsis: import [-options] repository vendortag releasetag...
- Requires: Repository, source distribution directory.
- Changes: repository.

Use `import` to incorporate an entire source distribution from an outside source (e.g., a source vendor) into your source repository directory. You can use this command both for initial creation of a repository, and for wholesale updates to the module from the outside source. See section Tracking third-party sources, for a discussion on this subject.

The repository argument gives a directory name (or a path to a directory) under the CVS root directory for repositories; if the directory did not exist, import creates it.

When you use import for updates to source that has been modified in your source repository (since a prior import), it will notify you of any files that conflict in the two branches of development; use ``checkout -j'` to reconcile the differences, as import instructs you to do.

If CVS decides a file should be ignored (see section Ignoring files via cvsignore), it does not import it and prints ``I '` followed by the filename (see section import output, for a complete description of the output).

If the file ``$CVSROOT/CVSROOT/cvswrappers'` exists, any file whose names match the specifications in that file will be treated as packages and the appropriate filtering will be performed on the file/directory before being imported. See section The cvswrappers file.

The outside source is saved in a first-level branch, by default 1.1.1. Updates are leaves of this branch; for example, files from the first imported collection of source will be revision 1.1.1.1, then files from the first imported update will be revision 1.1.1.2, and so on.

At least three arguments are required. repository is needed to identify the collection of source. vendortag is a tag for the entire branch (e.g., for 1.1.1). You must also specify at least one releasetag to identify the files at the leaves created each time you execute `import`.

Note that `import` does not change the directory in which you invoke it. In particular, it does not set up that directory as a CVS working directory; if you want to work with the sources import them first and then check them out into a different directory (see section Getting the source).

- import options: import options
- import output: import output
- import examples: import examples

### import options

This standard option is supported by `import` (see section Common command options, for a complete description):

`-m message`
  Use message as log information, instead of invoking an editor.

There are the following additional special options.

`-b branch`
  See section Multiple vendor branches.
`-k subst`
  Indicate the keyword expansion mode desired. This setting will apply to all files created during the import, but not to any files that previously existed in the repository. See section Substitution modes, for a list of valid ``-k'` settings.
`-I name`
  Specify file names that should be ignored during import. You can use this option repeatedly. To avoid ignoring any files at all (even those ignored by default), specify `-I !'. name can be a file name pattern of the same type that you can specify in the ``.cvsignore'` file. See section Ignoring files via cvsignore.
`-W spec`
  Specify file names that should be filtered during import. You can use this option repeatedly. spec can be a file name pattern of the same type that you can specify in the ``.cvswrappers'` file. See section The cvswrappers file.

### import output

`import` keeps you informed of its progress by printing a line for each file, preceded by one character indicating the status of the file:

`U file`
  The file already exists in the repository and has not been locally modified; a new revision has been created (if necessary).
`N file`
  The file is a new file which has been added to the repository.
`C file`
  The file already exists in the repository but has been locally modified; you will have to merge the changes.
`I file`
  The file is being ignored (see section Ignoring files via cvsignore).
`L file`
  The file is a symbolic link; `cvs import` ignores symbolic links. People periodically suggest that this behavior should be changed, but if there is a consensus on what it should be changed to, it doesn't seem to be apparent. (Various options in the ``modules'` file can be used to recreate symbolic links on checkout, update, etc.; see section The modules file.)

### import examples

See section Tracking third-party sources, and section Creating a directory tree from a number of files.

## log--Print out log information for files

- Synopsis: log [options] [files...]
- Requires: repository, working directory.
- Changes: nothing.

Display log information for files. `log` used to call the RCS utility `rlog`. Although this is no longer true in the current sources, this history determines the format of the output and the options, which are not quite in the style of the other CVS commands.

The output includes the location of the RCS file, the head revision (the latest revision on the trunk), all symbolic names (tags) and some other things. For each revision, the revision number, the author, the number of lines added/deleted and the log message are printed. All times are displayed in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). (Other parts of CVS print times in the local timezone).

Warning: `log` uses ``-R'` in a way that conflicts with the normal use inside CVS (see section Common command options).

- log options: log options
- log examples: log examples

### log options

By default, `log` prints all information that is available. All other options restrict the output.

`-b`
  Print information about the revisions on the default branch, normally the highest branch on the trunk.
`-d dates`
  Print information about revisions with a checkin date/time in the range given by the semicolon-separated list of dates. The date formats accepted are those accepted by the ``-D'` option to many other CVS commands (see section Common command options). Dates can be combined into ranges as follows:
  `d1<d2`
  `d2>d1`
    Select the revisions that were deposited between d1 and d2.
  `<d`
  `d>`
    Select all revisions dated d or earlier.
  `d<`
  `>d`
    Select all revisions dated d or later.
  `d`
    Select the single, latest revision dated d or earlier.
  The ``>'` or ``<'` characters may be followed by ``='` to indicate an inclusive range rather than an exclusive one. Note that the separator is a semicolon (;).
`-h`
  Print only the name of the RCS file, name of the file in the working directory, head, default branch, access list, locks, symbolic names, and suffix.
`-l`
  Local; run only in current working directory. (Default is to run recursively).
`-N`
  Do not print the list of tags for this file. This option can be very useful when your site uses a lot of tags, so rather than "more"'ing over 3 pages of tag information, the log information is presented without tags at all.
`-R`
  Print only the name of the RCS file.
`-rrevisions`
  Print information about revisions given in the comma-separated list revisions of revisions and ranges. The following table explains the available range formats:
  `rev1:rev2`
    Revisions rev1 to rev2 (which must be on the same branch).
  `:rev`
    Revisions from the beginning of the branch up to and including rev.
  `rev:`
    Revisions starting with rev to the end of the branch containing rev.
  `branch`
    An argument that is a branch means all revisions on that branch.
  `branch1:branch2`
    A range of branches means all revisions on the branches in that range.
  `branch.`
    The latest revision in branch.
  A bare ``-r'` with no revisions means the latest revision on the default branch, normally the trunk. There can be no space between the ``-r'` option and its argument.
`-s states`
  Print information about revisions whose state attributes match one of the states given in the comma-separated list states.
`-t`
  Print the same as ``-h'`, plus the descriptive text.
`-wlogins`
  Print information about revisions checked in by users with login names appearing in the comma-separated list logins. If logins is omitted, the user's login is assumed. There can be no space between the ``-w'` option and its argument.

`log` prints the intersection of the revisions selected with the options ``-d'`, ``-s'`, and ``-w'`, intersected with the union of the revisions selected by ``-b'` and ``-r'`.

### log examples

Contributed examples are gratefully accepted.

## rdiff---'patch' format diffs between releases

- rdiff [-flags] [-V vn] [-r t|-D d [-r t2|-D d2]] modules...
- Requires: repository.
- Changes: nothing.
- Synonym: patch

Builds a Larry Wall format patch(1) file between two releases, that can be fed directly into the `patch` program to bring an old release up-to-date with the new release. (This is one of the few CVS commands that operates directly from the repository, and doesn't require a prior checkout.) The diff output is sent to the standard output device.

You can specify (using the standard ``-r'` and ``-D'` options) any combination of one or two revisions or dates. If only one revision or date is specified, the patch file reflects differences between that revision or date and the current head revisions in the RCS file.

Note that if the software release affected is contained in more than one directory, then it may be necessary to specify the ``-p'` option to the `patch` command when patching the old sources, so that `patch` is able to find the files that are located in other directories.

- rdiff options: rdiff options
- rdiff examples: rdiff examples

### rdiff options

These standard options are supported by `rdiff` (see section Common command options, for a complete description of them):

`-D date`
  Use the most recent revision no later than date.
`-f`
  If no matching revision is found, retrieve the most recent revision (instead of ignoring the file).
`-l`
  Local; don't descend subdirectories.
`-R`
  Examine directories recursively. This option is on by default.
`-r tag`
  Use revision tag.

In addition to the above, these options are available:

`-c`
  Use the context diff format. This is the default format.
`-s`
  Create a summary change report instead of a patch. The summary includes information about files that were changed or added between the releases. It is sent to the standard output device. This is useful for finding out, for example, which files have changed between two dates or revisions.
`-t`
  A diff of the top two revisions is sent to the standard output device. This is most useful for seeing what the last change to a file was.
`-u`
  Use the unidiff format for the context diffs. This option is not available if your `diff` does not support the unidiff format. Remember that old versions of the `patch` program can't handle the unidiff format, so if you plan to post this patch to the net you should probably not use ``-u'`.
`-V vn`
  Expand keywords according to the rules current in RCS version vn (the expansion format changed with RCS version 5). Note that this option is no longer accepted. CVS will always expand keywords the way that RCS version 5 does.

### rdiff examples

Suppose you receive mail from `foo@bar.com` asking for an update from release 1.2 to 1.4 of the tc compiler. You have no such patches on hand, but with CVS that can easily be fixed with a command such as this:

    $ cvs rdiff -c -r FOO1_2 -r FOO1_4 tc | \
    $$ Mail -s 'The patches you asked for' foo@bar.com

Suppose you have made release 1.3, and forked a branch called ``R_1_3fix'` for bugfixes. ``R_1_3_1'` corresponds to release 1.3.1, which was made some time ago. Now, you want to see how much development has been done on the branch. This command can be used:

    $ cvs patch -s -r R_1_3_1 -r R_1_3fix module-name
    cvs rdiff: Diffing module-name
    File ChangeLog,v changed from revision 1.52.2.5 to 1.52.2.6
    File foo.c,v changed from revision 1.52.2.3 to 1.52.2.4
    File bar.h,v changed from revision 1.29.2.1 to 1.2

## release--Indicate that a Module is no longer in use

- release [-d] directories...
- Requires: Working directory.
- Changes: Working directory, history log.

This command is meant to safely cancel the effect of ``cvs checkout'`. Since CVS doesn't lock files, it isn't strictly necessary to use this command. You can always simply delete your working directory, if you like; but you risk losing changes you may have forgotten, and you leave no trace in the CVS history file (see section The history file) that you've abandoned your checkout.

Use ``cvs release'` to avoid these problems. This command checks that no uncommitted changes are present; that you are executing it from immediately above a CVS working directory; and that the repository recorded for your files is the same as the repository defined in the module database.

If all these conditions are true, ``cvs release'` leaves a record of its execution (attesting to your intentionally abandoning your checkout) in the CVS history log.

- release options: release options
- release output: release output
- release examples: release examples

### release options

The `release` command supports one command option:

`-d`
  Delete your working copy of the file if the release succeeds. If this flag is not given your files will remain in your working directory. Warning: The `release` command deletes all directories and files recursively. This has the very serious side-effect that any directory that you have created inside your checked-out sources, and not added to the repository (using the `add` command; see section Adding files to a directory) will be silently deleted--even if it is non-empty!

### release output

Before `release` releases your sources it will print a one-line message for any file that is not up-to-date.

Warning: Any new directories that you have created, but not added to the CVS directory hierarchy with the `add` command (see section Adding files to a directory) will be silently ignored (and deleted, if ``-d'` is specified), even if they contain files.

`U file`
`P file`
  There exists a newer revision of this file in the repository, and you have not modified your local copy of the file (``U'` and ``P'` mean the same thing).
`A file`
  The file has been added to your private copy of the sources, but has not yet been committed to the repository. If you delete your copy of the sources this file will be lost.
`R file`
  The file has been removed from your private copy of the sources, but has not yet been removed from the repository, since you have not yet committed the removal. See section commit--Check files into the repository.
`M file`
  The file is modified in your working directory. There might also be a newer revision inside the repository.
`? file`
  file is in your working directory, but does not correspond to anything in the source repository, and is not in the list of files for CVS to ignore (see the description of the ``-I'` option, and see section Ignoring files via cvsignore). If you remove your working sources, this file will be lost.

### release examples

Release the module, and delete your local working copy of the files.

    $ cd ..         # You must stand immediately above the
                    # sources when you issue `cvs release'.
    $ cvs release -d tc
    You have [0] altered files in this repository.
    Are you sure you want to release (and delete) module `tc': y
    $

## rtag--Add a symbolic tag to a module

- rtag [-falnR] [-b] [-d] [-r tag | -Ddate] symbolic_tag modules...
- Requires: repository.
- Changes: repository.
- Synonym: rfreeze

You can use this command to assign symbolic tags to particular, explicitly specified source revisions in the repository. `rtag` works directly on the repository contents (and requires no prior checkout). Use `tag` instead (see section tag--Add a symbolic tag to checked out versions of files), to base the selection of revisions on the contents of your working directory.

If you attempt to use a tag name that already exists, CVS will complain and not overwrite that tag. Use the ``-F'` option to force the new tag value.

- rtag options: rtag options

### rtag options

These standard options are supported by `rtag` (see section Common command options, for a complete description of them):

`-D date`
  Tag the most recent revision no later than date.
`-f`
  Only useful with the ``-D date'` or ``-r tag'` flags. If no matching revision is found, use the most recent revision (instead of ignoring the file).
`-F`
  Overwrite an existing tag of the same name on a different revision.
`-l`
  Local; run only in current working directory.
`-n`
  Do not run any tag program that was specified with the ``-t'` flag inside the ``modules'` file. (see section The modules file).
`-R`
  Tag directories recursively. This is on by default.
`-r tag`
  Only tag those files that contain tag. This can be used to rename a tag: tag only the files identified by the old tag, then delete the old tag, leaving the new tag on exactly the same files as the old tag.

In addition to the above common options, these options are available:

`-a`
  Use the ``-a'` option to have `rtag` look in the ``Attic'` (see section The attic) for removed files that contain the specified tag. The tag is removed from these files, which makes it convenient to re-use a symbolic tag as development continues (and files get removed from the up-coming distribution).
`-b`
  Make the tag a branch tag. See section Branching and merging.
`-d`
  Delete the tag instead of creating it. In general, tags (often the symbolic names of software distributions) should not be removed, but the ``-d'` option is available as a means to remove completely obsolete symbolic names if necessary (as might be the case for an Alpha release, or if you mistagged a module).

## tag--Add a symbolic tag to checked out versions of files

- tag [-lR] [-b] [-c] [-d] symbolic_tag [files...]
- Requires: working directory, repository.
- Changes: repository.
- Synonym: freeze

Use this command to assign symbolic tags to the nearest repository versions to your working sources. The tags are applied immediately to the repository, as with `rtag`, but the versions are supplied implicitly by the CVS records of your working files' history rather than applied explicitly.

One use for tags is to record a snapshot of the current sources when the software freeze date of a project arrives. As bugs are fixed after the freeze date, only those changed sources that are to be part of the release need be re-tagged.

The symbolic tags are meant to permanently record which revisions of which files were used in creating a software distribution. The `checkout` and `update` commands allow you to extract an exact copy of a tagged release at any time in the future, regardless of whether files have been changed, added, or removed since the release was tagged.

This command can also be used to delete a symbolic tag, or to create a branch. See the options section below.

If you attempt to use a tag name that already exists, CVS will complain and not overwrite that tag. Use the ``-F'` option to force the new tag value.

- tag options: tag options

### tag options

These standard options are supported by `tag` (see section Common command options, for a complete description of them):

`-F`
  Overwrite an existing tag of the same name on a different revision.
`-l`
  Local; run only in current working directory.
`-R`
  Tag directories recursively. This is on by default.

Two special options are available:

`-b`
  Make the tag a branch tag (see section Branching and merging), allowing concurrent, isolated development. This is most useful for creating a patch to a previously released software distribution.
`-c`
  Check that all files which are to be tagged are unmodified. This can be used to make sure that you can reconstruct the current file contents.
`-d`
  Delete a tag. If you use ``cvs tag -d symbolic_tag'`, the symbolic tag you specify is deleted instead of being added. Warning: Be very certain of your ground before you delete a tag; doing this permanently discards some historical information, which may later turn out to be valuable.

## update--Bring work tree in sync with repository

- update [-AdflPpR] [-d] [-r tag|-D date] files...
- Requires: repository, working directory.
- Changes: working directory.

After you've run checkout to create your private copy of source from the common repository, other developers will continue changing the central source. From time to time, when it is convenient in your development process, you can use the `update` command from within your working directory to reconcile your work with any revisions applied to the source repository since your last checkout or update.

- update options: update options
- update output: update output

### update options

These standard options are available with `update` (see section Common command options, for a complete description of them):

`-D date`
  Use the most recent revision no later than date. This option is sticky, and implies ``-P'`. See section Sticky tags, for more information on sticky tags/dates.
`-f`
  Only useful with the ``-D date'` or ``-r tag'` flags. If no matching revision is found, retrieve the most recent revision (instead of ignoring the file).
`-k kflag`
  Process keywords according to kflag. See section Keyword substitution. This option is sticky; future updates of this file in this working directory will use the same kflag. The `status` command can be viewed to see the sticky options. See section Quick reference to CVS commands, for more information on the `status` command.
`-l`
  Local; run only in current working directory. See section Recursive behavior.
`-P`
  Prune empty directories. See section Moving and renaming directories.
`-p`
  Pipe files to the standard output.
`-R`
  Update directories recursively (default). See section Recursive behavior.
`-r rev`
  Retrieve revision/tag rev. This option is sticky, and implies ``-P'`. See section Sticky tags, for more information on sticky tags/dates.

These special options are also available with `update`.

`-A`
  Reset any sticky tags, dates, or ``-k'` options. See section Sticky tags, for more information on sticky tags/dates.
`-d`
  Create any directories that exist in the repository if they're missing from the working directory. Normally, `update` acts only on directories and files that were already enrolled in your working directory. This is useful for updating directories that were created in the repository since the initial checkout; but it has an unfortunate side effect. If you deliberately avoided certain directories in the repository when you created your working directory (either through use of a module name or by listing explicitly the files and directories you wanted on the command line), then updating with ``-d'` will create those directories, which may not be what you want.
`-I name`
  Ignore files whose names match name (in your working directory) during the update. You can specify ``-I'` more than once on the command line to specify several files to ignore. Use ``-I !'` to avoid ignoring any files at all. See section Ignoring files via cvsignore, for other ways to make CVS ignore some files.
`-Wspec`
  Specify file names that should be filtered during update. You can use this option repeatedly. spec can be a file name pattern of the same type that you can specify in the ``.cvswrappers'` file. See section The cvswrappers file.
`-jrevision`
  With two ``-j'` options, merge changes from the revision specified with the first ``-j'` option to the revision specified with the second ``j'` option, into the working directory. With one ``-j'` option, merge changes from the ancestor revision to the revision specified with the ``-j'` option, into the working directory. The ancestor revision is the common ancestor of the revision which the working directory is based on, and the revision specified in the ``-j'` option. In addition, each ``-j'` option can contain an optional date specification which, when used with branches, can limit the chosen revision to one within a specific date. An optional date is specified by adding a colon (:) to the tag: ``-jSymbolic_Tag:Date_Specifier'`. See section Branching and merging.

### update output

`update` and `checkout` keep you informed of their progress by printing a line for each file, preceded by one character indicating the status of the file:

`U file`
  The file was brought up to date with respect to the repository. This is done for any file that exists in the repository but not in your source, and for files that you haven't changed but are not the most recent versions available in the repository.
`P file`
  Like ``U'`, but the CVS server sends a patch instead of an entire file. These two things accomplish the same thing.
`A file`
  The file has been added to your private copy of the sources, and will be added to the source repository when you run `commit` on the file. This is a reminder to you that the file needs to be committed.
`R file`
  The file has been removed from your private copy of the sources, and will be removed from the source repository when you run `commit` on the file. This is a reminder to you that the file needs to be committed.
`M file`
  The file is modified in your working directory. ``M'` can indicate one of two states for a file you're working on: either there were no modifications to the same file in the repository, so that your file remains as you last saw it; or there were modifications in the repository as well as in your copy, but they were merged successfully, without conflict, in your working directory. CVS will print some messages if it merges your work, and a backup copy of your working file (as it looked before you ran `update`) will be made. The exact name of that file is printed while `update` runs.
`C file`
  A conflict was detected while trying to merge your changes to file with changes from the source repository. file (the copy in your working directory) is now the result of attempting to merge the two revisions; an unmodified copy of your file is also in your working directory, with the name ``.#file.revision'` where revision is the revision that your modified file started from. Resolve the conflict as described in section Conflicts example. (Note that some systems automatically purge files that begin with ``.#'` if they have not been accessed for a few days. If you intend to keep a copy of your original file, it is a very good idea to rename it.) Under VMS, the file name starts with ``__'` rather than ``.#'`.
`? file`
  file is in your working directory, but does not correspond to anything in the source repository, and is not in the list of files for CVS to ignore (see the description of the ``-I'` option, and see section Ignoring files via cvsignore).

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