## 16.1.3 A (Very) Quick Look at Tcl/Tk

The class hierarchy looks complicated, but in actual practice, application programmers almost always refer to the classes at the very bottom of the hierarchy.

Notes:

- These classes are provided for the purposes of organizing certain functions under one namespace. They aren't meant to be instantiated independently.

- The `Tk` class is meant to be instantiated only once in an application. Application programmers need not instantiate one explicitly, the system creates one whenever any of the other classes are instantiated.

- The `Widget` class is not meant to be instantiated, it is meant only for subclassing to make ``real'' widgets (in C++, this is called an `abstract class').

To make use of this reference material, there will be times when you will need to know how to read short passages of Tk and how to identify the various parts of a Tk command. (See section 16.1.4 for the `Tkinter` equivalents of what's below.)

Tk scripts are Tcl programs. Like all Tcl programs, Tk scripts are just lists of tokens separated by spaces. A Tk widget is just its class, the options that help configure it, and the actions that make it do useful things.

To make a widget in Tk, the command is always of the form:

                    classCommand newPathname options

classCommand
  denotes which kind of widget to make (a button, a label, a menu...)

newPathname
  is the new name for this widget. All names in Tk must be unique. To help enforce this, widgets in Tk are named with pathnames, just like files in a file system. The top level widget, the root, is called `.` (period) and children are delimited by more periods. For example, `.myApp.controlPanel.okButton` might be the name of a widget.

options
  configure the widget's appearance and in some cases, its behavior. The options come in the form of a list of flags and values. Flags are proceeded by a `-', like unix shell command flags, and values are put in quotes if they are more than one word.

For example:

        button   .fred   -fg red -text "hi there"
           ^       ^     \_____________________/
           |       |                |
         class    new            options
        command  widget  (-opt val -opt val ...)

Once created, the pathname to the widget becomes a new command. This new widget command is the programmer's handle for getting the new widget to perform some action. In C, you'd express this as someAction(fred, someOptions), in C++, you would express this as fred.someAction(someOptions), and in Tk, you say:

        .fred someAction someOptions

Note that the object name, `.fred`, starts with a dot.

As you'd expect, the legal values for someAction will depend on the widget's class: `.fred disable` works if fred is a button (fred gets greyed out), but does not work if fred is a label (disabling of labels is not supported in Tk).

The legal values of someOptions is action dependent. Some actions, like `disable`, require no arguments, others, like a text-entry box's `delete` command, would need arguments to specify what range of text to delete.