PostgreSQL 7.2.1 Documentation
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# Chapter 23. PL/pgSQL - SQL Procedural Language

PL/pgSQL is a loadable procedural language for the PostgreSQL database system.

This package was originally written by Jan Wieck. This documentation was in part written by Roberto Mello (`<rmello@fslc.usu.edu>`).

# 23.1. Overview

The design goals of PL/pgSQL were to create a loadable procedural language that

- can be used to create functions and trigger procedures,

- adds control structures to the SQL language,

- can perform complex computations,

- inherits all user defined types, functions and operators,

- can be defined to be trusted by the server,

- is easy to use.

The PL/pgSQL call handler parses the function's source text and produces an internal binary instruction tree the first time the function is called (within any one backend process). The instruction tree fully translates the PL/pgSQL statement structure, but individual SQL expressions and SQL queries used in the function are not translated immediately.

As each expression and SQL query is first used in the function, the PL/pgSQL interpreter creates a prepared execution plan (using the SPI manager's `SPI_prepare` and `SPI_saveplan` functions). Subsequent visits to that expression or query re-use the prepared plan. Thus, a function with conditional code that contains many statements for which execution plans might be required, will only prepare and save those plans that are really used during the lifetime of the database connection. This can provide a considerable savings of parsing activity. A disadvantage is that errors in a specific expression or query may not be detected until that part of the function is reached in execution.

Once PL/pgSQL has made a query plan for a particular query in a function, it will re-use that plan for the life of the database connection. This is usually a win for performance, but it can cause some problems if you dynamically alter your database schema. For example:

    CREATE FUNCTION populate() RETURNS INTEGER AS '
    DECLARE
        -- Declarations
    BEGIN
        PERFORM my_function();
    END;
    ' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';

If you execute the above function, it will reference the OID for `my_function()` in the query plan produced for the PERFORM statement. Later, if you drop and re-create `my_function()`, then `populate()` will not be able to find `my_function()` anymore. You would then have to re-create `populate()`, or at least start a new database session so that it will be compiled afresh.

Because PL/pgSQL saves execution plans in this way, queries that appear directly in a PL/pgSQL function must refer to the same tables and fields on every execution; that is, you cannot use a parameter as the name of a table or field in a query. To get around this restriction, you can construct dynamic queries using the PL/pgSQL EXECUTE statement --- at the price of constructing a new query plan on every execution.

Except for input/output conversion and calculation functions for user defined types, anything that can be defined in C language functions can also be done with PL/pgSQL. It is possible to create complex conditional computation functions and later use them to define operators or use them in functional indexes.

## 23.1.1. Advantages of Using PL/pgSQL

- Better performance (see Section 23.1.1.1)

- SQL support (see Section 23.1.1.2)

- Portability (see Section 23.1.1.3)

### 23.1.1.1. Better Performance

SQL is the language PostgreSQL (and most other Relational Databases) use as query language. It's portable and easy to learn. But every SQL statement must be executed individually by the database server.

That means that your client application must send each query to the database server, wait for it to process it, receive the results, do some computation, then send other queries to the server. All this incurs inter-process communication and may also incur network overhead if your client is on a different machine than the database server.

With PL/pgSQL you can group a block of computation and a series of queries inside the database server, thus having the power of a procedural language and the ease of use of SQL, but saving lots of time because you don't have the whole client/server communication overhead. This can make for a considerable performance increase.

### 23.1.1.2. SQL Support

PL/pgSQL adds the power of a procedural language to the flexibility and ease of SQL. With PL/pgSQL you can use all the data types, columns, operators and functions of SQL.

### 23.1.1.3. Portability

Because PL/pgSQL functions run inside PostgreSQL, these functions will run on any platform where PostgreSQL runs. Thus you can reuse code and have less development costs.

## 23.1.2. Developing in PL/pgSQL

Developing in PL/pgSQL is pretty straight forward, especially if you have developed in other database procedural languages, such as Oracle's PL/SQL. Two good ways of developing in PL/pgSQL are:

- Using a text editor and reloading the file with psql

- Using PostgreSQL's GUI Tool: PgAccess

One good way to develop in PL/pgSQL is to simply use the text editor of your choice to create your functions, and in another console, use psql (PostgreSQL's interactive monitor) to load those functions. If you are doing it this way, it is a good idea to write the function using CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION. That way you can reload the file to update the function definition. For example:

    CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION testfunc(INTEGER) RETURNS INTEGER AS '
        ....
    end;
    ' LANGUAGE 'plpgsql';

While running psql, you can load or reload such a function definition file with

        \i filename.sql

and then immediately issue SQL commands to test the function.

Another good way to develop in PL/pgSQL is using PostgreSQL's GUI tool: PgAccess. It does some nice things for you, like escaping single-quotes, and making it easy to recreate and debug functions.

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