header{*Non-Standard Complex Analysis*}
theory NSCA
imports NSComplex HTranscendental
begin
abbreviation
SComplex :: "hcomplex set" where
"SComplex ≡ Standard"
definition --{* standard part map*}
stc :: "hcomplex => hcomplex" where
[code del]: "stc x = (SOME r. x ∈ HFinite & r:SComplex & r @= x)"
subsection{*Closure Laws for SComplex, the Standard Complex Numbers*}
lemma SComplex_minus_iff [simp]: "(-x ∈ SComplex) = (x ∈ SComplex)"
by (auto, drule Standard_minus, auto)
lemma SComplex_add_cancel:
"[| x + y ∈ SComplex; y ∈ SComplex |] ==> x ∈ SComplex"
by (drule (1) Standard_diff, simp)
lemma SReal_hcmod_hcomplex_of_complex [simp]:
"hcmod (hcomplex_of_complex r) ∈ Reals"
by (simp add: Reals_eq_Standard)
lemma SReal_hcmod_number_of [simp]: "hcmod (number_of w ::hcomplex) ∈ Reals"
by (simp add: Reals_eq_Standard)
lemma SReal_hcmod_SComplex: "x ∈ SComplex ==> hcmod x ∈ Reals"
by (simp add: Reals_eq_Standard)
lemma SComplex_divide_number_of:
"r ∈ SComplex ==> r/(number_of w::hcomplex) ∈ SComplex"
by simp
lemma SComplex_UNIV_complex:
"{x. hcomplex_of_complex x ∈ SComplex} = (UNIV::complex set)"
by simp
lemma SComplex_iff: "(x ∈ SComplex) = (∃y. x = hcomplex_of_complex y)"
by (simp add: Standard_def image_def)
lemma hcomplex_of_complex_image:
"hcomplex_of_complex `(UNIV::complex set) = SComplex"
by (simp add: Standard_def)
lemma inv_hcomplex_of_complex_image: "inv hcomplex_of_complex `SComplex = UNIV"
apply (auto simp add: Standard_def image_def)
apply (rule inj_hcomplex_of_complex [THEN inv_f_f, THEN subst], blast)
done
lemma SComplex_hcomplex_of_complex_image:
"[| ∃x. x: P; P ≤ SComplex |] ==> ∃Q. P = hcomplex_of_complex ` Q"
apply (simp add: Standard_def, blast)
done
lemma SComplex_SReal_dense:
"[| x ∈ SComplex; y ∈ SComplex; hcmod x < hcmod y
|] ==> ∃r ∈ Reals. hcmod x< r & r < hcmod y"
apply (auto intro: SReal_dense simp add: SReal_hcmod_SComplex)
done
lemma SComplex_hcmod_SReal:
"z ∈ SComplex ==> hcmod z ∈ Reals"
by (simp add: Reals_eq_Standard)
subsection{*The Finite Elements form a Subring*}
lemma HFinite_hcmod_hcomplex_of_complex [simp]:
"hcmod (hcomplex_of_complex r) ∈ HFinite"
by (auto intro!: SReal_subset_HFinite [THEN subsetD])
lemma HFinite_hcmod_iff: "(x ∈ HFinite) = (hcmod x ∈ HFinite)"
by (simp add: HFinite_def)
lemma HFinite_bounded_hcmod:
"[|x ∈ HFinite; y ≤ hcmod x; 0 ≤ y |] ==> y: HFinite"
by (auto intro: HFinite_bounded simp add: HFinite_hcmod_iff)
subsection{*The Complex Infinitesimals form a Subring*}
lemma hcomplex_sum_of_halves: "x/(2::hcomplex) + x/(2::hcomplex) = x"
by auto
lemma Infinitesimal_hcmod_iff:
"(z ∈ Infinitesimal) = (hcmod z ∈ Infinitesimal)"
by (simp add: Infinitesimal_def)
lemma HInfinite_hcmod_iff: "(z ∈ HInfinite) = (hcmod z ∈ HInfinite)"
by (simp add: HInfinite_def)
lemma HFinite_diff_Infinitesimal_hcmod:
"x ∈ HFinite - Infinitesimal ==> hcmod x ∈ HFinite - Infinitesimal"
by (simp add: HFinite_hcmod_iff Infinitesimal_hcmod_iff)
lemma hcmod_less_Infinitesimal:
"[| e ∈ Infinitesimal; hcmod x < hcmod e |] ==> x ∈ Infinitesimal"
by (auto elim: hrabs_less_Infinitesimal simp add: Infinitesimal_hcmod_iff)
lemma hcmod_le_Infinitesimal:
"[| e ∈ Infinitesimal; hcmod x ≤ hcmod e |] ==> x ∈ Infinitesimal"
by (auto elim: hrabs_le_Infinitesimal simp add: Infinitesimal_hcmod_iff)
lemma Infinitesimal_interval_hcmod:
"[| e ∈ Infinitesimal;
e' ∈ Infinitesimal;
hcmod e' < hcmod x ; hcmod x < hcmod e
|] ==> x ∈ Infinitesimal"
by (auto intro: Infinitesimal_interval simp add: Infinitesimal_hcmod_iff)
lemma Infinitesimal_interval2_hcmod:
"[| e ∈ Infinitesimal;
e' ∈ Infinitesimal;
hcmod e' ≤ hcmod x ; hcmod x ≤ hcmod e
|] ==> x ∈ Infinitesimal"
by (auto intro: Infinitesimal_interval2 simp add: Infinitesimal_hcmod_iff)
subsection{*The ``Infinitely Close'' Relation*}
lemma approx_SComplex_mult_cancel_zero:
"[| a ∈ SComplex; a ≠ 0; a*x @= 0 |] ==> x @= 0"
apply (drule Standard_inverse [THEN Standard_subset_HFinite [THEN subsetD]])
apply (auto dest: approx_mult2 simp add: mult_assoc [symmetric])
done
lemma approx_mult_SComplex1: "[| a ∈ SComplex; x @= 0 |] ==> x*a @= 0"
by (auto dest: Standard_subset_HFinite [THEN subsetD] approx_mult1)
lemma approx_mult_SComplex2: "[| a ∈ SComplex; x @= 0 |] ==> a*x @= 0"
by (auto dest: Standard_subset_HFinite [THEN subsetD] approx_mult2)
lemma approx_mult_SComplex_zero_cancel_iff [simp]:
"[|a ∈ SComplex; a ≠ 0 |] ==> (a*x @= 0) = (x @= 0)"
by (blast intro: approx_SComplex_mult_cancel_zero approx_mult_SComplex2)
lemma approx_SComplex_mult_cancel:
"[| a ∈ SComplex; a ≠ 0; a* w @= a*z |] ==> w @= z"
apply (drule Standard_inverse [THEN Standard_subset_HFinite [THEN subsetD]])
apply (auto dest: approx_mult2 simp add: mult_assoc [symmetric])
done
lemma approx_SComplex_mult_cancel_iff1 [simp]:
"[| a ∈ SComplex; a ≠ 0|] ==> (a* w @= a*z) = (w @= z)"
by (auto intro!: approx_mult2 Standard_subset_HFinite [THEN subsetD]
intro: approx_SComplex_mult_cancel)
lemma approx_hcmod_approx_zero: "(x @= y) = (hcmod (y - x) @= 0)"
apply (subst hnorm_minus_commute)
apply (simp add: approx_def Infinitesimal_hcmod_iff diff_minus)
done
lemma approx_approx_zero_iff: "(x @= 0) = (hcmod x @= 0)"
by (simp add: approx_hcmod_approx_zero)
lemma approx_minus_zero_cancel_iff [simp]: "(-x @= 0) = (x @= 0)"
by (simp add: approx_def)
lemma Infinitesimal_hcmod_add_diff:
"u @= 0 ==> hcmod(x + u) - hcmod x ∈ Infinitesimal"
apply (drule approx_approx_zero_iff [THEN iffD1])
apply (rule_tac e = "hcmod u" and e' = "- hcmod u" in Infinitesimal_interval2)
apply (auto simp add: mem_infmal_iff [symmetric] diff_def)
apply (rule_tac c1 = "hcmod x" in add_le_cancel_left [THEN iffD1])
apply (auto simp add: diff_minus [symmetric])
done
lemma approx_hcmod_add_hcmod: "u @= 0 ==> hcmod(x + u) @= hcmod x"
apply (rule approx_minus_iff [THEN iffD2])
apply (auto intro: Infinitesimal_hcmod_add_diff simp add: mem_infmal_iff [symmetric] diff_minus [symmetric])
done
subsection{*Zero is the Only Infinitesimal Complex Number*}
lemma Infinitesimal_less_SComplex:
"[| x ∈ SComplex; y ∈ Infinitesimal; 0 < hcmod x |] ==> hcmod y < hcmod x"
by (auto intro: Infinitesimal_less_SReal SComplex_hcmod_SReal simp add: Infinitesimal_hcmod_iff)
lemma SComplex_Int_Infinitesimal_zero: "SComplex Int Infinitesimal = {0}"
by (auto simp add: Standard_def Infinitesimal_hcmod_iff)
lemma SComplex_Infinitesimal_zero:
"[| x ∈ SComplex; x ∈ Infinitesimal|] ==> x = 0"
by (cut_tac SComplex_Int_Infinitesimal_zero, blast)
lemma SComplex_HFinite_diff_Infinitesimal:
"[| x ∈ SComplex; x ≠ 0 |] ==> x ∈ HFinite - Infinitesimal"
by (auto dest: SComplex_Infinitesimal_zero Standard_subset_HFinite [THEN subsetD])
lemma hcomplex_of_complex_HFinite_diff_Infinitesimal:
"hcomplex_of_complex x ≠ 0
==> hcomplex_of_complex x ∈ HFinite - Infinitesimal"
by (rule SComplex_HFinite_diff_Infinitesimal, auto)
lemma number_of_not_Infinitesimal [simp]:
"number_of w ≠ (0::hcomplex) ==> (number_of w::hcomplex) ∉ Infinitesimal"
by (fast dest: Standard_number_of [THEN SComplex_Infinitesimal_zero])
lemma approx_SComplex_not_zero:
"[| y ∈ SComplex; x @= y; y≠ 0 |] ==> x ≠ 0"
by (auto dest: SComplex_Infinitesimal_zero approx_sym [THEN mem_infmal_iff [THEN iffD2]])
lemma SComplex_approx_iff:
"[|x ∈ SComplex; y ∈ SComplex|] ==> (x @= y) = (x = y)"
by (auto simp add: Standard_def)
lemma number_of_Infinitesimal_iff [simp]:
"((number_of w :: hcomplex) ∈ Infinitesimal) =
(number_of w = (0::hcomplex))"
apply (rule iffI)
apply (fast dest: Standard_number_of [THEN SComplex_Infinitesimal_zero])
apply (simp (no_asm_simp))
done
lemma approx_unique_complex:
"[| r ∈ SComplex; s ∈ SComplex; r @= x; s @= x|] ==> r = s"
by (blast intro: SComplex_approx_iff [THEN iffD1] approx_trans2)
subsection {* Properties of @{term hRe}, @{term hIm} and @{term HComplex} *}
lemma abs_hRe_le_hcmod: "!!x. ¦hRe x¦ ≤ hcmod x"
by transfer (rule abs_Re_le_cmod)
lemma abs_hIm_le_hcmod: "!!x. ¦hIm x¦ ≤ hcmod x"
by transfer (rule abs_Im_le_cmod)
lemma Infinitesimal_hRe: "x ∈ Infinitesimal ==> hRe x ∈ Infinitesimal"
apply (rule InfinitesimalI2, simp)
apply (rule order_le_less_trans [OF abs_hRe_le_hcmod])
apply (erule (1) InfinitesimalD2)
done
lemma Infinitesimal_hIm: "x ∈ Infinitesimal ==> hIm x ∈ Infinitesimal"
apply (rule InfinitesimalI2, simp)
apply (rule order_le_less_trans [OF abs_hIm_le_hcmod])
apply (erule (1) InfinitesimalD2)
done
lemma real_sqrt_lessI: "[|0 < u; x < u²|] ==> sqrt x < u"
by (frule real_sqrt_less_mono) simp
lemma hypreal_sqrt_lessI:
"!!x u. [|0 < u; x < u²|] ==> ( *f* sqrt) x < u"
by transfer (rule real_sqrt_lessI)
lemma hypreal_sqrt_ge_zero: "!!x. 0 ≤ x ==> 0 ≤ ( *f* sqrt) x"
by transfer (rule real_sqrt_ge_zero)
lemma Infinitesimal_sqrt:
"[|x ∈ Infinitesimal; 0 ≤ x|] ==> ( *f* sqrt) x ∈ Infinitesimal"
apply (rule InfinitesimalI2)
apply (drule_tac r="r²" in InfinitesimalD2, simp)
apply (simp add: hypreal_sqrt_ge_zero)
apply (rule hypreal_sqrt_lessI, simp_all)
done
lemma Infinitesimal_HComplex:
"[|x ∈ Infinitesimal; y ∈ Infinitesimal|] ==> HComplex x y ∈ Infinitesimal"
apply (rule Infinitesimal_hcmod_iff [THEN iffD2])
apply (simp add: hcmod_i)
apply (rule Infinitesimal_sqrt)
apply (rule Infinitesimal_add)
apply (erule Infinitesimal_hrealpow, simp)
apply (erule Infinitesimal_hrealpow, simp)
apply (rule add_nonneg_nonneg)
apply (rule zero_le_power2)
apply (rule zero_le_power2)
done
lemma hcomplex_Infinitesimal_iff:
"(x ∈ Infinitesimal) = (hRe x ∈ Infinitesimal ∧ hIm x ∈ Infinitesimal)"
apply (safe intro!: Infinitesimal_hRe Infinitesimal_hIm)
apply (drule (1) Infinitesimal_HComplex, simp)
done
lemma hRe_diff [simp]: "!!x y. hRe (x - y) = hRe x - hRe y"
by transfer (rule complex_Re_diff)
lemma hIm_diff [simp]: "!!x y. hIm (x - y) = hIm x - hIm y"
by transfer (rule complex_Im_diff)
lemma approx_hRe: "x ≈ y ==> hRe x ≈ hRe y"
unfolding approx_def by (drule Infinitesimal_hRe) simp
lemma approx_hIm: "x ≈ y ==> hIm x ≈ hIm y"
unfolding approx_def by (drule Infinitesimal_hIm) simp
lemma approx_HComplex:
"[|a ≈ b; c ≈ d|] ==> HComplex a c ≈ HComplex b d"
unfolding approx_def by (simp add: Infinitesimal_HComplex)
lemma hcomplex_approx_iff:
"(x ≈ y) = (hRe x ≈ hRe y ∧ hIm x ≈ hIm y)"
unfolding approx_def by (simp add: hcomplex_Infinitesimal_iff)
lemma HFinite_hRe: "x ∈ HFinite ==> hRe x ∈ HFinite"
apply (auto simp add: HFinite_def SReal_def)
apply (rule_tac x="star_of r" in exI, simp)
apply (erule order_le_less_trans [OF abs_hRe_le_hcmod])
done
lemma HFinite_hIm: "x ∈ HFinite ==> hIm x ∈ HFinite"
apply (auto simp add: HFinite_def SReal_def)
apply (rule_tac x="star_of r" in exI, simp)
apply (erule order_le_less_trans [OF abs_hIm_le_hcmod])
done
lemma HFinite_HComplex:
"[|x ∈ HFinite; y ∈ HFinite|] ==> HComplex x y ∈ HFinite"
apply (subgoal_tac "HComplex x 0 + HComplex 0 y ∈ HFinite", simp)
apply (rule HFinite_add)
apply (simp add: HFinite_hcmod_iff hcmod_i)
apply (simp add: HFinite_hcmod_iff hcmod_i)
done
lemma hcomplex_HFinite_iff:
"(x ∈ HFinite) = (hRe x ∈ HFinite ∧ hIm x ∈ HFinite)"
apply (safe intro!: HFinite_hRe HFinite_hIm)
apply (drule (1) HFinite_HComplex, simp)
done
lemma hcomplex_HInfinite_iff:
"(x ∈ HInfinite) = (hRe x ∈ HInfinite ∨ hIm x ∈ HInfinite)"
by (simp add: HInfinite_HFinite_iff hcomplex_HFinite_iff)
lemma hcomplex_of_hypreal_approx_iff [simp]:
"(hcomplex_of_hypreal x @= hcomplex_of_hypreal z) = (x @= z)"
by (simp add: hcomplex_approx_iff)
lemma Standard_HComplex:
"[|x ∈ Standard; y ∈ Standard|] ==> HComplex x y ∈ Standard"
by (simp add: HComplex_def)
lemma stc_part_Ex: "x:HFinite ==> ∃t ∈ SComplex. x @= t"
apply (simp add: hcomplex_HFinite_iff hcomplex_approx_iff)
apply (rule_tac x="HComplex (st (hRe x)) (st (hIm x))" in bexI)
apply (simp add: st_approx_self [THEN approx_sym])
apply (simp add: Standard_HComplex st_SReal [unfolded Reals_eq_Standard])
done
lemma stc_part_Ex1: "x:HFinite ==> EX! t. t ∈ SComplex & x @= t"
apply (drule stc_part_Ex, safe)
apply (drule_tac [2] approx_sym, drule_tac [2] approx_sym, drule_tac [2] approx_sym)
apply (auto intro!: approx_unique_complex)
done
lemmas hcomplex_of_complex_approx_inverse =
hcomplex_of_complex_HFinite_diff_Infinitesimal [THEN [2] approx_inverse]
subsection{*Theorems About Monads*}
lemma monad_zero_hcmod_iff: "(x ∈ monad 0) = (hcmod x:monad 0)"
by (simp add: Infinitesimal_monad_zero_iff [symmetric] Infinitesimal_hcmod_iff)
subsection{*Theorems About Standard Part*}
lemma stc_approx_self: "x ∈ HFinite ==> stc x @= x"
apply (simp add: stc_def)
apply (frule stc_part_Ex, safe)
apply (rule someI2)
apply (auto intro: approx_sym)
done
lemma stc_SComplex: "x ∈ HFinite ==> stc x ∈ SComplex"
apply (simp add: stc_def)
apply (frule stc_part_Ex, safe)
apply (rule someI2)
apply (auto intro: approx_sym)
done
lemma stc_HFinite: "x ∈ HFinite ==> stc x ∈ HFinite"
by (erule stc_SComplex [THEN Standard_subset_HFinite [THEN subsetD]])
lemma stc_unique: "[|y ∈ SComplex; y ≈ x|] ==> stc x = y"
apply (frule Standard_subset_HFinite [THEN subsetD])
apply (drule (1) approx_HFinite)
apply (unfold stc_def)
apply (rule some_equality)
apply (auto intro: approx_unique_complex)
done
lemma stc_SComplex_eq [simp]: "x ∈ SComplex ==> stc x = x"
apply (erule stc_unique)
apply (rule approx_refl)
done
lemma stc_hcomplex_of_complex:
"stc (hcomplex_of_complex x) = hcomplex_of_complex x"
by auto
lemma stc_eq_approx:
"[| x ∈ HFinite; y ∈ HFinite; stc x = stc y |] ==> x @= y"
by (auto dest!: stc_approx_self elim!: approx_trans3)
lemma approx_stc_eq:
"[| x ∈ HFinite; y ∈ HFinite; x @= y |] ==> stc x = stc y"
by (blast intro: approx_trans approx_trans2 SComplex_approx_iff [THEN iffD1]
dest: stc_approx_self stc_SComplex)
lemma stc_eq_approx_iff:
"[| x ∈ HFinite; y ∈ HFinite|] ==> (x @= y) = (stc x = stc y)"
by (blast intro: approx_stc_eq stc_eq_approx)
lemma stc_Infinitesimal_add_SComplex:
"[| x ∈ SComplex; e ∈ Infinitesimal |] ==> stc(x + e) = x"
apply (erule stc_unique)
apply (erule Infinitesimal_add_approx_self)
done
lemma stc_Infinitesimal_add_SComplex2:
"[| x ∈ SComplex; e ∈ Infinitesimal |] ==> stc(e + x) = x"
apply (erule stc_unique)
apply (erule Infinitesimal_add_approx_self2)
done
lemma HFinite_stc_Infinitesimal_add:
"x ∈ HFinite ==> ∃e ∈ Infinitesimal. x = stc(x) + e"
by (blast dest!: stc_approx_self [THEN approx_sym] bex_Infinitesimal_iff2 [THEN iffD2])
lemma stc_add:
"[| x ∈ HFinite; y ∈ HFinite |] ==> stc (x + y) = stc(x) + stc(y)"
by (simp add: stc_unique stc_SComplex stc_approx_self approx_add)
lemma stc_number_of [simp]: "stc (number_of w) = number_of w"
by (rule Standard_number_of [THEN stc_SComplex_eq])
lemma stc_zero [simp]: "stc 0 = 0"
by simp
lemma stc_one [simp]: "stc 1 = 1"
by simp
lemma stc_minus: "y ∈ HFinite ==> stc(-y) = -stc(y)"
by (simp add: stc_unique stc_SComplex stc_approx_self approx_minus)
lemma stc_diff:
"[| x ∈ HFinite; y ∈ HFinite |] ==> stc (x-y) = stc(x) - stc(y)"
by (simp add: stc_unique stc_SComplex stc_approx_self approx_diff)
lemma stc_mult:
"[| x ∈ HFinite; y ∈ HFinite |]
==> stc (x * y) = stc(x) * stc(y)"
by (simp add: stc_unique stc_SComplex stc_approx_self approx_mult_HFinite)
lemma stc_Infinitesimal: "x ∈ Infinitesimal ==> stc x = 0"
by (simp add: stc_unique mem_infmal_iff)
lemma stc_not_Infinitesimal: "stc(x) ≠ 0 ==> x ∉ Infinitesimal"
by (fast intro: stc_Infinitesimal)
lemma stc_inverse:
"[| x ∈ HFinite; stc x ≠ 0 |]
==> stc(inverse x) = inverse (stc x)"
apply (drule stc_not_Infinitesimal)
apply (simp add: stc_unique stc_SComplex stc_approx_self approx_inverse)
done
lemma stc_divide [simp]:
"[| x ∈ HFinite; y ∈ HFinite; stc y ≠ 0 |]
==> stc(x/y) = (stc x) / (stc y)"
by (simp add: divide_inverse stc_mult stc_not_Infinitesimal HFinite_inverse stc_inverse)
lemma stc_idempotent [simp]: "x ∈ HFinite ==> stc(stc(x)) = stc(x)"
by (blast intro: stc_HFinite stc_approx_self approx_stc_eq)
lemma HFinite_HFinite_hcomplex_of_hypreal:
"z ∈ HFinite ==> hcomplex_of_hypreal z ∈ HFinite"
by (simp add: hcomplex_HFinite_iff)
lemma SComplex_SReal_hcomplex_of_hypreal:
"x ∈ Reals ==> hcomplex_of_hypreal x ∈ SComplex"
apply (rule Standard_of_hypreal)
apply (simp add: Reals_eq_Standard)
done
lemma stc_hcomplex_of_hypreal:
"z ∈ HFinite ==> stc(hcomplex_of_hypreal z) = hcomplex_of_hypreal (st z)"
apply (rule stc_unique)
apply (rule SComplex_SReal_hcomplex_of_hypreal)
apply (erule st_SReal)
apply (simp add: hcomplex_of_hypreal_approx_iff st_approx_self)
done
lemma Infinitesimal_hcnj_iff [simp]:
"(hcnj z ∈ Infinitesimal) = (z ∈ Infinitesimal)"
by (simp add: Infinitesimal_hcmod_iff)
lemma Infinitesimal_hcomplex_of_hypreal_epsilon [simp]:
"hcomplex_of_hypreal epsilon ∈ Infinitesimal"
by (simp add: Infinitesimal_hcmod_iff)
end