Up to index of Isabelle/HOL/HOL-Algebra
theory Divisibility(* Title: Divisibility in monoids and rings Author: Clemens Ballarin, started 18 July 2008 Based on work by Stephan Hohe. *) theory Divisibility imports Permutation Coset Group begin section {* Factorial Monoids *} subsection {* Monoids with Cancellation Law *} locale monoid_cancel = monoid + assumes l_cancel: "[|c ⊗ a = c ⊗ b; a ∈ carrier G; b ∈ carrier G; c ∈ carrier G|] ==> a = b" and r_cancel: "[|a ⊗ c = b ⊗ c; a ∈ carrier G; b ∈ carrier G; c ∈ carrier G|] ==> a = b" lemma (in monoid) monoid_cancelI: assumes l_cancel: "!!a b c. [|c ⊗ a = c ⊗ b; a ∈ carrier G; b ∈ carrier G; c ∈ carrier G|] ==> a = b" and r_cancel: "!!a b c. [|a ⊗ c = b ⊗ c; a ∈ carrier G; b ∈ carrier G; c ∈ carrier G|] ==> a = b" shows "monoid_cancel G" proof qed fact+ lemma (in monoid_cancel) is_monoid_cancel: "monoid_cancel G" .. sublocale group ⊆ monoid_cancel proof qed simp+ locale comm_monoid_cancel = monoid_cancel + comm_monoid lemma comm_monoid_cancelI: fixes G (structure) assumes "comm_monoid G" assumes cancel: "!!a b c. [|a ⊗ c = b ⊗ c; a ∈ carrier G; b ∈ carrier G; c ∈ carrier G|] ==> a = b" shows "comm_monoid_cancel G" proof - interpret comm_monoid G by fact show "comm_monoid_cancel G" apply unfold_locales apply (subgoal_tac "a ⊗ c = b ⊗ c") apply (iprover intro: cancel) apply (simp add: m_comm) apply (iprover intro: cancel) done qed lemma (in comm_monoid_cancel) is_comm_monoid_cancel: "comm_monoid_cancel G" by intro_locales sublocale comm_group ⊆ comm_monoid_cancel .. subsection {* Products of Units in Monoids *} lemma (in monoid) Units_m_closed[simp, intro]: assumes h1unit: "h1 ∈ Units G" and h2unit: "h2 ∈ Units G" shows "h1 ⊗ h2 ∈ Units G" unfolding Units_def using assms apply safe apply fast apply (intro bexI[of _ "inv h2 ⊗ inv h1"], safe) apply (simp add: m_assoc Units_closed) apply (simp add: m_assoc[symmetric] Units_closed Units_l_inv) apply (simp add: m_assoc Units_closed) apply (simp add: m_assoc[symmetric] Units_closed Units_r_inv) apply fast done lemma (in monoid) prod_unit_l: assumes abunit[simp]: "a ⊗ b ∈ Units G" and aunit[simp]: "a ∈ Units G" and carr[simp]: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" shows "b ∈ Units G" proof - have c: "inv (a ⊗ b) ⊗ a ∈ carrier G" by simp have "(inv (a ⊗ b) ⊗ a) ⊗ b = inv (a ⊗ b) ⊗ (a ⊗ b)" by (simp add: m_assoc) also have "… = \<one>" by (simp add: Units_l_inv) finally have li: "(inv (a ⊗ b) ⊗ a) ⊗ b = \<one>" . have "\<one> = inv a ⊗ a" by (simp add: Units_l_inv[symmetric]) also have "… = inv a ⊗ \<one> ⊗ a" by simp also have "… = inv a ⊗ ((a ⊗ b) ⊗ inv (a ⊗ b)) ⊗ a" by (simp add: Units_r_inv[OF abunit, symmetric] del: Units_r_inv) also have "… = ((inv a ⊗ a) ⊗ b) ⊗ inv (a ⊗ b) ⊗ a" by (simp add: m_assoc del: Units_l_inv) also have "… = b ⊗ inv (a ⊗ b) ⊗ a" by (simp add: Units_l_inv) also have "… = b ⊗ (inv (a ⊗ b) ⊗ a)" by (simp add: m_assoc) finally have ri: "b ⊗ (inv (a ⊗ b) ⊗ a) = \<one> " by simp from c li ri show "b ∈ Units G" by (simp add: Units_def, fast) qed lemma (in monoid) prod_unit_r: assumes abunit[simp]: "a ⊗ b ∈ Units G" and bunit[simp]: "b ∈ Units G" and carr[simp]: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" shows "a ∈ Units G" proof - have c: "b ⊗ inv (a ⊗ b) ∈ carrier G" by simp have "a ⊗ (b ⊗ inv (a ⊗ b)) = (a ⊗ b) ⊗ inv (a ⊗ b)" by (simp add: m_assoc del: Units_r_inv) also have "… = \<one>" by simp finally have li: "a ⊗ (b ⊗ inv (a ⊗ b)) = \<one>" . have "\<one> = b ⊗ inv b" by (simp add: Units_r_inv[symmetric]) also have "… = b ⊗ \<one> ⊗ inv b" by simp also have "… = b ⊗ (inv (a ⊗ b) ⊗ (a ⊗ b)) ⊗ inv b" by (simp add: Units_l_inv[OF abunit, symmetric] del: Units_l_inv) also have "… = (b ⊗ inv (a ⊗ b) ⊗ a) ⊗ (b ⊗ inv b)" by (simp add: m_assoc del: Units_l_inv) also have "… = b ⊗ inv (a ⊗ b) ⊗ a" by simp finally have ri: "(b ⊗ inv (a ⊗ b)) ⊗ a = \<one> " by simp from c li ri show "a ∈ Units G" by (simp add: Units_def, fast) qed lemma (in comm_monoid) unit_factor: assumes abunit: "a ⊗ b ∈ Units G" and [simp]: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" shows "a ∈ Units G" using abunit[simplified Units_def] proof clarsimp fix i assume [simp]: "i ∈ carrier G" and li: "i ⊗ (a ⊗ b) = \<one>" and ri: "a ⊗ b ⊗ i = \<one>" have carr': "b ⊗ i ∈ carrier G" by simp have "(b ⊗ i) ⊗ a = (i ⊗ b) ⊗ a" by (simp add: m_comm) also have "… = i ⊗ (b ⊗ a)" by (simp add: m_assoc) also have "… = i ⊗ (a ⊗ b)" by (simp add: m_comm) also note li finally have li': "(b ⊗ i) ⊗ a = \<one>" . have "a ⊗ (b ⊗ i) = a ⊗ b ⊗ i" by (simp add: m_assoc) also note ri finally have ri': "a ⊗ (b ⊗ i) = \<one>" . from carr' li' ri' show "a ∈ Units G" by (simp add: Units_def, fast) qed subsection {* Divisibility and Association *} subsubsection {* Function definitions *} constdefs (structure G) factor :: "[_, 'a, 'a] => bool" (infix "divides\<index>" 65) "a divides b == ∃c∈carrier G. b = a ⊗ c" constdefs (structure G) associated :: "[_, 'a, 'a] => bool" (infix "∼\<index>" 55) "a ∼ b == a divides b ∧ b divides a" abbreviation "division_rel G == (|carrier = carrier G, eq = op ∼G, le = op dividesG|))," constdefs (structure G) properfactor :: "[_, 'a, 'a] => bool" "properfactor G a b == a divides b ∧ ¬(b divides a)" constdefs (structure G) irreducible :: "[_, 'a] => bool" "irreducible G a == a ∉ Units G ∧ (∀b∈carrier G. properfactor G b a --> b ∈ Units G)" constdefs (structure G) prime :: "[_, 'a] => bool" "prime G p == p ∉ Units G ∧ (∀a∈carrier G. ∀b∈carrier G. p divides (a ⊗ b) --> p divides a ∨ p divides b)" subsubsection {* Divisibility *} lemma dividesI: fixes G (structure) assumes carr: "c ∈ carrier G" and p: "b = a ⊗ c" shows "a divides b" unfolding factor_def using assms by fast lemma dividesI' [intro]: fixes G (structure) assumes p: "b = a ⊗ c" and carr: "c ∈ carrier G" shows "a divides b" using assms by (fast intro: dividesI) lemma dividesD: fixes G (structure) assumes "a divides b" shows "∃c∈carrier G. b = a ⊗ c" using assms unfolding factor_def by fast lemma dividesE [elim]: fixes G (structure) assumes d: "a divides b" and elim: "!!c. [|b = a ⊗ c; c ∈ carrier G|] ==> P" shows "P" proof - from dividesD[OF d] obtain c where "c∈carrier G" and "b = a ⊗ c" by auto thus "P" by (elim elim) qed lemma (in monoid) divides_refl[simp, intro!]: assumes carr: "a ∈ carrier G" shows "a divides a" apply (intro dividesI[of "\<one>"]) apply (simp, simp add: carr) done lemma (in monoid) divides_trans [trans]: assumes dvds: "a divides b" "b divides c" and acarr: "a ∈ carrier G" shows "a divides c" using dvds[THEN dividesD] by (blast intro: dividesI m_assoc acarr) lemma (in monoid) divides_mult_lI [intro]: assumes ab: "a divides b" and carr: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" "c ∈ carrier G" shows "(c ⊗ a) divides (c ⊗ b)" using ab apply (elim dividesE, simp add: m_assoc[symmetric] carr) apply (fast intro: dividesI) done lemma (in monoid_cancel) divides_mult_l [simp]: assumes carr: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" "c ∈ carrier G" shows "(c ⊗ a) divides (c ⊗ b) = a divides b" apply safe apply (elim dividesE, intro dividesI, assumption) apply (rule l_cancel[of c]) apply (simp add: m_assoc carr)+ apply (fast intro: divides_mult_lI carr) done lemma (in comm_monoid) divides_mult_rI [intro]: assumes ab: "a divides b" and carr: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" "c ∈ carrier G" shows "(a ⊗ c) divides (b ⊗ c)" using carr ab apply (simp add: m_comm[of a c] m_comm[of b c]) apply (rule divides_mult_lI, assumption+) done lemma (in comm_monoid_cancel) divides_mult_r [simp]: assumes carr: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" "c ∈ carrier G" shows "(a ⊗ c) divides (b ⊗ c) = a divides b" using carr by (simp add: m_comm[of a c] m_comm[of b c]) lemma (in monoid) divides_prod_r: assumes ab: "a divides b" and carr: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" "c ∈ carrier G" shows "a divides (b ⊗ c)" using ab carr by (fast intro: m_assoc) lemma (in comm_monoid) divides_prod_l: assumes carr[intro]: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" "c ∈ carrier G" and ab: "a divides b" shows "a divides (c ⊗ b)" using ab carr apply (simp add: m_comm[of c b]) apply (fast intro: divides_prod_r) done lemma (in monoid) unit_divides: assumes uunit: "u ∈ Units G" and acarr: "a ∈ carrier G" shows "u divides a" proof (intro dividesI[of "(inv u) ⊗ a"], fast intro: uunit acarr) from uunit acarr have xcarr: "inv u ⊗ a ∈ carrier G" by fast from uunit acarr have "u ⊗ (inv u ⊗ a) = (u ⊗ inv u) ⊗ a" by (fast intro: m_assoc[symmetric]) also have "… = \<one> ⊗ a" by (simp add: Units_r_inv[OF uunit]) also from acarr have "… = a" by simp finally show "a = u ⊗ (inv u ⊗ a)" .. qed lemma (in comm_monoid) divides_unit: assumes udvd: "a divides u" and carr: "a ∈ carrier G" "u ∈ Units G" shows "a ∈ Units G" using udvd carr by (blast intro: unit_factor) lemma (in comm_monoid) Unit_eq_dividesone: assumes ucarr: "u ∈ carrier G" shows "u ∈ Units G = u divides \<one>" using ucarr by (fast dest: divides_unit intro: unit_divides) subsubsection {* Association *} lemma associatedI: fixes G (structure) assumes "a divides b" "b divides a" shows "a ∼ b" using assms by (simp add: associated_def) lemma (in monoid) associatedI2: assumes uunit[simp]: "u ∈ Units G" and a: "a = b ⊗ u" and bcarr[simp]: "b ∈ carrier G" shows "a ∼ b" using uunit bcarr unfolding a apply (intro associatedI) apply (rule dividesI[of "inv u"], simp) apply (simp add: m_assoc Units_closed Units_r_inv) apply fast done lemma (in monoid) associatedI2': assumes a: "a = b ⊗ u" and uunit: "u ∈ Units G" and bcarr: "b ∈ carrier G" shows "a ∼ b" using assms by (intro associatedI2) lemma associatedD: fixes G (structure) assumes "a ∼ b" shows "a divides b" using assms by (simp add: associated_def) lemma (in monoid_cancel) associatedD2: assumes assoc: "a ∼ b" and carr: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" shows "∃u∈Units G. a = b ⊗ u" using assoc unfolding associated_def proof clarify assume "b divides a" hence "∃u∈carrier G. a = b ⊗ u" by (rule dividesD) from this obtain u where ucarr: "u ∈ carrier G" and a: "a = b ⊗ u" by auto assume "a divides b" hence "∃u'∈carrier G. b = a ⊗ u'" by (rule dividesD) from this obtain u' where u'carr: "u' ∈ carrier G" and b: "b = a ⊗ u'" by auto note carr = carr ucarr u'carr from carr have "a ⊗ \<one> = a" by simp also have "… = b ⊗ u" by (simp add: a) also have "… = a ⊗ u' ⊗ u" by (simp add: b) also from carr have "… = a ⊗ (u' ⊗ u)" by (simp add: m_assoc) finally have "a ⊗ \<one> = a ⊗ (u' ⊗ u)" . with carr have u1: "\<one> = u' ⊗ u" by (fast dest: l_cancel) from carr have "b ⊗ \<one> = b" by simp also have "… = a ⊗ u'" by (simp add: b) also have "… = b ⊗ u ⊗ u'" by (simp add: a) also from carr have "… = b ⊗ (u ⊗ u')" by (simp add: m_assoc) finally have "b ⊗ \<one> = b ⊗ (u ⊗ u')" . with carr have u2: "\<one> = u ⊗ u'" by (fast dest: l_cancel) from u'carr u1[symmetric] u2[symmetric] have "∃u'∈carrier G. u' ⊗ u = \<one> ∧ u ⊗ u' = \<one>" by fast hence "u ∈ Units G" by (simp add: Units_def ucarr) from ucarr this a show "∃u∈Units G. a = b ⊗ u" by fast qed lemma associatedE: fixes G (structure) assumes assoc: "a ∼ b" and e: "[|a divides b; b divides a|] ==> P" shows "P" proof - from assoc have "a divides b" "b divides a" by (simp add: associated_def)+ thus "P" by (elim e) qed lemma (in monoid_cancel) associatedE2: assumes assoc: "a ∼ b" and e: "!!u. [|a = b ⊗ u; u ∈ Units G|] ==> P" and carr: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" shows "P" proof - from assoc and carr have "∃u∈Units G. a = b ⊗ u" by (rule associatedD2) from this obtain u where "u ∈ Units G" "a = b ⊗ u" by auto thus "P" by (elim e) qed lemma (in monoid) associated_refl [simp, intro!]: assumes "a ∈ carrier G" shows "a ∼ a" using assms by (fast intro: associatedI) lemma (in monoid) associated_sym [sym]: assumes "a ∼ b" and "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" shows "b ∼ a" using assms by (iprover intro: associatedI elim: associatedE) lemma (in monoid) associated_trans [trans]: assumes "a ∼ b" "b ∼ c" and "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" "c ∈ carrier G" shows "a ∼ c" using assms by (iprover intro: associatedI divides_trans elim: associatedE) lemma (in monoid) division_equiv [intro, simp]: "equivalence (division_rel G)" apply unfold_locales apply simp_all apply (rule associated_sym, assumption+) apply (iprover intro: associated_trans) done subsubsection {* Division and associativity *} lemma divides_antisym: fixes G (structure) assumes "a divides b" "b divides a" and "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" shows "a ∼ b" using assms by (fast intro: associatedI) lemma (in monoid) divides_cong_l [trans]: assumes xx': "x ∼ x'" and xdvdy: "x' divides y" and carr [simp]: "x ∈ carrier G" "x' ∈ carrier G" "y ∈ carrier G" shows "x divides y" proof - from xx' have "x divides x'" by (simp add: associatedD) also note xdvdy finally show "x divides y" by simp qed lemma (in monoid) divides_cong_r [trans]: assumes xdvdy: "x divides y" and yy': "y ∼ y'" and carr[simp]: "x ∈ carrier G" "y ∈ carrier G" "y' ∈ carrier G" shows "x divides y'" proof - note xdvdy also from yy' have "y divides y'" by (simp add: associatedD) finally show "x divides y'" by simp qed lemma (in monoid) division_weak_partial_order [simp, intro!]: "weak_partial_order (division_rel G)" apply unfold_locales apply simp_all apply (simp add: associated_sym) apply (blast intro: associated_trans) apply (simp add: divides_antisym) apply (blast intro: divides_trans) apply (blast intro: divides_cong_l divides_cong_r associated_sym) done subsubsection {* Multiplication and associativity *} lemma (in monoid_cancel) mult_cong_r: assumes "b ∼ b'" and carr: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" "b' ∈ carrier G" shows "a ⊗ b ∼ a ⊗ b'" using assms apply (elim associatedE2, intro associatedI2) apply (auto intro: m_assoc[symmetric]) done lemma (in comm_monoid_cancel) mult_cong_l: assumes "a ∼ a'" and carr: "a ∈ carrier G" "a' ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" shows "a ⊗ b ∼ a' ⊗ b" using assms apply (elim associatedE2, intro associatedI2) apply assumption apply (simp add: m_assoc Units_closed) apply (simp add: m_comm Units_closed) apply simp+ done lemma (in monoid_cancel) assoc_l_cancel: assumes carr: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" "b' ∈ carrier G" and "a ⊗ b ∼ a ⊗ b'" shows "b ∼ b'" using assms apply (elim associatedE2, intro associatedI2) apply assumption apply (rule l_cancel[of a]) apply (simp add: m_assoc Units_closed) apply fast+ done lemma (in comm_monoid_cancel) assoc_r_cancel: assumes "a ⊗ b ∼ a' ⊗ b" and carr: "a ∈ carrier G" "a' ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" shows "a ∼ a'" using assms apply (elim associatedE2, intro associatedI2) apply assumption apply (rule r_cancel[of a b]) apply (simp add: m_assoc Units_closed) apply (simp add: m_comm Units_closed) apply fast+ done subsubsection {* Units *} lemma (in monoid_cancel) assoc_unit_l [trans]: assumes asc: "a ∼ b" and bunit: "b ∈ Units G" and carr: "a ∈ carrier G" shows "a ∈ Units G" using assms by (fast elim: associatedE2) lemma (in monoid_cancel) assoc_unit_r [trans]: assumes aunit: "a ∈ Units G" and asc: "a ∼ b" and bcarr: "b ∈ carrier G" shows "b ∈ Units G" using aunit bcarr associated_sym[OF asc] by (blast intro: assoc_unit_l) lemma (in comm_monoid) Units_cong: assumes aunit: "a ∈ Units G" and asc: "a ∼ b" and bcarr: "b ∈ carrier G" shows "b ∈ Units G" using assms by (blast intro: divides_unit elim: associatedE) lemma (in monoid) Units_assoc: assumes units: "a ∈ Units G" "b ∈ Units G" shows "a ∼ b" using units by (fast intro: associatedI unit_divides) lemma (in monoid) Units_are_ones: "Units G {.=}(division_rel G) {\<one>}" apply (simp add: set_eq_def elem_def, rule, simp_all) proof clarsimp fix a assume aunit: "a ∈ Units G" show "a ∼ \<one>" apply (rule associatedI) apply (fast intro: dividesI[of "inv a"] aunit Units_r_inv[symmetric]) apply (fast intro: dividesI[of "a"] l_one[symmetric] Units_closed[OF aunit]) done next have "\<one> ∈ Units G" by simp moreover have "\<one> ∼ \<one>" by simp ultimately show "∃a ∈ Units G. \<one> ∼ a" by fast qed lemma (in comm_monoid) Units_Lower: "Units G = Lower (division_rel G) (carrier G)" apply (simp add: Units_def Lower_def) apply (rule, rule) apply clarsimp apply (rule unit_divides) apply (unfold Units_def, fast) apply assumption apply clarsimp proof - fix x assume xcarr: "x ∈ carrier G" assume r[rule_format]: "∀y. y ∈ carrier G --> x divides y" have "\<one> ∈ carrier G" by simp hence "x divides \<one>" by (rule r) hence "∃x'∈carrier G. \<one> = x ⊗ x'" by (rule dividesE, fast) from this obtain x' where x'carr: "x' ∈ carrier G" and xx': "\<one> = x ⊗ x'" by auto note xx' also with xcarr x'carr have "… = x' ⊗ x" by (simp add: m_comm) finally have "\<one> = x' ⊗ x" . from x'carr xx'[symmetric] this[symmetric] show "∃y∈carrier G. y ⊗ x = \<one> ∧ x ⊗ y = \<one>" by fast qed subsubsection {* Proper factors *} lemma properfactorI: fixes G (structure) assumes "a divides b" and "¬(b divides a)" shows "properfactor G a b" using assms unfolding properfactor_def by simp lemma properfactorI2: fixes G (structure) assumes advdb: "a divides b" and neq: "¬(a ∼ b)" shows "properfactor G a b" apply (rule properfactorI, rule advdb) proof (rule ccontr, simp) assume "b divides a" with advdb have "a ∼ b" by (rule associatedI) with neq show "False" by fast qed lemma (in comm_monoid_cancel) properfactorI3: assumes p: "p = a ⊗ b" and nunit: "b ∉ Units G" and carr: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" "p ∈ carrier G" shows "properfactor G a p" unfolding p using carr apply (intro properfactorI, fast) proof (clarsimp, elim dividesE) fix c assume ccarr: "c ∈ carrier G" note [simp] = carr ccarr have "a ⊗ \<one> = a" by simp also assume "a = a ⊗ b ⊗ c" also have "… = a ⊗ (b ⊗ c)" by (simp add: m_assoc) finally have "a ⊗ \<one> = a ⊗ (b ⊗ c)" . hence rinv: "\<one> = b ⊗ c" by (intro l_cancel[of "a" "\<one>" "b ⊗ c"], simp+) also have "… = c ⊗ b" by (simp add: m_comm) finally have linv: "\<one> = c ⊗ b" . from ccarr linv[symmetric] rinv[symmetric] have "b ∈ Units G" unfolding Units_def by fastsimp with nunit show "False" .. qed lemma properfactorE: fixes G (structure) assumes pf: "properfactor G a b" and r: "[|a divides b; ¬(b divides a)|] ==> P" shows "P" using pf unfolding properfactor_def by (fast intro: r) lemma properfactorE2: fixes G (structure) assumes pf: "properfactor G a b" and elim: "[|a divides b; ¬(a ∼ b)|] ==> P" shows "P" using pf unfolding properfactor_def by (fast elim: elim associatedE) lemma (in monoid) properfactor_unitE: assumes uunit: "u ∈ Units G" and pf: "properfactor G a u" and acarr: "a ∈ carrier G" shows "P" using pf unit_divides[OF uunit acarr] by (fast elim: properfactorE) lemma (in monoid) properfactor_divides: assumes pf: "properfactor G a b" shows "a divides b" using pf by (elim properfactorE) lemma (in monoid) properfactor_trans1 [trans]: assumes dvds: "a divides b" "properfactor G b c" and carr: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" "c ∈ carrier G" shows "properfactor G a c" using dvds carr apply (elim properfactorE, intro properfactorI) apply (iprover intro: divides_trans)+ done lemma (in monoid) properfactor_trans2 [trans]: assumes dvds: "properfactor G a b" "b divides c" and carr: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" "c ∈ carrier G" shows "properfactor G a c" using dvds carr apply (elim properfactorE, intro properfactorI) apply (iprover intro: divides_trans)+ done lemma properfactor_lless: fixes G (structure) shows "properfactor G = lless (division_rel G)" apply (rule ext) apply (rule ext) apply rule apply (fastsimp elim: properfactorE2 intro: weak_llessI) apply (fastsimp elim: weak_llessE intro: properfactorI2) done lemma (in monoid) properfactor_cong_l [trans]: assumes x'x: "x' ∼ x" and pf: "properfactor G x y" and carr: "x ∈ carrier G" "x' ∈ carrier G" "y ∈ carrier G" shows "properfactor G x' y" using pf unfolding properfactor_lless proof - interpret weak_partial_order "division_rel G" .. from x'x have "x' .=division_rel G x" by simp also assume "x \<sqsubset>division_rel G y" finally show "x' \<sqsubset>division_rel G y" by (simp add: carr) qed lemma (in monoid) properfactor_cong_r [trans]: assumes pf: "properfactor G x y" and yy': "y ∼ y'" and carr: "x ∈ carrier G" "y ∈ carrier G" "y' ∈ carrier G" shows "properfactor G x y'" using pf unfolding properfactor_lless proof - interpret weak_partial_order "division_rel G" .. assume "x \<sqsubset>division_rel G y" also from yy' have "y .=division_rel G y'" by simp finally show "x \<sqsubset>division_rel G y'" by (simp add: carr) qed lemma (in monoid_cancel) properfactor_mult_lI [intro]: assumes ab: "properfactor G a b" and carr: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" "c ∈ carrier G" shows "properfactor G (c ⊗ a) (c ⊗ b)" using ab carr by (fastsimp elim: properfactorE intro: properfactorI) lemma (in monoid_cancel) properfactor_mult_l [simp]: assumes carr: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" "c ∈ carrier G" shows "properfactor G (c ⊗ a) (c ⊗ b) = properfactor G a b" using carr by (fastsimp elim: properfactorE intro: properfactorI) lemma (in comm_monoid_cancel) properfactor_mult_rI [intro]: assumes ab: "properfactor G a b" and carr: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" "c ∈ carrier G" shows "properfactor G (a ⊗ c) (b ⊗ c)" using ab carr by (fastsimp elim: properfactorE intro: properfactorI) lemma (in comm_monoid_cancel) properfactor_mult_r [simp]: assumes carr: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" "c ∈ carrier G" shows "properfactor G (a ⊗ c) (b ⊗ c) = properfactor G a b" using carr by (fastsimp elim: properfactorE intro: properfactorI) lemma (in monoid) properfactor_prod_r: assumes ab: "properfactor G a b" and carr[simp]: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" "c ∈ carrier G" shows "properfactor G a (b ⊗ c)" by (intro properfactor_trans2[OF ab] divides_prod_r, simp+) lemma (in comm_monoid) properfactor_prod_l: assumes ab: "properfactor G a b" and carr[simp]: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" "c ∈ carrier G" shows "properfactor G a (c ⊗ b)" by (intro properfactor_trans2[OF ab] divides_prod_l, simp+) subsection {* Irreducible Elements and Primes *} subsubsection {* Irreducible elements *} lemma irreducibleI: fixes G (structure) assumes "a ∉ Units G" and "!!b. [|b ∈ carrier G; properfactor G b a|] ==> b ∈ Units G" shows "irreducible G a" using assms unfolding irreducible_def by blast lemma irreducibleE: fixes G (structure) assumes irr: "irreducible G a" and elim: "[|a ∉ Units G; ∀b. b ∈ carrier G ∧ properfactor G b a --> b ∈ Units G|] ==> P" shows "P" using assms unfolding irreducible_def by blast lemma irreducibleD: fixes G (structure) assumes irr: "irreducible G a" and pf: "properfactor G b a" and bcarr: "b ∈ carrier G" shows "b ∈ Units G" using assms by (fast elim: irreducibleE) lemma (in monoid_cancel) irreducible_cong [trans]: assumes irred: "irreducible G a" and aa': "a ∼ a'" and carr[simp]: "a ∈ carrier G" "a' ∈ carrier G" shows "irreducible G a'" using assms apply (elim irreducibleE, intro irreducibleI) apply simp_all proof clarify assume "a' ∈ Units G" also note aa'[symmetric] finally have aunit: "a ∈ Units G" by simp assume "a ∉ Units G" with aunit show "False" by fast next fix b assume r[rule_format]: "∀b. b ∈ carrier G ∧ properfactor G b a --> b ∈ Units G" and bcarr[simp]: "b ∈ carrier G" assume "properfactor G b a'" also note aa'[symmetric] finally have "properfactor G b a" by simp with bcarr show "b ∈ Units G" by (fast intro: r) qed lemma (in monoid) irreducible_prod_rI: assumes airr: "irreducible G a" and bunit: "b ∈ Units G" and carr[simp]: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" shows "irreducible G (a ⊗ b)" using airr carr bunit apply (elim irreducibleE, intro irreducibleI, clarify) apply (subgoal_tac "a ∈ Units G", simp) apply (intro prod_unit_r[of a b] carr bunit, assumption) proof - fix c assume [simp]: "c ∈ carrier G" and r[rule_format]: "∀b. b ∈ carrier G ∧ properfactor G b a --> b ∈ Units G" assume "properfactor G c (a ⊗ b)" also have "a ⊗ b ∼ a" by (intro associatedI2[OF bunit], simp+) finally have pfa: "properfactor G c a" by simp show "c ∈ Units G" by (rule r, simp add: pfa) qed lemma (in comm_monoid) irreducible_prod_lI: assumes birr: "irreducible G b" and aunit: "a ∈ Units G" and carr [simp]: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" shows "irreducible G (a ⊗ b)" apply (subst m_comm, simp+) apply (intro irreducible_prod_rI assms) done lemma (in comm_monoid_cancel) irreducible_prodE [elim]: assumes irr: "irreducible G (a ⊗ b)" and carr[simp]: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" and e1: "[|irreducible G a; b ∈ Units G|] ==> P" and e2: "[|a ∈ Units G; irreducible G b|] ==> P" shows "P" using irr proof (elim irreducibleE) assume abnunit: "a ⊗ b ∉ Units G" and isunit[rule_format]: "∀ba. ba ∈ carrier G ∧ properfactor G ba (a ⊗ b) --> ba ∈ Units G" show "P" proof (cases "a ∈ Units G") assume aunit: "a ∈ Units G" have "irreducible G b" apply (rule irreducibleI) proof (rule ccontr, simp) assume "b ∈ Units G" with aunit have "(a ⊗ b) ∈ Units G" by fast with abnunit show "False" .. next fix c assume ccarr: "c ∈ carrier G" and "properfactor G c b" hence "properfactor G c (a ⊗ b)" by (simp add: properfactor_prod_l[of c b a]) from ccarr this show "c ∈ Units G" by (fast intro: isunit) qed from aunit this show "P" by (rule e2) next assume anunit: "a ∉ Units G" with carr have "properfactor G b (b ⊗ a)" by (fast intro: properfactorI3) hence bf: "properfactor G b (a ⊗ b)" by (subst m_comm[of a b], simp+) hence bunit: "b ∈ Units G" by (intro isunit, simp) have "irreducible G a" apply (rule irreducibleI) proof (rule ccontr, simp) assume "a ∈ Units G" with bunit have "(a ⊗ b) ∈ Units G" by fast with abnunit show "False" .. next fix c assume ccarr: "c ∈ carrier G" and "properfactor G c a" hence "properfactor G c (a ⊗ b)" by (simp add: properfactor_prod_r[of c a b]) from ccarr this show "c ∈ Units G" by (fast intro: isunit) qed from this bunit show "P" by (rule e1) qed qed subsubsection {* Prime elements *} lemma primeI: fixes G (structure) assumes "p ∉ Units G" and "!!a b. [|a ∈ carrier G; b ∈ carrier G; p divides (a ⊗ b)|] ==> p divides a ∨ p divides b" shows "prime G p" using assms unfolding prime_def by blast lemma primeE: fixes G (structure) assumes pprime: "prime G p" and e: "[|p ∉ Units G; ∀a∈carrier G. ∀b∈carrier G. p divides a ⊗ b --> p divides a ∨ p divides b|] ==> P" shows "P" using pprime unfolding prime_def by (blast dest: e) lemma (in comm_monoid_cancel) prime_divides: assumes carr: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" and pprime: "prime G p" and pdvd: "p divides a ⊗ b" shows "p divides a ∨ p divides b" using assms by (blast elim: primeE) lemma (in monoid_cancel) prime_cong [trans]: assumes pprime: "prime G p" and pp': "p ∼ p'" and carr[simp]: "p ∈ carrier G" "p' ∈ carrier G" shows "prime G p'" using pprime apply (elim primeE, intro primeI) proof clarify assume pnunit: "p ∉ Units G" assume "p' ∈ Units G" also note pp'[symmetric] finally have "p ∈ Units G" by simp with pnunit show False .. next fix a b assume r[rule_format]: "∀a∈carrier G. ∀b∈carrier G. p divides a ⊗ b --> p divides a ∨ p divides b" assume p'dvd: "p' divides a ⊗ b" and carr'[simp]: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" note pp' also note p'dvd finally have "p divides a ⊗ b" by simp hence "p divides a ∨ p divides b" by (intro r, simp+) moreover { note pp'[symmetric] also assume "p divides a" finally have "p' divides a" by simp hence "p' divides a ∨ p' divides b" by simp } moreover { note pp'[symmetric] also assume "p divides b" finally have "p' divides b" by simp hence "p' divides a ∨ p' divides b" by simp } ultimately show "p' divides a ∨ p' divides b" by fast qed subsection {* Factorization and Factorial Monoids *} subsubsection {* Function definitions *} constdefs (structure G) factors :: "[_, 'a list, 'a] => bool" "factors G fs a == (∀x ∈ (set fs). irreducible G x) ∧ foldr (op ⊗) fs \<one> = a" wfactors ::"[_, 'a list, 'a] => bool" "wfactors G fs a == (∀x ∈ (set fs). irreducible G x) ∧ foldr (op ⊗) fs \<one> ∼ a" abbreviation list_assoc :: "('a,_) monoid_scheme => 'a list => 'a list => bool" (infix "[∼]\<index>" 44) where "list_assoc G == list_all2 (op ∼G)" constdefs (structure G) essentially_equal :: "[_, 'a list, 'a list] => bool" "essentially_equal G fs1 fs2 == (∃fs1'. fs1 <~~> fs1' ∧ fs1' [∼] fs2)" locale factorial_monoid = comm_monoid_cancel + assumes factors_exist: "[|a ∈ carrier G; a ∉ Units G|] ==> ∃fs. set fs ⊆ carrier G ∧ factors G fs a" and factors_unique: "[|factors G fs a; factors G fs' a; a ∈ carrier G; a ∉ Units G; set fs ⊆ carrier G; set fs' ⊆ carrier G|] ==> essentially_equal G fs fs'" subsubsection {* Comparing lists of elements *} text {* Association on lists *} lemma (in monoid) listassoc_refl [simp, intro]: assumes "set as ⊆ carrier G" shows "as [∼] as" using assms by (induct as) simp+ lemma (in monoid) listassoc_sym [sym]: assumes "as [∼] bs" and "set as ⊆ carrier G" and "set bs ⊆ carrier G" shows "bs [∼] as" using assms proof (induct as arbitrary: bs, simp) case Cons thus ?case apply (induct bs, simp) apply clarsimp apply (iprover intro: associated_sym) done qed lemma (in monoid) listassoc_trans [trans]: assumes "as [∼] bs" and "bs [∼] cs" and "set as ⊆ carrier G" and "set bs ⊆ carrier G" and "set cs ⊆ carrier G" shows "as [∼] cs" using assms apply (simp add: list_all2_conv_all_nth set_conv_nth, safe) apply (rule associated_trans) apply (subgoal_tac "as ! i ∼ bs ! i", assumption) apply (simp, simp) apply blast+ done lemma (in monoid_cancel) irrlist_listassoc_cong: assumes "∀a∈set as. irreducible G a" and "as [∼] bs" and "set as ⊆ carrier G" and "set bs ⊆ carrier G" shows "∀a∈set bs. irreducible G a" using assms apply (clarsimp simp add: list_all2_conv_all_nth set_conv_nth) apply (blast intro: irreducible_cong) done text {* Permutations *} lemma perm_map [intro]: assumes p: "a <~~> b" shows "map f a <~~> map f b" using p by induct auto lemma perm_map_switch: assumes m: "map f a = map f b" and p: "b <~~> c" shows "∃d. a <~~> d ∧ map f d = map f c" using p m by (induct arbitrary: a) (simp, force, force, blast) lemma (in monoid) perm_assoc_switch: assumes a:"as [∼] bs" and p: "bs <~~> cs" shows "∃bs'. as <~~> bs' ∧ bs' [∼] cs" using p a apply (induct bs cs arbitrary: as, simp) apply (clarsimp simp add: list_all2_Cons2, blast) apply (clarsimp simp add: list_all2_Cons2) apply blast apply blast done lemma (in monoid) perm_assoc_switch_r: assumes p: "as <~~> bs" and a:"bs [∼] cs" shows "∃bs'. as [∼] bs' ∧ bs' <~~> cs" using p a apply (induct as bs arbitrary: cs, simp) apply (clarsimp simp add: list_all2_Cons1, blast) apply (clarsimp simp add: list_all2_Cons1) apply blast apply blast done declare perm_sym [sym] lemma perm_setP: assumes perm: "as <~~> bs" and as: "P (set as)" shows "P (set bs)" proof - from perm have "multiset_of as = multiset_of bs" by (simp add: multiset_of_eq_perm) hence "set as = set bs" by (rule multiset_of_eq_setD) with as show "P (set bs)" by simp qed lemmas (in monoid) perm_closed = perm_setP[of _ _ "λas. as ⊆ carrier G"] lemmas (in monoid) irrlist_perm_cong = perm_setP[of _ _ "λas. ∀a∈as. irreducible G a"] text {* Essentially equal factorizations *} lemma (in monoid) essentially_equalI: assumes ex: "fs1 <~~> fs1'" "fs1' [∼] fs2" shows "essentially_equal G fs1 fs2" using ex unfolding essentially_equal_def by fast lemma (in monoid) essentially_equalE: assumes ee: "essentially_equal G fs1 fs2" and e: "!!fs1'. [|fs1 <~~> fs1'; fs1' [∼] fs2|] ==> P" shows "P" using ee unfolding essentially_equal_def by (fast intro: e) lemma (in monoid) ee_refl [simp,intro]: assumes carr: "set as ⊆ carrier G" shows "essentially_equal G as as" using carr by (fast intro: essentially_equalI) lemma (in monoid) ee_sym [sym]: assumes ee: "essentially_equal G as bs" and carr: "set as ⊆ carrier G" "set bs ⊆ carrier G" shows "essentially_equal G bs as" using ee proof (elim essentially_equalE) fix fs assume "as <~~> fs" "fs [∼] bs" hence "∃fs'. as [∼] fs' ∧ fs' <~~> bs" by (rule perm_assoc_switch_r) from this obtain fs' where a: "as [∼] fs'" and p: "fs' <~~> bs" by auto from p have "bs <~~> fs'" by (rule perm_sym) with a[symmetric] carr show ?thesis by (iprover intro: essentially_equalI perm_closed) qed lemma (in monoid) ee_trans [trans]: assumes ab: "essentially_equal G as bs" and bc: "essentially_equal G bs cs" and ascarr: "set as ⊆ carrier G" and bscarr: "set bs ⊆ carrier G" and cscarr: "set cs ⊆ carrier G" shows "essentially_equal G as cs" using ab bc proof (elim essentially_equalE) fix abs bcs assume "abs [∼] bs" and pb: "bs <~~> bcs" hence "∃bs'. abs <~~> bs' ∧ bs' [∼] bcs" by (rule perm_assoc_switch) from this obtain bs' where p: "abs <~~> bs'" and a: "bs' [∼] bcs" by auto assume "as <~~> abs" with p have pp: "as <~~> bs'" by fast from pp ascarr have c1: "set bs' ⊆ carrier G" by (rule perm_closed) from pb bscarr have c2: "set bcs ⊆ carrier G" by (rule perm_closed) note a also assume "bcs [∼] cs" finally (listassoc_trans) have"bs' [∼] cs" by (simp add: c1 c2 cscarr) with pp show ?thesis by (rule essentially_equalI) qed subsubsection {* Properties of lists of elements *} text {* Multiplication of factors in a list *} lemma (in monoid) multlist_closed [simp, intro]: assumes ascarr: "set fs ⊆ carrier G" shows "foldr (op ⊗) fs \<one> ∈ carrier G" by (insert ascarr, induct fs, simp+) lemma (in comm_monoid) multlist_dividesI (*[intro]*): assumes "f ∈ set fs" and "f ∈ carrier G" and "set fs ⊆ carrier G" shows "f divides (foldr (op ⊗) fs \<one>)" using assms apply (induct fs) apply simp apply (case_tac "f = a", simp) apply (fast intro: dividesI) apply clarsimp apply (elim dividesE, intro dividesI) defer 1 apply (simp add: m_comm) apply (simp add: m_assoc[symmetric]) apply (simp add: m_comm) apply simp done lemma (in comm_monoid_cancel) multlist_listassoc_cong: assumes "fs [∼] fs'" and "set fs ⊆ carrier G" and "set fs' ⊆ carrier G" shows "foldr (op ⊗) fs \<one> ∼ foldr (op ⊗) fs' \<one>" using assms proof (induct fs arbitrary: fs', simp) case (Cons a as fs') thus ?case apply (induct fs', simp) proof clarsimp fix b bs assume "a ∼ b" and acarr: "a ∈ carrier G" and bcarr: "b ∈ carrier G" and ascarr: "set as ⊆ carrier G" hence p: "a ⊗ foldr op ⊗ as \<one> ∼ b ⊗ foldr op ⊗ as \<one>" by (fast intro: mult_cong_l) also assume "as [∼] bs" and bscarr: "set bs ⊆ carrier G" and "!!fs'. [|as [∼] fs'; set fs' ⊆ carrier G|] ==> foldr op ⊗ as \<one> ∼ foldr op ⊗ fs' \<one>" hence "foldr op ⊗ as \<one> ∼ foldr op ⊗ bs \<one>" by simp with ascarr bscarr bcarr have "b ⊗ foldr op ⊗ as \<one> ∼ b ⊗ foldr op ⊗ bs \<one>" by (fast intro: mult_cong_r) finally show "a ⊗ foldr op ⊗ as \<one> ∼ b ⊗ foldr op ⊗ bs \<one>" by (simp add: ascarr bscarr acarr bcarr) qed qed lemma (in comm_monoid) multlist_perm_cong: assumes prm: "as <~~> bs" and ascarr: "set as ⊆ carrier G" shows "foldr (op ⊗) as \<one> = foldr (op ⊗) bs \<one>" using prm ascarr apply (induct, simp, clarsimp simp add: m_ac, clarsimp) proof clarsimp fix xs ys zs assume "xs <~~> ys" "set xs ⊆ carrier G" hence "set ys ⊆ carrier G" by (rule perm_closed) moreover assume "set ys ⊆ carrier G ==> foldr op ⊗ ys \<one> = foldr op ⊗ zs \<one>" ultimately show "foldr op ⊗ ys \<one> = foldr op ⊗ zs \<one>" by simp qed lemma (in comm_monoid_cancel) multlist_ee_cong: assumes "essentially_equal G fs fs'" and "set fs ⊆ carrier G" and "set fs' ⊆ carrier G" shows "foldr (op ⊗) fs \<one> ∼ foldr (op ⊗) fs' \<one>" using assms apply (elim essentially_equalE) apply (simp add: multlist_perm_cong multlist_listassoc_cong perm_closed) done subsubsection {* Factorization in irreducible elements *} lemma wfactorsI: fixes G (structure) assumes "∀f∈set fs. irreducible G f" and "foldr (op ⊗) fs \<one> ∼ a" shows "wfactors G fs a" using assms unfolding wfactors_def by simp lemma wfactorsE: fixes G (structure) assumes wf: "wfactors G fs a" and e: "[|∀f∈set fs. irreducible G f; foldr (op ⊗) fs \<one> ∼ a|] ==> P" shows "P" using wf unfolding wfactors_def by (fast dest: e) lemma (in monoid) factorsI: assumes "∀f∈set fs. irreducible G f" and "foldr (op ⊗) fs \<one> = a" shows "factors G fs a" using assms unfolding factors_def by simp lemma factorsE: fixes G (structure) assumes f: "factors G fs a" and e: "[|∀f∈set fs. irreducible G f; foldr (op ⊗) fs \<one> = a|] ==> P" shows "P" using f unfolding factors_def by (simp add: e) lemma (in monoid) factors_wfactors: assumes "factors G as a" and "set as ⊆ carrier G" shows "wfactors G as a" using assms by (blast elim: factorsE intro: wfactorsI) lemma (in monoid) wfactors_factors: assumes "wfactors G as a" and "set as ⊆ carrier G" shows "∃a'. factors G as a' ∧ a' ∼ a" using assms by (blast elim: wfactorsE intro: factorsI) lemma (in monoid) factors_closed [dest]: assumes "factors G fs a" and "set fs ⊆ carrier G" shows "a ∈ carrier G" using assms by (elim factorsE, clarsimp) lemma (in monoid) nunit_factors: assumes anunit: "a ∉ Units G" and fs: "factors G as a" shows "length as > 0" apply (insert fs, elim factorsE) proof (cases "length as = 0") assume "length as = 0" hence fold: "foldr op ⊗ as \<one> = \<one>" by force assume "foldr op ⊗ as \<one> = a" with fold have "a = \<one>" by simp then have "a ∈ Units G" by fast with anunit have "False" by simp thus ?thesis .. qed simp lemma (in monoid) unit_wfactors [simp]: assumes aunit: "a ∈ Units G" shows "wfactors G [] a" using aunit by (intro wfactorsI) (simp, simp add: Units_assoc) lemma (in comm_monoid_cancel) unit_wfactors_empty: assumes aunit: "a ∈ Units G" and wf: "wfactors G fs a" and carr[simp]: "set fs ⊆ carrier G" shows "fs = []" proof (rule ccontr, cases fs, simp) fix f fs' assume fs: "fs = f # fs'" from carr have fcarr[simp]: "f ∈ carrier G" and carr'[simp]: "set fs' ⊆ carrier G" by (simp add: fs)+ from fs wf have "irreducible G f" by (simp add: wfactors_def) hence fnunit: "f ∉ Units G" by (fast elim: irreducibleE) from fs wf have a: "f ⊗ foldr (op ⊗) fs' \<one> ∼ a" by (simp add: wfactors_def) note aunit also from fs wf have a: "f ⊗ foldr (op ⊗) fs' \<one> ∼ a" by (simp add: wfactors_def) have "a ∼ f ⊗ foldr (op ⊗) fs' \<one>" by (simp add: Units_closed[OF aunit] a[symmetric]) finally have "f ⊗ foldr (op ⊗) fs' \<one> ∈ Units G" by simp hence "f ∈ Units G" by (intro unit_factor[of f], simp+) with fnunit show "False" by simp qed text {* Comparing wfactors *} lemma (in comm_monoid_cancel) wfactors_listassoc_cong_l: assumes fact: "wfactors G fs a" and asc: "fs [∼] fs'" and carr: "a ∈ carrier G" "set fs ⊆ carrier G" "set fs' ⊆ carrier G" shows "wfactors G fs' a" using fact apply (elim wfactorsE, intro wfactorsI) proof - assume "∀f∈set fs. irreducible G f" also note asc finally (irrlist_listassoc_cong) show "∀f∈set fs'. irreducible G f" by (simp add: carr) next from asc[symmetric] have "foldr op ⊗ fs' \<one> ∼ foldr op ⊗ fs \<one>" by (simp add: multlist_listassoc_cong carr) also assume "foldr op ⊗ fs \<one> ∼ a" finally show "foldr op ⊗ fs' \<one> ∼ a" by (simp add: carr) qed lemma (in comm_monoid) wfactors_perm_cong_l: assumes "wfactors G fs a" and "fs <~~> fs'" and "set fs ⊆ carrier G" shows "wfactors G fs' a" using assms apply (elim wfactorsE, intro wfactorsI) apply (rule irrlist_perm_cong, assumption+) apply (simp add: multlist_perm_cong[symmetric]) done lemma (in comm_monoid_cancel) wfactors_ee_cong_l [trans]: assumes ee: "essentially_equal G as bs" and bfs: "wfactors G bs b" and carr: "b ∈ carrier G" "set as ⊆ carrier G" "set bs ⊆ carrier G" shows "wfactors G as b" using ee proof (elim essentially_equalE) fix fs assume prm: "as <~~> fs" with carr have fscarr: "set fs ⊆ carrier G" by (simp add: perm_closed) note bfs also assume [symmetric]: "fs [∼] bs" also (wfactors_listassoc_cong_l) note prm[symmetric] finally (wfactors_perm_cong_l) show "wfactors G as b" by (simp add: carr fscarr) qed lemma (in monoid) wfactors_cong_r [trans]: assumes fac: "wfactors G fs a" and aa': "a ∼ a'" and carr[simp]: "a ∈ carrier G" "a' ∈ carrier G" "set fs ⊆ carrier G" shows "wfactors G fs a'" using fac proof (elim wfactorsE, intro wfactorsI) assume "foldr op ⊗ fs \<one> ∼ a" also note aa' finally show "foldr op ⊗ fs \<one> ∼ a'" by simp qed subsubsection {* Essentially equal factorizations *} lemma (in comm_monoid_cancel) unitfactor_ee: assumes uunit: "u ∈ Units G" and carr: "set as ⊆ carrier G" shows "essentially_equal G (as[0 := (as!0 ⊗ u)]) as" (is "essentially_equal G ?as' as") using assms apply (intro essentially_equalI[of _ ?as'], simp) apply (cases as, simp) apply (clarsimp, fast intro: associatedI2[of u]) done lemma (in comm_monoid_cancel) factors_cong_unit: assumes uunit: "u ∈ Units G" and anunit: "a ∉ Units G" and afs: "factors G as a" and ascarr: "set as ⊆ carrier G" shows "factors G (as[0 := (as!0 ⊗ u)]) (a ⊗ u)" (is "factors G ?as' ?a'") using assms apply (elim factorsE, clarify) apply (cases as) apply (simp add: nunit_factors) apply clarsimp apply (elim factorsE, intro factorsI) apply (clarsimp, fast intro: irreducible_prod_rI) apply (simp add: m_ac Units_closed) done lemma (in comm_monoid) perm_wfactorsD: assumes prm: "as <~~> bs" and afs: "wfactors G as a" and bfs: "wfactors G bs b" and [simp]: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" and ascarr[simp]: "set as ⊆ carrier G" shows "a ∼ b" using afs bfs proof (elim wfactorsE) from prm have [simp]: "set bs ⊆ carrier G" by (simp add: perm_closed) assume "foldr op ⊗ as \<one> ∼ a" hence "a ∼ foldr op ⊗ as \<one>" by (rule associated_sym, simp+) also from prm have "foldr op ⊗ as \<one> = foldr op ⊗ bs \<one>" by (rule multlist_perm_cong, simp) also assume "foldr op ⊗ bs \<one> ∼ b" finally show "a ∼ b" by simp qed lemma (in comm_monoid_cancel) listassoc_wfactorsD: assumes assoc: "as [∼] bs" and afs: "wfactors G as a" and bfs: "wfactors G bs b" and [simp]: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" and [simp]: "set as ⊆ carrier G" "set bs ⊆ carrier G" shows "a ∼ b" using afs bfs proof (elim wfactorsE) assume "foldr op ⊗ as \<one> ∼ a" hence "a ∼ foldr op ⊗ as \<one>" by (rule associated_sym, simp+) also from assoc have "foldr op ⊗ as \<one> ∼ foldr op ⊗ bs \<one>" by (rule multlist_listassoc_cong, simp+) also assume "foldr op ⊗ bs \<one> ∼ b" finally show "a ∼ b" by simp qed lemma (in comm_monoid_cancel) ee_wfactorsD: assumes ee: "essentially_equal G as bs" and afs: "wfactors G as a" and bfs: "wfactors G bs b" and [simp]: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" and ascarr[simp]: "set as ⊆ carrier G" and bscarr[simp]: "set bs ⊆ carrier G" shows "a ∼ b" using ee proof (elim essentially_equalE) fix fs assume prm: "as <~~> fs" hence as'carr[simp]: "set fs ⊆ carrier G" by (simp add: perm_closed) from afs prm have afs': "wfactors G fs a" by (rule wfactors_perm_cong_l, simp) assume "fs [∼] bs" from this afs' bfs show "a ∼ b" by (rule listassoc_wfactorsD, simp+) qed lemma (in comm_monoid_cancel) ee_factorsD: assumes ee: "essentially_equal G as bs" and afs: "factors G as a" and bfs:"factors G bs b" and "set as ⊆ carrier G" "set bs ⊆ carrier G" shows "a ∼ b" using assms by (blast intro: factors_wfactors dest: ee_wfactorsD) lemma (in factorial_monoid) ee_factorsI: assumes ab: "a ∼ b" and afs: "factors G as a" and anunit: "a ∉ Units G" and bfs: "factors G bs b" and bnunit: "b ∉ Units G" and ascarr: "set as ⊆ carrier G" and bscarr: "set bs ⊆ carrier G" shows "essentially_equal G as bs" proof - note carr[simp] = factors_closed[OF afs ascarr] ascarr[THEN subsetD] factors_closed[OF bfs bscarr] bscarr[THEN subsetD] from ab carr have "∃u∈Units G. a = b ⊗ u" by (fast elim: associatedE2) from this obtain u where uunit: "u ∈ Units G" and a: "a = b ⊗ u" by auto from uunit bscarr have ee: "essentially_equal G (bs[0 := (bs!0 ⊗ u)]) bs" (is "essentially_equal G ?bs' bs") by (rule unitfactor_ee) from bscarr uunit have bs'carr: "set ?bs' ⊆ carrier G" by (cases bs) (simp add: Units_closed)+ from uunit bnunit bfs bscarr have fac: "factors G ?bs' (b ⊗ u)" by (rule factors_cong_unit) from afs fac[simplified a[symmetric]] ascarr bs'carr anunit have "essentially_equal G as ?bs'" by (blast intro: factors_unique) also note ee finally show "essentially_equal G as bs" by (simp add: ascarr bscarr bs'carr) qed lemma (in factorial_monoid) ee_wfactorsI: assumes asc: "a ∼ b" and asf: "wfactors G as a" and bsf: "wfactors G bs b" and acarr[simp]: "a ∈ carrier G" and bcarr[simp]: "b ∈ carrier G" and ascarr[simp]: "set as ⊆ carrier G" and bscarr[simp]: "set bs ⊆ carrier G" shows "essentially_equal G as bs" using assms proof (cases "a ∈ Units G") assume aunit: "a ∈ Units G" also note asc finally have bunit: "b ∈ Units G" by simp from aunit asf ascarr have e: "as = []" by (rule unit_wfactors_empty) from bunit bsf bscarr have e': "bs = []" by (rule unit_wfactors_empty) have "essentially_equal G [] []" by (fast intro: essentially_equalI) thus ?thesis by (simp add: e e') next assume anunit: "a ∉ Units G" have bnunit: "b ∉ Units G" proof clarify assume "b ∈ Units G" also note asc[symmetric] finally have "a ∈ Units G" by simp with anunit show "False" .. qed have "∃a'. factors G as a' ∧ a' ∼ a" by (rule wfactors_factors[OF asf ascarr]) from this obtain a' where fa': "factors G as a'" and a': "a' ∼ a" by auto from fa' ascarr have a'carr[simp]: "a' ∈ carrier G" by fast have a'nunit: "a' ∉ Units G" proof (clarify) assume "a' ∈ Units G" also note a' finally have "a ∈ Units G" by simp with anunit show "False" .. qed have "∃b'. factors G bs b' ∧ b' ∼ b" by (rule wfactors_factors[OF bsf bscarr]) from this obtain b' where fb': "factors G bs b'" and b': "b' ∼ b" by auto from fb' bscarr have b'carr[simp]: "b' ∈ carrier G" by fast have b'nunit: "b' ∉ Units G" proof (clarify) assume "b' ∈ Units G" also note b' finally have "b ∈ Units G" by simp with bnunit show "False" .. qed note a' also note asc also note b'[symmetric] finally have "a' ∼ b'" by simp from this fa' a'nunit fb' b'nunit ascarr bscarr show "essentially_equal G as bs" by (rule ee_factorsI) qed lemma (in factorial_monoid) ee_wfactors: assumes asf: "wfactors G as a" and bsf: "wfactors G bs b" and acarr: "a ∈ carrier G" and bcarr: "b ∈ carrier G" and ascarr: "set as ⊆ carrier G" and bscarr: "set bs ⊆ carrier G" shows asc: "a ∼ b = essentially_equal G as bs" using assms by (fast intro: ee_wfactorsI ee_wfactorsD) lemma (in factorial_monoid) wfactors_exist [intro, simp]: assumes acarr[simp]: "a ∈ carrier G" shows "∃fs. set fs ⊆ carrier G ∧ wfactors G fs a" proof (cases "a ∈ Units G") assume "a ∈ Units G" hence "wfactors G [] a" by (rule unit_wfactors) thus ?thesis by (intro exI) force next assume "a ∉ Units G" hence "∃fs. set fs ⊆ carrier G ∧ factors G fs a" by (intro factors_exist acarr) from this obtain fs where fscarr: "set fs ⊆ carrier G" and f: "factors G fs a" by auto from f have "wfactors G fs a" by (rule factors_wfactors) fact from fscarr this show ?thesis by fast qed lemma (in monoid) wfactors_prod_exists [intro, simp]: assumes "∀a ∈ set as. irreducible G a" and "set as ⊆ carrier G" shows "∃a. a ∈ carrier G ∧ wfactors G as a" unfolding wfactors_def using assms by blast lemma (in factorial_monoid) wfactors_unique: assumes "wfactors G fs a" and "wfactors G fs' a" and "a ∈ carrier G" and "set fs ⊆ carrier G" and "set fs' ⊆ carrier G" shows "essentially_equal G fs fs'" using assms by (fast intro: ee_wfactorsI[of a a]) lemma (in monoid) factors_mult_single: assumes "irreducible G a" and "factors G fb b" and "a ∈ carrier G" shows "factors G (a # fb) (a ⊗ b)" using assms unfolding factors_def by simp lemma (in monoid_cancel) wfactors_mult_single: assumes f: "irreducible G a" "wfactors G fb b" "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" "set fb ⊆ carrier G" shows "wfactors G (a # fb) (a ⊗ b)" using assms unfolding wfactors_def by (simp add: mult_cong_r) lemma (in monoid) factors_mult: assumes factors: "factors G fa a" "factors G fb b" and ascarr: "set fa ⊆ carrier G" and bscarr:"set fb ⊆ carrier G" shows "factors G (fa @ fb) (a ⊗ b)" using assms unfolding factors_def apply (safe, force) apply (induct fa) apply simp apply (simp add: m_assoc) done lemma (in comm_monoid_cancel) wfactors_mult [intro]: assumes asf: "wfactors G as a" and bsf:"wfactors G bs b" and acarr: "a ∈ carrier G" and bcarr: "b ∈ carrier G" and ascarr: "set as ⊆ carrier G" and bscarr:"set bs ⊆ carrier G" shows "wfactors G (as @ bs) (a ⊗ b)" apply (insert wfactors_factors[OF asf ascarr]) apply (insert wfactors_factors[OF bsf bscarr]) proof (clarsimp) fix a' b' assume asf': "factors G as a'" and a'a: "a' ∼ a" and bsf': "factors G bs b'" and b'b: "b' ∼ b" from asf' have a'carr: "a' ∈ carrier G" by (rule factors_closed) fact from bsf' have b'carr: "b' ∈ carrier G" by (rule factors_closed) fact note carr = acarr bcarr a'carr b'carr ascarr bscarr from asf' bsf' have "factors G (as @ bs) (a' ⊗ b')" by (rule factors_mult) fact+ with carr have abf': "wfactors G (as @ bs) (a' ⊗ b')" by (intro factors_wfactors) simp+ also from b'b carr have trb: "a' ⊗ b' ∼ a' ⊗ b" by (intro mult_cong_r) also from a'a carr have tra: "a' ⊗ b ∼ a ⊗ b" by (intro mult_cong_l) finally show "wfactors G (as @ bs) (a ⊗ b)" by (simp add: carr) qed lemma (in comm_monoid) factors_dividesI: assumes "factors G fs a" and "f ∈ set fs" and "set fs ⊆ carrier G" shows "f divides a" using assms by (fast elim: factorsE intro: multlist_dividesI) lemma (in comm_monoid) wfactors_dividesI: assumes p: "wfactors G fs a" and fscarr: "set fs ⊆ carrier G" and acarr: "a ∈ carrier G" and f: "f ∈ set fs" shows "f divides a" apply (insert wfactors_factors[OF p fscarr], clarsimp) proof - fix a' assume fsa': "factors G fs a'" and a'a: "a' ∼ a" with fscarr have a'carr: "a' ∈ carrier G" by (simp add: factors_closed) from fsa' fscarr f have "f divides a'" by (fast intro: factors_dividesI) also note a'a finally show "f divides a" by (simp add: f fscarr[THEN subsetD] acarr a'carr) qed subsubsection {* Factorial monoids and wfactors *} lemma (in comm_monoid_cancel) factorial_monoidI: assumes wfactors_exists: "!!a. a ∈ carrier G ==> ∃fs. set fs ⊆ carrier G ∧ wfactors G fs a" and wfactors_unique: "!!a fs fs'. [|a ∈ carrier G; set fs ⊆ carrier G; set fs' ⊆ carrier G; wfactors G fs a; wfactors G fs' a|] ==> essentially_equal G fs fs'" shows "factorial_monoid G" proof fix a assume acarr: "a ∈ carrier G" and anunit: "a ∉ Units G" from wfactors_exists[OF acarr] obtain as where ascarr: "set as ⊆ carrier G" and afs: "wfactors G as a" by auto from afs ascarr have "∃a'. factors G as a' ∧ a' ∼ a" by (rule wfactors_factors) from this obtain a' where afs': "factors G as a'" and a'a: "a' ∼ a" by auto from afs' ascarr have a'carr: "a' ∈ carrier G" by fast have a'nunit: "a' ∉ Units G" proof clarify assume "a' ∈ Units G" also note a'a finally have "a ∈ Units G" by (simp add: acarr) with anunit show "False" .. qed from a'carr acarr a'a have "∃u. u ∈ Units G ∧ a' = a ⊗ u" by (blast elim: associatedE2) from this obtain u where uunit: "u ∈ Units G" and a': "a' = a ⊗ u" by auto note [simp] = acarr Units_closed[OF uunit] Units_inv_closed[OF uunit] have "a = a ⊗ \<one>" by simp also have "… = a ⊗ (u ⊗ inv u)" by (simp add: Units_r_inv uunit) also have "… = a' ⊗ inv u" by (simp add: m_assoc[symmetric] a'[symmetric]) finally have a: "a = a' ⊗ inv u" . from ascarr uunit have cr: "set (as[0:=(as!0 ⊗ inv u)]) ⊆ carrier G" by (cases as, clarsimp+) from afs' uunit a'nunit acarr ascarr have "factors G (as[0:=(as!0 ⊗ inv u)]) a" by (simp add: a factors_cong_unit) with cr show "∃fs. set fs ⊆ carrier G ∧ factors G fs a" by fast qed (blast intro: factors_wfactors wfactors_unique) subsection {* Factorizations as Multisets *} text {* Gives useful operations like intersection *} (* FIXME: use class_of x instead of closure_of {x} *) abbreviation "assocs G x == eq_closure_of (division_rel G) {x}" constdefs (structure G) "fmset G as ≡ multiset_of (map (λa. assocs G a) as)" text {* Helper lemmas *} lemma (in monoid) assocs_repr_independence: assumes "y ∈ assocs G x" and "x ∈ carrier G" shows "assocs G x = assocs G y" using assms apply safe apply (elim closure_ofE2, intro closure_ofI2[of _ _ y]) apply (clarsimp, iprover intro: associated_trans associated_sym, simp+) apply (elim closure_ofE2, intro closure_ofI2[of _ _ x]) apply (clarsimp, iprover intro: associated_trans, simp+) done lemma (in monoid) assocs_self: assumes "x ∈ carrier G" shows "x ∈ assocs G x" using assms by (fastsimp intro: closure_ofI2) lemma (in monoid) assocs_repr_independenceD: assumes repr: "assocs G x = assocs G y" and ycarr: "y ∈ carrier G" shows "y ∈ assocs G x" unfolding repr using ycarr by (intro assocs_self) lemma (in comm_monoid) assocs_assoc: assumes "a ∈ assocs G b" and "b ∈ carrier G" shows "a ∼ b" using assms by (elim closure_ofE2, simp) lemmas (in comm_monoid) assocs_eqD = assocs_repr_independenceD[THEN assocs_assoc] subsubsection {* Comparing multisets *} lemma (in monoid) fmset_perm_cong: assumes prm: "as <~~> bs" shows "fmset G as = fmset G bs" using perm_map[OF prm] by (simp add: multiset_of_eq_perm fmset_def) lemma (in comm_monoid_cancel) eqc_listassoc_cong: assumes "as [∼] bs" and "set as ⊆ carrier G" and "set bs ⊆ carrier G" shows "map (assocs G) as = map (assocs G) bs" using assms apply (induct as arbitrary: bs, simp) apply (clarsimp simp add: Cons_eq_map_conv list_all2_Cons1, safe) apply (clarsimp elim!: closure_ofE2) defer 1 apply (clarsimp elim!: closure_ofE2) defer 1 proof - fix a x z assume carr[simp]: "a ∈ carrier G" "x ∈ carrier G" "z ∈ carrier G" assume "x ∼ a" also assume "a ∼ z" finally have "x ∼ z" by simp with carr show "x ∈ assocs G z" by (intro closure_ofI2) simp+ next fix a x z assume carr[simp]: "a ∈ carrier G" "x ∈ carrier G" "z ∈ carrier G" assume "x ∼ z" also assume [symmetric]: "a ∼ z" finally have "x ∼ a" by simp with carr show "x ∈ assocs G a" by (intro closure_ofI2) simp+ qed lemma (in comm_monoid_cancel) fmset_listassoc_cong: assumes "as [∼] bs" and "set as ⊆ carrier G" and "set bs ⊆ carrier G" shows "fmset G as = fmset G bs" using assms unfolding fmset_def by (simp add: eqc_listassoc_cong) lemma (in comm_monoid_cancel) ee_fmset: assumes ee: "essentially_equal G as bs" and ascarr: "set as ⊆ carrier G" and bscarr: "set bs ⊆ carrier G" shows "fmset G as = fmset G bs" using ee proof (elim essentially_equalE) fix as' assume prm: "as <~~> as'" from prm ascarr have as'carr: "set as' ⊆ carrier G" by (rule perm_closed) from prm have "fmset G as = fmset G as'" by (rule fmset_perm_cong) also assume "as' [∼] bs" with as'carr bscarr have "fmset G as' = fmset G bs" by (simp add: fmset_listassoc_cong) finally show "fmset G as = fmset G bs" . qed lemma (in monoid_cancel) fmset_ee__hlp_induct: assumes prm: "cas <~~> cbs" and cdef: "cas = map (assocs G) as" "cbs = map (assocs G) bs" shows "∀as bs. (cas <~~> cbs ∧ cas = map (assocs G) as ∧ cbs = map (assocs G) bs) --> (∃as'. as <~~> as' ∧ map (assocs G) as' = cbs)" apply (rule perm.induct[of cas cbs], rule prm) apply safe apply simp_all apply (simp add: map_eq_Cons_conv, blast) apply force proof - fix ys as bs assume p1: "map (assocs G) as <~~> ys" and r1[rule_format]: "∀asa bs. map (assocs G) as = map (assocs G) asa ∧ ys = map (assocs G) bs --> (∃as'. asa <~~> as' ∧ map (assocs G) as' = map (assocs G) bs)" and p2: "ys <~~> map (assocs G) bs" and r2[rule_format]: "∀as bsa. ys = map (assocs G) as ∧ map (assocs G) bs = map (assocs G) bsa --> (∃as'. as <~~> as' ∧ map (assocs G) as' = map (assocs G) bsa)" and p3: "map (assocs G) as <~~> map (assocs G) bs" from p1 have "multiset_of (map (assocs G) as) = multiset_of ys" by (simp add: multiset_of_eq_perm) hence setys: "set (map (assocs G) as) = set ys" by (rule multiset_of_eq_setD) have "set (map (assocs G) as) = { assocs G x | x. x ∈ set as}" by clarsimp fast with setys have "set ys ⊆ { assocs G x | x. x ∈ set as}" by simp hence "∃yy. ys = map (assocs G) yy" apply (induct ys, simp, clarsimp) proof - fix yy x show "∃yya. (assocs G x) # map (assocs G) yy = map (assocs G) yya" by (rule exI[of _ "x#yy"], simp) qed from this obtain yy where ys: "ys = map (assocs G) yy" by auto from p1 ys have "∃as'. as <~~> as' ∧ map (assocs G) as' = map (assocs G) yy" by (intro r1, simp) from this obtain as' where asas': "as <~~> as'" and as'yy: "map (assocs G) as' = map (assocs G) yy" by auto from p2 ys have "∃as'. yy <~~> as' ∧ map (assocs G) as' = map (assocs G) bs" by (intro r2, simp) from this obtain as'' where yyas'': "yy <~~> as''" and as''bs: "map (assocs G) as'' = map (assocs G) bs" by auto from as'yy and yyas'' have "∃cs. as' <~~> cs ∧ map (assocs G) cs = map (assocs G) as''" by (rule perm_map_switch) from this obtain cs where as'cs: "as' <~~> cs" and csas'': "map (assocs G) cs = map (assocs G) as''" by auto from asas' and as'cs have ascs: "as <~~> cs" by fast from csas'' and as''bs have "map (assocs G) cs = map (assocs G) bs" by simp from ascs and this show "∃as'. as <~~> as' ∧ map (assocs G) as' = map (assocs G) bs" by fast qed lemma (in comm_monoid_cancel) fmset_ee: assumes mset: "fmset G as = fmset G bs" and ascarr: "set as ⊆ carrier G" and bscarr: "set bs ⊆ carrier G" shows "essentially_equal G as bs" proof - from mset have mpp: "map (assocs G) as <~~> map (assocs G) bs" by (simp add: fmset_def multiset_of_eq_perm) have "∃cas. cas = map (assocs G) as" by simp from this obtain cas where cas: "cas = map (assocs G) as" by simp have "∃cbs. cbs = map (assocs G) bs" by simp from this obtain cbs where cbs: "cbs = map (assocs G) bs" by simp from cas cbs mpp have [rule_format]: "∀as bs. (cas <~~> cbs ∧ cas = map (assocs G) as ∧ cbs = map (assocs G) bs) --> (∃as'. as <~~> as' ∧ map (assocs G) as' = cbs)" by (intro fmset_ee__hlp_induct, simp+) with mpp cas cbs have "∃as'. as <~~> as' ∧ map (assocs G) as' = map (assocs G) bs" by simp from this obtain as' where tp: "as <~~> as'" and tm: "map (assocs G) as' = map (assocs G) bs" by auto from tm have lene: "length as' = length bs" by (rule map_eq_imp_length_eq) from tp have "set as = set as'" by (simp add: multiset_of_eq_perm multiset_of_eq_setD) with ascarr have as'carr: "set as' ⊆ carrier G" by simp from tm as'carr[THEN subsetD] bscarr[THEN subsetD] have "as' [∼] bs" by (induct as' arbitrary: bs) (simp, fastsimp dest: assocs_eqD[THEN associated_sym]) from tp and this show "essentially_equal G as bs" by (fast intro: essentially_equalI) qed lemma (in comm_monoid_cancel) ee_is_fmset: assumes "set as ⊆ carrier G" and "set bs ⊆ carrier G" shows "essentially_equal G as bs = (fmset G as = fmset G bs)" using assms by (fast intro: ee_fmset fmset_ee) subsubsection {* Interpreting multisets as factorizations *} lemma (in monoid) mset_fmsetEx: assumes elems: "!!X. X ∈ set_of Cs ==> ∃x. P x ∧ X = assocs G x" shows "∃cs. (∀c ∈ set cs. P c) ∧ fmset G cs = Cs" proof - have "∃Cs'. Cs = multiset_of Cs'" by (rule surjE[OF surj_multiset_of], fast) from this obtain Cs' where Cs: "Cs = multiset_of Cs'" by auto have "∃cs. (∀c ∈ set cs. P c) ∧ multiset_of (map (assocs G) cs) = Cs" using elems unfolding Cs apply (induct Cs', simp) apply clarsimp apply (subgoal_tac "∃cs. (∀x∈set cs. P x) ∧ multiset_of (map (assocs G) cs) = multiset_of Cs'") proof clarsimp fix a Cs' cs assume ih: "!!X. X = a ∨ X ∈ set Cs' ==> ∃x. P x ∧ X = assocs G x" and csP: "∀x∈set cs. P x" and mset: "multiset_of (map (assocs G) cs) = multiset_of Cs'" from ih have "∃x. P x ∧ a = assocs G x" by fast from this obtain c where cP: "P c" and a: "a = assocs G c" by auto from cP csP have tP: "∀x∈set (c#cs). P x" by simp from mset a have "multiset_of (map (assocs G) (c#cs)) = multiset_of Cs' + {#a#}" by simp from tP this show "∃cs. (∀x∈set cs. P x) ∧ multiset_of (map (assocs G) cs) = multiset_of Cs' + {#a#}" by fast qed simp thus ?thesis by (simp add: fmset_def) qed lemma (in monoid) mset_wfactorsEx: assumes elems: "!!X. X ∈ set_of Cs ==> ∃x. (x ∈ carrier G ∧ irreducible G x) ∧ X = assocs G x" shows "∃c cs. c ∈ carrier G ∧ set cs ⊆ carrier G ∧ wfactors G cs c ∧ fmset G cs = Cs" proof - have "∃cs. (∀c∈set cs. c ∈ carrier G ∧ irreducible G c) ∧ fmset G cs = Cs" by (intro mset_fmsetEx, rule elems) from this obtain cs where p[rule_format]: "∀c∈set cs. c ∈ carrier G ∧ irreducible G c" and Cs[symmetric]: "fmset G cs = Cs" by auto from p have cscarr: "set cs ⊆ carrier G" by fast from p have "∃c. c ∈ carrier G ∧ wfactors G cs c" by (intro wfactors_prod_exists) fast+ from this obtain c where ccarr: "c ∈ carrier G" and cfs: "wfactors G cs c" by auto with cscarr Cs show ?thesis by fast qed subsubsection {* Multiplication on multisets *} lemma (in factorial_monoid) mult_wfactors_fmset: assumes afs: "wfactors G as a" and bfs: "wfactors G bs b" and cfs: "wfactors G cs (a ⊗ b)" and carr: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" "set as ⊆ carrier G" "set bs ⊆ carrier G" "set cs ⊆ carrier G" shows "fmset G cs = fmset G as + fmset G bs" proof - from assms have "wfactors G (as @ bs) (a ⊗ b)" by (intro wfactors_mult) with carr cfs have "essentially_equal G cs (as@bs)" by (intro ee_wfactorsI[of "a⊗b" "a⊗b"], simp+) with carr have "fmset G cs = fmset G (as@bs)" by (intro ee_fmset, simp+) also have "fmset G (as@bs) = fmset G as + fmset G bs" by (simp add: fmset_def) finally show "fmset G cs = fmset G as + fmset G bs" . qed lemma (in factorial_monoid) mult_factors_fmset: assumes afs: "factors G as a" and bfs: "factors G bs b" and cfs: "factors G cs (a ⊗ b)" and "set as ⊆ carrier G" "set bs ⊆ carrier G" "set cs ⊆ carrier G" shows "fmset G cs = fmset G as + fmset G bs" using assms by (blast intro: factors_wfactors mult_wfactors_fmset) lemma (in comm_monoid_cancel) fmset_wfactors_mult: assumes mset: "fmset G cs = fmset G as + fmset G bs" and carr: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" "c ∈ carrier G" "set as ⊆ carrier G" "set bs ⊆ carrier G" "set cs ⊆ carrier G" and fs: "wfactors G as a" "wfactors G bs b" "wfactors G cs c" shows "c ∼ a ⊗ b" proof - from carr fs have m: "wfactors G (as @ bs) (a ⊗ b)" by (intro wfactors_mult) from mset have "fmset G cs = fmset G (as@bs)" by (simp add: fmset_def) then have "essentially_equal G cs (as@bs)" by (rule fmset_ee) (simp add: carr)+ then show "c ∼ a ⊗ b" by (rule ee_wfactorsD[of "cs" "as@bs"]) (simp add: assms m)+ qed subsubsection {* Divisibility on multisets *} lemma (in factorial_monoid) divides_fmsubset: assumes ab: "a divides b" and afs: "wfactors G as a" and bfs: "wfactors G bs b" and carr: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" "set as ⊆ carrier G" "set bs ⊆ carrier G" shows "fmset G as ≤# fmset G bs" using ab proof (elim dividesE) fix c assume ccarr: "c ∈ carrier G" hence "∃cs. set cs ⊆ carrier G ∧ wfactors G cs c" by (rule wfactors_exist) from this obtain cs where cscarr: "set cs ⊆ carrier G" and cfs: "wfactors G cs c" by auto note carr = carr ccarr cscarr assume "b = a ⊗ c" with afs bfs cfs carr have "fmset G bs = fmset G as + fmset G cs" by (intro mult_wfactors_fmset[OF afs cfs]) simp+ thus ?thesis by simp qed lemma (in comm_monoid_cancel) fmsubset_divides: assumes msubset: "fmset G as ≤# fmset G bs" and afs: "wfactors G as a" and bfs: "wfactors G bs b" and acarr: "a ∈ carrier G" and bcarr: "b ∈ carrier G" and ascarr: "set as ⊆ carrier G" and bscarr: "set bs ⊆ carrier G" shows "a divides b" proof - from afs have airr: "∀a ∈ set as. irreducible G a" by (fast elim: wfactorsE) from bfs have birr: "∀b ∈ set bs. irreducible G b" by (fast elim: wfactorsE) have "∃c cs. c ∈ carrier G ∧ set cs ⊆ carrier G ∧ wfactors G cs c ∧ fmset G cs = fmset G bs - fmset G as" proof (intro mset_wfactorsEx, simp) fix X assume "count (fmset G as) X < count (fmset G bs) X" hence "0 < count (fmset G bs) X" by simp hence "X ∈ set_of (fmset G bs)" by simp hence "X ∈ set (map (assocs G) bs)" by (simp add: fmset_def) hence "∃x. x ∈ set bs ∧ X = assocs G x" by (induct bs) auto from this obtain x where xbs: "x ∈ set bs" and X: "X = assocs G x" by auto with bscarr have xcarr: "x ∈ carrier G" by fast from xbs birr have xirr: "irreducible G x" by simp from xcarr and xirr and X show "∃x. x ∈ carrier G ∧ irreducible G x ∧ X = assocs G x" by fast qed from this obtain c cs where ccarr: "c ∈ carrier G" and cscarr: "set cs ⊆ carrier G" and csf: "wfactors G cs c" and csmset: "fmset G cs = fmset G bs - fmset G as" by auto from csmset msubset have "fmset G bs = fmset G as + fmset G cs" by (simp add: multiset_eq_conv_count_eq mset_le_def) hence basc: "b ∼ a ⊗ c" by (rule fmset_wfactors_mult) fact+ thus ?thesis proof (elim associatedE2) fix u assume "u ∈ Units G" "b = a ⊗ c ⊗ u" with acarr ccarr show "a divides b" by (fast intro: dividesI[of "c ⊗ u"] m_assoc) qed (simp add: acarr bcarr ccarr)+ qed lemma (in factorial_monoid) divides_as_fmsubset: assumes "wfactors G as a" and "wfactors G bs b" and "a ∈ carrier G" and "b ∈ carrier G" and "set as ⊆ carrier G" and "set bs ⊆ carrier G" shows "a divides b = (fmset G as ≤# fmset G bs)" using assms by (blast intro: divides_fmsubset fmsubset_divides) text {* Proper factors on multisets *} lemma (in factorial_monoid) fmset_properfactor: assumes asubb: "fmset G as ≤# fmset G bs" and anb: "fmset G as ≠ fmset G bs" and "wfactors G as a" and "wfactors G bs b" and "a ∈ carrier G" and "b ∈ carrier G" and "set as ⊆ carrier G" and "set bs ⊆ carrier G" shows "properfactor G a b" apply (rule properfactorI) apply (rule fmsubset_divides[of as bs], fact+) proof assume "b divides a" hence "fmset G bs ≤# fmset G as" by (rule divides_fmsubset) fact+ with asubb have "fmset G as = fmset G bs" by (simp add: mset_le_antisym) with anb show "False" .. qed lemma (in factorial_monoid) properfactor_fmset: assumes pf: "properfactor G a b" and "wfactors G as a" and "wfactors G bs b" and "a ∈ carrier G" and "b ∈ carrier G" and "set as ⊆ carrier G" and "set bs ⊆ carrier G" shows "fmset G as ≤# fmset G bs ∧ fmset G as ≠ fmset G bs" using pf apply (elim properfactorE) apply rule apply (intro divides_fmsubset, assumption) apply (rule assms)+ proof assume bna: "¬ b divides a" assume "fmset G as = fmset G bs" then have "essentially_equal G as bs" by (rule fmset_ee) fact+ hence "a ∼ b" by (rule ee_wfactorsD[of as bs]) fact+ hence "b divides a" by (elim associatedE) with bna show "False" .. qed subsection {* Irreducible Elements are Prime *} lemma (in factorial_monoid) irreducible_is_prime: assumes pirr: "irreducible G p" and pcarr: "p ∈ carrier G" shows "prime G p" using pirr proof (elim irreducibleE, intro primeI) fix a b assume acarr: "a ∈ carrier G" and bcarr: "b ∈ carrier G" and pdvdab: "p divides (a ⊗ b)" and pnunit: "p ∉ Units G" assume irreduc[rule_format]: "∀b. b ∈ carrier G ∧ properfactor G b p --> b ∈ Units G" from pdvdab have "∃c∈carrier G. a ⊗ b = p ⊗ c" by (rule dividesD) from this obtain c where ccarr: "c ∈ carrier G" and abpc: "a ⊗ b = p ⊗ c" by auto from acarr have "∃fs. set fs ⊆ carrier G ∧ wfactors G fs a" by (rule wfactors_exist) from this obtain as where ascarr: "set as ⊆ carrier G" and afs: "wfactors G as a" by auto from bcarr have "∃fs. set fs ⊆ carrier G ∧ wfactors G fs b" by (rule wfactors_exist) from this obtain bs where bscarr: "set bs ⊆ carrier G" and bfs: "wfactors G bs b" by auto from ccarr have "∃fs. set fs ⊆ carrier G ∧ wfactors G fs c" by (rule wfactors_exist) from this obtain cs where cscarr: "set cs ⊆ carrier G" and cfs: "wfactors G cs c" by auto note carr[simp] = pcarr acarr bcarr ccarr ascarr bscarr cscarr from afs and bfs have abfs: "wfactors G (as @ bs) (a ⊗ b)" by (rule wfactors_mult) fact+ from pirr cfs have pcfs: "wfactors G (p # cs) (p ⊗ c)" by (rule wfactors_mult_single) fact+ with abpc have abfs': "wfactors G (p # cs) (a ⊗ b)" by simp from abfs' abfs have "essentially_equal G (p # cs) (as @ bs)" by (rule wfactors_unique) simp+ hence "∃ds. p # cs <~~> ds ∧ ds [∼] (as @ bs)" by (fast elim: essentially_equalE) from this obtain ds where "p # cs <~~> ds" and dsassoc: "ds [∼] (as @ bs)" by auto then have "p ∈ set ds" by (simp add: perm_set_eq[symmetric]) with dsassoc have "∃p'. p' ∈ set (as@bs) ∧ p ∼ p'" unfolding list_all2_conv_all_nth set_conv_nth by force from this obtain p' where "p' ∈ set (as@bs)" and pp': "p ∼ p'" by auto hence "p' ∈ set as ∨ p' ∈ set bs" by simp moreover { assume p'elem: "p' ∈ set as" with ascarr have [simp]: "p' ∈ carrier G" by fast note pp' also from afs have "p' divides a" by (rule wfactors_dividesI) fact+ finally have "p divides a" by simp } moreover { assume p'elem: "p' ∈ set bs" with bscarr have [simp]: "p' ∈ carrier G" by fast note pp' also from bfs have "p' divides b" by (rule wfactors_dividesI) fact+ finally have "p divides b" by simp } ultimately show "p divides a ∨ p divides b" by fast qed --"A version using @{const factors}, more complicated" lemma (in factorial_monoid) factors_irreducible_is_prime: assumes pirr: "irreducible G p" and pcarr: "p ∈ carrier G" shows "prime G p" using pirr apply (elim irreducibleE, intro primeI) apply assumption proof - fix a b assume acarr: "a ∈ carrier G" and bcarr: "b ∈ carrier G" and pdvdab: "p divides (a ⊗ b)" assume irreduc[rule_format]: "∀b. b ∈ carrier G ∧ properfactor G b p --> b ∈ Units G" from pdvdab have "∃c∈carrier G. a ⊗ b = p ⊗ c" by (rule dividesD) from this obtain c where ccarr: "c ∈ carrier G" and abpc: "a ⊗ b = p ⊗ c" by auto note [simp] = pcarr acarr bcarr ccarr show "p divides a ∨ p divides b" proof (cases "a ∈ Units G") assume aunit: "a ∈ Units G" note pdvdab also have "a ⊗ b = b ⊗ a" by (simp add: m_comm) also from aunit have bab: "b ⊗ a ∼ b" by (intro associatedI2[of "a"], simp+) finally have "p divides b" by simp thus "p divides a ∨ p divides b" .. next assume anunit: "a ∉ Units G" show "p divides a ∨ p divides b" proof (cases "b ∈ Units G") assume bunit: "b ∈ Units G" note pdvdab also from bunit have baa: "a ⊗ b ∼ a" by (intro associatedI2[of "b"], simp+) finally have "p divides a" by simp thus "p divides a ∨ p divides b" .. next assume bnunit: "b ∉ Units G" have cnunit: "c ∉ Units G" proof (rule ccontr, simp) assume cunit: "c ∈ Units G" from bnunit have "properfactor G a (a ⊗ b)" by (intro properfactorI3[of _ _ b], simp+) also note abpc also from cunit have "p ⊗ c ∼ p" by (intro associatedI2[of c], simp+) finally have "properfactor G a p" by simp with acarr have "a ∈ Units G" by (fast intro: irreduc) with anunit show "False" .. qed have abnunit: "a ⊗ b ∉ Units G" proof clarsimp assume abunit: "a ⊗ b ∈ Units G" hence "a ∈ Units G" by (rule unit_factor) fact+ with anunit show "False" .. qed from acarr anunit have "∃fs. set fs ⊆ carrier G ∧ factors G fs a" by (rule factors_exist) then obtain as where ascarr: "set as ⊆ carrier G" and afac: "factors G as a" by auto from bcarr bnunit have "∃fs. set fs ⊆ carrier G ∧ factors G fs b" by (rule factors_exist) then obtain bs where bscarr: "set bs ⊆ carrier G" and bfac: "factors G bs b" by auto from ccarr cnunit have "∃fs. set fs ⊆ carrier G ∧ factors G fs c" by (rule factors_exist) then obtain cs where cscarr: "set cs ⊆ carrier G" and cfac: "factors G cs c" by auto note [simp] = ascarr bscarr cscarr from afac and bfac have abfac: "factors G (as @ bs) (a ⊗ b)" by (rule factors_mult) fact+ from pirr cfac have pcfac: "factors G (p # cs) (p ⊗ c)" by (rule factors_mult_single) fact+ with abpc have abfac': "factors G (p # cs) (a ⊗ b)" by simp from abfac' abfac have "essentially_equal G (p # cs) (as @ bs)" by (rule factors_unique) (fact | simp)+ hence "∃ds. p # cs <~~> ds ∧ ds [∼] (as @ bs)" by (fast elim: essentially_equalE) from this obtain ds where "p # cs <~~> ds" and dsassoc: "ds [∼] (as @ bs)" by auto then have "p ∈ set ds" by (simp add: perm_set_eq[symmetric]) with dsassoc have "∃p'. p' ∈ set (as@bs) ∧ p ∼ p'" unfolding list_all2_conv_all_nth set_conv_nth by force from this obtain p' where "p' ∈ set (as@bs)" and pp': "p ∼ p'" by auto hence "p' ∈ set as ∨ p' ∈ set bs" by simp moreover { assume p'elem: "p' ∈ set as" with ascarr have [simp]: "p' ∈ carrier G" by fast note pp' also from afac p'elem have "p' divides a" by (rule factors_dividesI) fact+ finally have "p divides a" by simp } moreover { assume p'elem: "p' ∈ set bs" with bscarr have [simp]: "p' ∈ carrier G" by fast note pp' also from bfac have "p' divides b" by (rule factors_dividesI) fact+ finally have "p divides b" by simp } ultimately show "p divides a ∨ p divides b" by fast qed qed qed subsection {* Greatest Common Divisors and Lowest Common Multiples *} subsubsection {* Definitions *} constdefs (structure G) isgcd :: "[('a,_) monoid_scheme, 'a, 'a, 'a] => bool" ("(_ gcdof\<index> _ _)" [81,81,81] 80) "x gcdof a b ≡ x divides a ∧ x divides b ∧ (∀y∈carrier G. (y divides a ∧ y divides b --> y divides x))" islcm :: "[_, 'a, 'a, 'a] => bool" ("(_ lcmof\<index> _ _)" [81,81,81] 80) "x lcmof a b ≡ a divides x ∧ b divides x ∧ (∀y∈carrier G. (a divides y ∧ b divides y --> x divides y))" constdefs (structure G) somegcd :: "('a,_) monoid_scheme => 'a => 'a => 'a" "somegcd G a b == SOME x. x ∈ carrier G ∧ x gcdof a b" somelcm :: "('a,_) monoid_scheme => 'a => 'a => 'a" "somelcm G a b == SOME x. x ∈ carrier G ∧ x lcmof a b" constdefs (structure G) "SomeGcd G A == inf (division_rel G) A" locale gcd_condition_monoid = comm_monoid_cancel + assumes gcdof_exists: "[|a ∈ carrier G; b ∈ carrier G|] ==> ∃c. c ∈ carrier G ∧ c gcdof a b" locale primeness_condition_monoid = comm_monoid_cancel + assumes irreducible_prime: "[|a ∈ carrier G; irreducible G a|] ==> prime G a" locale divisor_chain_condition_monoid = comm_monoid_cancel + assumes division_wellfounded: "wf {(x, y). x ∈ carrier G ∧ y ∈ carrier G ∧ properfactor G x y}" subsubsection {* Connections to \texttt{Lattice.thy} *} lemma gcdof_greatestLower: fixes G (structure) assumes carr[simp]: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" shows "(x ∈ carrier G ∧ x gcdof a b) = greatest (division_rel G) x (Lower (division_rel G) {a, b})" unfolding isgcd_def greatest_def Lower_def elem_def proof (simp, safe) fix xa assume r1[rule_format]: "∀x. (x = a ∨ x = b) ∧ x ∈ carrier G --> xa divides x" assume r2[rule_format]: "∀y∈carrier G. y divides a ∧ y divides b --> y divides x" assume "xa ∈ carrier G" "x divides a" "x divides b" with carr show "xa divides x" by (fast intro: r1 r2) next fix a' y assume r1[rule_format]: "∀xa∈{l. ∀x. (x = a ∨ x = b) ∧ x ∈ carrier G --> l divides x} ∩ carrier G. xa divides x" assume "y ∈ carrier G" "y divides a" "y divides b" with carr show "y divides x" by (fast intro: r1) qed (simp, simp) lemma lcmof_leastUpper: fixes G (structure) assumes carr[simp]: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" shows "(x ∈ carrier G ∧ x lcmof a b) = least (division_rel G) x (Upper (division_rel G) {a, b})" unfolding islcm_def least_def Upper_def elem_def proof (simp, safe) fix xa assume r1[rule_format]: "∀x. (x = a ∨ x = b) ∧ x ∈ carrier G --> x divides xa" assume r2[rule_format]: "∀y∈carrier G. a divides y ∧ b divides y --> x divides y" assume "xa ∈ carrier G" "a divides x" "b divides x" with carr show "x divides xa" by (fast intro: r1 r2) next fix a' y assume r1[rule_format]: "∀xa∈{l. ∀x. (x = a ∨ x = b) ∧ x ∈ carrier G --> x divides l} ∩ carrier G. x divides xa" assume "y ∈ carrier G" "a divides y" "b divides y" with carr show "x divides y" by (fast intro: r1) qed (simp, simp) lemma somegcd_meet: fixes G (structure) assumes carr: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" shows "somegcd G a b = meet (division_rel G) a b" unfolding somegcd_def meet_def inf_def by (simp add: gcdof_greatestLower[OF carr]) lemma (in monoid) isgcd_divides_l: assumes "a divides b" and "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" shows "a gcdof a b" using assms unfolding isgcd_def by fast lemma (in monoid) isgcd_divides_r: assumes "b divides a" and "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" shows "b gcdof a b" using assms unfolding isgcd_def by fast subsubsection {* Existence of gcd and lcm *} lemma (in factorial_monoid) gcdof_exists: assumes acarr: "a ∈ carrier G" and bcarr: "b ∈ carrier G" shows "∃c. c ∈ carrier G ∧ c gcdof a b" proof - from acarr have "∃as. set as ⊆ carrier G ∧ wfactors G as a" by (rule wfactors_exist) from this obtain as where ascarr: "set as ⊆ carrier G" and afs: "wfactors G as a" by auto from afs have airr: "∀a ∈ set as. irreducible G a" by (fast elim: wfactorsE) from bcarr have "∃bs. set bs ⊆ carrier G ∧ wfactors G bs b" by (rule wfactors_exist) from this obtain bs where bscarr: "set bs ⊆ carrier G" and bfs: "wfactors G bs b" by auto from bfs have birr: "∀b ∈ set bs. irreducible G b" by (fast elim: wfactorsE) have "∃c cs. c ∈ carrier G ∧ set cs ⊆ carrier G ∧ wfactors G cs c ∧ fmset G cs = fmset G as #∩ fmset G bs" proof (intro mset_wfactorsEx) fix X assume "X ∈ set_of (fmset G as #∩ fmset G bs)" hence "X ∈ set_of (fmset G as)" by (simp add: multiset_inter_def) hence "X ∈ set (map (assocs G) as)" by (simp add: fmset_def) hence "∃x. X = assocs G x ∧ x ∈ set as" by (induct as) auto from this obtain x where X: "X = assocs G x" and xas: "x ∈ set as" by auto with ascarr have xcarr: "x ∈ carrier G" by fast from xas airr have xirr: "irreducible G x" by simp from xcarr and xirr and X show "∃x. (x ∈ carrier G ∧ irreducible G x) ∧ X = assocs G x" by fast qed from this obtain c cs where ccarr: "c ∈ carrier G" and cscarr: "set cs ⊆ carrier G" and csirr: "wfactors G cs c" and csmset: "fmset G cs = fmset G as #∩ fmset G bs" by auto have "c gcdof a b" proof (simp add: isgcd_def, safe) from csmset have "fmset G cs ≤# fmset G as" by (simp add: multiset_inter_def mset_le_def) thus "c divides a" by (rule fmsubset_divides) fact+ next from csmset have "fmset G cs ≤# fmset G bs" by (simp add: multiset_inter_def mset_le_def, force) thus "c divides b" by (rule fmsubset_divides) fact+ next fix y assume ycarr: "y ∈ carrier G" hence "∃ys. set ys ⊆ carrier G ∧ wfactors G ys y" by (rule wfactors_exist) from this obtain ys where yscarr: "set ys ⊆ carrier G" and yfs: "wfactors G ys y" by auto assume "y divides a" hence ya: "fmset G ys ≤# fmset G as" by (rule divides_fmsubset) fact+ assume "y divides b" hence yb: "fmset G ys ≤# fmset G bs" by (rule divides_fmsubset) fact+ from ya yb csmset have "fmset G ys ≤# fmset G cs" by (simp add: mset_le_def multiset_inter_count) thus "y divides c" by (rule fmsubset_divides) fact+ qed with ccarr show "∃c. c ∈ carrier G ∧ c gcdof a b" by fast qed lemma (in factorial_monoid) lcmof_exists: assumes acarr: "a ∈ carrier G" and bcarr: "b ∈ carrier G" shows "∃c. c ∈ carrier G ∧ c lcmof a b" proof - from acarr have "∃as. set as ⊆ carrier G ∧ wfactors G as a" by (rule wfactors_exist) from this obtain as where ascarr: "set as ⊆ carrier G" and afs: "wfactors G as a" by auto from afs have airr: "∀a ∈ set as. irreducible G a" by (fast elim: wfactorsE) from bcarr have "∃bs. set bs ⊆ carrier G ∧ wfactors G bs b" by (rule wfactors_exist) from this obtain bs where bscarr: "set bs ⊆ carrier G" and bfs: "wfactors G bs b" by auto from bfs have birr: "∀b ∈ set bs. irreducible G b" by (fast elim: wfactorsE) have "∃c cs. c ∈ carrier G ∧ set cs ⊆ carrier G ∧ wfactors G cs c ∧ fmset G cs = (fmset G as - fmset G bs) + fmset G bs" proof (intro mset_wfactorsEx) fix X assume "X ∈ set_of ((fmset G as - fmset G bs) + fmset G bs)" hence "X ∈ set_of (fmset G as) ∨ X ∈ set_of (fmset G bs)" by (cases "X :# fmset G bs", simp, simp) moreover { assume "X ∈ set_of (fmset G as)" hence "X ∈ set (map (assocs G) as)" by (simp add: fmset_def) hence "∃x. x ∈ set as ∧ X = assocs G x" by (induct as) auto from this obtain x where xas: "x ∈ set as" and X: "X = assocs G x" by auto with ascarr have xcarr: "x ∈ carrier G" by fast from xas airr have xirr: "irreducible G x" by simp from xcarr and xirr and X have "∃x. (x ∈ carrier G ∧ irreducible G x) ∧ X = assocs G x" by fast } moreover { assume "X ∈ set_of (fmset G bs)" hence "X ∈ set (map (assocs G) bs)" by (simp add: fmset_def) hence "∃x. x ∈ set bs ∧ X = assocs G x" by (induct as) auto from this obtain x where xbs: "x ∈ set bs" and X: "X = assocs G x" by auto with bscarr have xcarr: "x ∈ carrier G" by fast from xbs birr have xirr: "irreducible G x" by simp from xcarr and xirr and X have "∃x. (x ∈ carrier G ∧ irreducible G x) ∧ X = assocs G x" by fast } ultimately show "∃x. (x ∈ carrier G ∧ irreducible G x) ∧ X = assocs G x" by fast qed from this obtain c cs where ccarr: "c ∈ carrier G" and cscarr: "set cs ⊆ carrier G" and csirr: "wfactors G cs c" and csmset: "fmset G cs = fmset G as - fmset G bs + fmset G bs" by auto have "c lcmof a b" proof (simp add: islcm_def, safe) from csmset have "fmset G as ≤# fmset G cs" by (simp add: mset_le_def, force) thus "a divides c" by (rule fmsubset_divides) fact+ next from csmset have "fmset G bs ≤# fmset G cs" by (simp add: mset_le_def) thus "b divides c" by (rule fmsubset_divides) fact+ next fix y assume ycarr: "y ∈ carrier G" hence "∃ys. set ys ⊆ carrier G ∧ wfactors G ys y" by (rule wfactors_exist) from this obtain ys where yscarr: "set ys ⊆ carrier G" and yfs: "wfactors G ys y" by auto assume "a divides y" hence ya: "fmset G as ≤# fmset G ys" by (rule divides_fmsubset) fact+ assume "b divides y" hence yb: "fmset G bs ≤# fmset G ys" by (rule divides_fmsubset) fact+ from ya yb csmset have "fmset G cs ≤# fmset G ys" apply (simp add: mset_le_def, clarify) apply (case_tac "count (fmset G as) a < count (fmset G bs) a") apply simp apply simp done thus "c divides y" by (rule fmsubset_divides) fact+ qed with ccarr show "∃c. c ∈ carrier G ∧ c lcmof a b" by fast qed subsection {* Conditions for Factoriality *} subsubsection {* Gcd condition *} lemma (in gcd_condition_monoid) division_weak_lower_semilattice [simp]: shows "weak_lower_semilattice (division_rel G)" proof - interpret weak_partial_order "division_rel G" .. show ?thesis apply (unfold_locales, simp_all) proof - fix x y assume carr: "x ∈ carrier G" "y ∈ carrier G" hence "∃z. z ∈ carrier G ∧ z gcdof x y" by (rule gcdof_exists) from this obtain z where zcarr: "z ∈ carrier G" and isgcd: "z gcdof x y" by auto with carr have "greatest (division_rel G) z (Lower (division_rel G) {x, y})" by (subst gcdof_greatestLower[symmetric], simp+) thus "∃z. greatest (division_rel G) z (Lower (division_rel G) {x, y})" by fast qed qed lemma (in gcd_condition_monoid) gcdof_cong_l: assumes a'a: "a' ∼ a" and agcd: "a gcdof b c" and a'carr: "a' ∈ carrier G" and carr': "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" "c ∈ carrier G" shows "a' gcdof b c" proof - note carr = a'carr carr' interpret weak_lower_semilattice "division_rel G" by simp have "a' ∈ carrier G ∧ a' gcdof b c" apply (simp add: gcdof_greatestLower carr') apply (subst greatest_Lower_cong_l[of _ a]) apply (simp add: a'a) apply (simp add: carr) apply (simp add: carr) apply (simp add: carr) apply (simp add: gcdof_greatestLower[symmetric] agcd carr) done thus ?thesis .. qed lemma (in gcd_condition_monoid) gcd_closed [simp]: assumes carr: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" shows "somegcd G a b ∈ carrier G" proof - interpret weak_lower_semilattice "division_rel G" by simp show ?thesis apply (simp add: somegcd_meet[OF carr]) apply (rule meet_closed[simplified], fact+) done qed lemma (in gcd_condition_monoid) gcd_isgcd: assumes carr: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" shows "(somegcd G a b) gcdof a b" proof - interpret weak_lower_semilattice "division_rel G" by simp from carr have "somegcd G a b ∈ carrier G ∧ (somegcd G a b) gcdof a b" apply (subst gcdof_greatestLower, simp, simp) apply (simp add: somegcd_meet[OF carr] meet_def) apply (rule inf_of_two_greatest[simplified], assumption+) done thus "(somegcd G a b) gcdof a b" by simp qed lemma (in gcd_condition_monoid) gcd_exists: assumes carr: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" shows "∃x∈carrier G. x = somegcd G a b" proof - interpret weak_lower_semilattice "division_rel G" by simp show ?thesis apply (simp add: somegcd_meet[OF carr]) apply (rule meet_closed[simplified], fact+) done qed lemma (in gcd_condition_monoid) gcd_divides_l: assumes carr: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" shows "(somegcd G a b) divides a" proof - interpret weak_lower_semilattice "division_rel G" by simp show ?thesis apply (simp add: somegcd_meet[OF carr]) apply (rule meet_left[simplified], fact+) done qed lemma (in gcd_condition_monoid) gcd_divides_r: assumes carr: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" shows "(somegcd G a b) divides b" proof - interpret weak_lower_semilattice "division_rel G" by simp show ?thesis apply (simp add: somegcd_meet[OF carr]) apply (rule meet_right[simplified], fact+) done qed lemma (in gcd_condition_monoid) gcd_divides: assumes sub: "z divides x" "z divides y" and L: "x ∈ carrier G" "y ∈ carrier G" "z ∈ carrier G" shows "z divides (somegcd G x y)" proof - interpret weak_lower_semilattice "division_rel G" by simp show ?thesis apply (simp add: somegcd_meet L) apply (rule meet_le[simplified], fact+) done qed lemma (in gcd_condition_monoid) gcd_cong_l: assumes xx': "x ∼ x'" and carr: "x ∈ carrier G" "x' ∈ carrier G" "y ∈ carrier G" shows "somegcd G x y ∼ somegcd G x' y" proof - interpret weak_lower_semilattice "division_rel G" by simp show ?thesis apply (simp add: somegcd_meet carr) apply (rule meet_cong_l[simplified], fact+) done qed lemma (in gcd_condition_monoid) gcd_cong_r: assumes carr: "x ∈ carrier G" "y ∈ carrier G" "y' ∈ carrier G" and yy': "y ∼ y'" shows "somegcd G x y ∼ somegcd G x y'" proof - interpret weak_lower_semilattice "division_rel G" by simp show ?thesis apply (simp add: somegcd_meet carr) apply (rule meet_cong_r[simplified], fact+) done qed (* lemma (in gcd_condition_monoid) asc_cong_gcd_l [intro]: assumes carr: "b ∈ carrier G" shows "asc_cong (λa. somegcd G a b)" using carr unfolding CONG_def by clarsimp (blast intro: gcd_cong_l) lemma (in gcd_condition_monoid) asc_cong_gcd_r [intro]: assumes carr: "a ∈ carrier G" shows "asc_cong (λb. somegcd G a b)" using carr unfolding CONG_def by clarsimp (blast intro: gcd_cong_r) lemmas (in gcd_condition_monoid) asc_cong_gcd_split [simp] = assoc_split[OF _ asc_cong_gcd_l] assoc_split[OF _ asc_cong_gcd_r] *) lemma (in gcd_condition_monoid) gcdI: assumes dvd: "a divides b" "a divides c" and others: "∀y∈carrier G. y divides b ∧ y divides c --> y divides a" and acarr: "a ∈ carrier G" and bcarr: "b ∈ carrier G" and ccarr: "c ∈ carrier G" shows "a ∼ somegcd G b c" apply (simp add: somegcd_def) apply (rule someI2_ex) apply (rule exI[of _ a], simp add: isgcd_def) apply (simp add: assms) apply (simp add: isgcd_def assms, clarify) apply (insert assms, blast intro: associatedI) done lemma (in gcd_condition_monoid) gcdI2: assumes "a gcdof b c" and "a ∈ carrier G" and bcarr: "b ∈ carrier G" and ccarr: "c ∈ carrier G" shows "a ∼ somegcd G b c" using assms unfolding isgcd_def by (blast intro: gcdI) lemma (in gcd_condition_monoid) SomeGcd_ex: assumes "finite A" "A ⊆ carrier G" "A ≠ {}" shows "∃x∈ carrier G. x = SomeGcd G A" proof - interpret weak_lower_semilattice "division_rel G" by simp show ?thesis apply (simp add: SomeGcd_def) apply (rule finite_inf_closed[simplified], fact+) done qed lemma (in gcd_condition_monoid) gcd_assoc: assumes carr: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" "c ∈ carrier G" shows "somegcd G (somegcd G a b) c ∼ somegcd G a (somegcd G b c)" proof - interpret weak_lower_semilattice "division_rel G" by simp show ?thesis apply (subst (2 3) somegcd_meet, (simp add: carr)+) apply (simp add: somegcd_meet carr) apply (rule weak_meet_assoc[simplified], fact+) done qed lemma (in gcd_condition_monoid) gcd_mult: assumes acarr: "a ∈ carrier G" and bcarr: "b ∈ carrier G" and ccarr: "c ∈ carrier G" shows "c ⊗ somegcd G a b ∼ somegcd G (c ⊗ a) (c ⊗ b)" proof - (* following Jacobson, Basic Algebra, p.140 *) let ?d = "somegcd G a b" let ?e = "somegcd G (c ⊗ a) (c ⊗ b)" note carr[simp] = acarr bcarr ccarr have dcarr: "?d ∈ carrier G" by simp have ecarr: "?e ∈ carrier G" by simp note carr = carr dcarr ecarr have "?d divides a" by (simp add: gcd_divides_l) hence cd'ca: "c ⊗ ?d divides (c ⊗ a)" by (simp add: divides_mult_lI) have "?d divides b" by (simp add: gcd_divides_r) hence cd'cb: "c ⊗ ?d divides (c ⊗ b)" by (simp add: divides_mult_lI) from cd'ca cd'cb have cd'e: "c ⊗ ?d divides ?e" by (rule gcd_divides) simp+ hence "∃u. u ∈ carrier G ∧ ?e = c ⊗ ?d ⊗ u" by (elim dividesE, fast) from this obtain u where ucarr[simp]: "u ∈ carrier G" and e_cdu: "?e = c ⊗ ?d ⊗ u" by auto note carr = carr ucarr have "?e divides c ⊗ a" by (rule gcd_divides_l) simp+ hence "∃x. x ∈ carrier G ∧ c ⊗ a = ?e ⊗ x" by (elim dividesE, fast) from this obtain x where xcarr: "x ∈ carrier G" and ca_ex: "c ⊗ a = ?e ⊗ x" by auto with e_cdu have ca_cdux: "c ⊗ a = c ⊗ ?d ⊗ u ⊗ x" by simp from ca_cdux xcarr have "c ⊗ a = c ⊗ (?d ⊗ u ⊗ x)" by (simp add: m_assoc) then have "a = ?d ⊗ u ⊗ x" by (rule l_cancel[of c a]) (simp add: xcarr)+ hence du'a: "?d ⊗ u divides a" by (rule dividesI[OF xcarr]) have "?e divides c ⊗ b" by (intro gcd_divides_r, simp+) hence "∃x. x ∈ carrier G ∧ c ⊗ b = ?e ⊗ x" by (elim dividesE, fast) from this obtain x where xcarr: "x ∈ carrier G" and cb_ex: "c ⊗ b = ?e ⊗ x" by auto with e_cdu have cb_cdux: "c ⊗ b = c ⊗ ?d ⊗ u ⊗ x" by simp from cb_cdux xcarr have "c ⊗ b = c ⊗ (?d ⊗ u ⊗ x)" by (simp add: m_assoc) with xcarr have "b = ?d ⊗ u ⊗ x" by (intro l_cancel[of c b], simp+) hence du'b: "?d ⊗ u divides b" by (intro dividesI[OF xcarr]) from du'a du'b carr have du'd: "?d ⊗ u divides ?d" by (intro gcd_divides, simp+) hence uunit: "u ∈ Units G" proof (elim dividesE) fix v assume vcarr[simp]: "v ∈ carrier G" assume d: "?d = ?d ⊗ u ⊗ v" have "?d ⊗ \<one> = ?d ⊗ u ⊗ v" by simp fact also have "?d ⊗ u ⊗ v = ?d ⊗ (u ⊗ v)" by (simp add: m_assoc) finally have "?d ⊗ \<one> = ?d ⊗ (u ⊗ v)" . hence i2: "\<one> = u ⊗ v" by (rule l_cancel) simp+ hence i1: "\<one> = v ⊗ u" by (simp add: m_comm) from vcarr i1[symmetric] i2[symmetric] show "u ∈ Units G" by (unfold Units_def, simp, fast) qed from e_cdu uunit have "somegcd G (c ⊗ a) (c ⊗ b) ∼ c ⊗ somegcd G a b" by (intro associatedI2[of u], simp+) from this[symmetric] show "c ⊗ somegcd G a b ∼ somegcd G (c ⊗ a) (c ⊗ b)" by simp qed lemma (in monoid) assoc_subst: assumes ab: "a ∼ b" and cP: "ALL a b. a : carrier G & b : carrier G & a ∼ b --> f a : carrier G & f b : carrier G & f a ∼ f b" and carr: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" shows "f a ∼ f b" using assms by auto lemma (in gcd_condition_monoid) relprime_mult: assumes abrelprime: "somegcd G a b ∼ \<one>" and acrelprime: "somegcd G a c ∼ \<one>" and carr[simp]: "a ∈ carrier G" "b ∈ carrier G" "c ∈ carrier G" shows "somegcd G a (b ⊗ c) ∼ \<one>" proof - have "c = c ⊗ \<one>" by simp also from abrelprime[symmetric] have "… ∼ c ⊗ somegcd G a b" by (rule assoc_subst) (simp add: mult_cong_r)+ also have "… ∼ somegcd G (c ⊗ a) (c ⊗ b)" by (rule gcd_mult) fact+ finally have c: "c ∼ somegcd G (c ⊗ a) (c ⊗ b)" by simp from carr have a: "a ∼ somegcd G a (c ⊗ a)" by (fast intro: gcdI divides_prod_l) have "somegcd G a (b ⊗ c) ∼ somegcd G a (c ⊗ b)" by (simp add: m_comm) also from a have "… ∼ somegcd G (somegcd G a (c ⊗ a)) (c ⊗ b)" by (rule assoc_subst) (simp add: gcd_cong_l)+ also from gcd_assoc have "… ∼ somegcd G a (somegcd G (c ⊗ a) (c ⊗ b))" by (rule assoc_subst) simp+ also from c[symmetric] have "… ∼ somegcd G a c" by (rule assoc_subst) (simp add: gcd_cong_r)+ also note acrelprime finally show "somegcd G a (b ⊗ c) ∼ \<one>" by simp qed lemma (in gcd_condition_monoid) primeness_condition: "primeness_condition_monoid G" apply unfold_locales apply (rule primeI) apply (elim irreducibleE, assumption) proof - fix p a b assume pcarr: "p ∈ carrier G" and acarr: "a ∈ carrier G" and bcarr: "b ∈ carrier G" and pirr: "irreducible G p" and pdvdab: "p divides a ⊗ b" from pirr have pnunit: "p ∉ Units G" and r[rule_format]: "∀b. b ∈ carrier G ∧ properfactor G b p --> b ∈ Units G" by - (fast elim: irreducibleE)+ show "p divides a ∨ p divides b" proof (rule ccontr, clarsimp) assume npdvda: "¬ p divides a" with pcarr acarr have "\<one> ∼ somegcd G p a" apply (intro gcdI, simp, simp, simp) apply (fast intro: unit_divides) apply (fast intro: unit_divides) apply (clarsimp simp add: Unit_eq_dividesone[symmetric]) apply (rule r, rule, assumption) apply (rule properfactorI, assumption) proof (rule ccontr, simp) fix y assume ycarr: "y ∈ carrier G" assume "p divides y" also assume "y divides a" finally have "p divides a" by (simp add: pcarr ycarr acarr) with npdvda show "False" .. qed simp+ with pcarr acarr have pa: "somegcd G p a ∼ \<one>" by (fast intro: associated_sym[of "\<one>"] gcd_closed) assume npdvdb: "¬ p divides b" with pcarr bcarr have "\<one> ∼ somegcd G p b" apply (intro gcdI, simp, simp, simp) apply (fast intro: unit_divides) apply (fast intro: unit_divides) apply (clarsimp simp add: Unit_eq_dividesone[symmetric]) apply (rule r, rule, assumption) apply (rule properfactorI, assumption) proof (rule ccontr, simp) fix y assume ycarr: "y ∈ carrier G" assume "p divides y" also assume "y divides b" finally have "p divides b" by (simp add: pcarr ycarr bcarr) with npdvdb show "False" .. qed simp+ with pcarr bcarr have pb: "somegcd G p b ∼ \<one>" by (fast intro: associated_sym[of "\<one>"] gcd_closed) from pcarr acarr bcarr pdvdab have "p gcdof p (a ⊗ b)" by (fast intro: isgcd_divides_l) with pcarr acarr bcarr have "p ∼ somegcd G p (a ⊗ b)" by (fast intro: gcdI2) also from pa pb pcarr acarr bcarr have "somegcd G p (a ⊗ b) ∼ \<one>" by (rule relprime_mult) finally have "p ∼ \<one>" by (simp add: pcarr acarr bcarr) with pcarr have "p ∈ Units G" by (fast intro: assoc_unit_l) with pnunit show "False" .. qed qed sublocale gcd_condition_monoid ⊆ primeness_condition_monoid by (rule primeness_condition) subsubsection {* Divisor chain condition *} lemma (in divisor_chain_condition_monoid) wfactors_exist: assumes acarr: "a ∈ carrier G" shows "∃as. set as ⊆ carrier G ∧ wfactors G as a" proof - have r[rule_format]: "a ∈ carrier G --> (∃as. set as ⊆ carrier G ∧ wfactors G as a)" apply (rule wf_induct[OF division_wellfounded]) proof - fix x assume ih: "∀y. (y, x) ∈ {(x, y). x ∈ carrier G ∧ y ∈ carrier G ∧ properfactor G x y} --> y ∈ carrier G --> (∃as. set as ⊆ carrier G ∧ wfactors G as y)" show "x ∈ carrier G --> (∃as. set as ⊆ carrier G ∧ wfactors G as x)" apply clarify apply (cases "x ∈ Units G") apply (rule exI[of _ "[]"], simp) apply (cases "irreducible G x") apply (rule exI[of _ "[x]"], simp add: wfactors_def) proof - assume xcarr: "x ∈ carrier G" and xnunit: "x ∉ Units G" and xnirr: "¬ irreducible G x" hence "∃y. y ∈ carrier G ∧ properfactor G y x ∧ y ∉ Units G" apply - apply (rule ccontr, simp) apply (subgoal_tac "irreducible G x", simp) apply (rule irreducibleI, simp, simp) done from this obtain y where ycarr: "y ∈ carrier G" and ynunit: "y ∉ Units G" and pfyx: "properfactor G y x" by auto have ih': "!!y. [|y ∈ carrier G; properfactor G y x|] ==> ∃as. set as ⊆ carrier G ∧ wfactors G as y" by (rule ih[rule_format, simplified]) (simp add: xcarr)+ from ycarr pfyx have "∃as. set as ⊆ carrier G ∧ wfactors G as y" by (rule ih') from this obtain ys where yscarr: "set ys ⊆ carrier G" and yfs: "wfactors G ys y" by auto from pfyx have "y divides x" and nyx: "¬ y ∼ x" by - (fast elim: properfactorE2)+ hence "∃z. z ∈ carrier G ∧ x = y ⊗ z" by (fast elim: dividesE) from this obtain z where zcarr: "z ∈ carrier G" and x: "x = y ⊗ z" by auto from zcarr ycarr have "properfactor G z x" apply (subst x) apply (intro properfactorI3[of _ _ y]) apply (simp add: m_comm) apply (simp add: ynunit)+ done with zcarr have "∃as. set as ⊆ carrier G ∧ wfactors G as z" by (rule ih') from this obtain zs where zscarr: "set zs ⊆ carrier G" and zfs: "wfactors G zs z" by auto from yscarr zscarr have xscarr: "set (ys@zs) ⊆ carrier G" by simp from yfs zfs ycarr zcarr yscarr zscarr have "wfactors G (ys@zs) (y⊗z)" by (rule wfactors_mult) hence "wfactors G (ys@zs) x" by (simp add: x) from xscarr this show "∃xs. set xs ⊆ carrier G ∧ wfactors G xs x" by fast qed qed from acarr show ?thesis by (rule r) qed subsubsection {* Primeness condition *} lemma (in comm_monoid_cancel) multlist_prime_pos: assumes carr: "a ∈ carrier G" "set as ⊆ carrier G" and aprime: "prime G a" and "a divides (foldr (op ⊗) as \<one>)" shows "∃i<length as. a divides (as!i)" proof - have r[rule_format]: "set as ⊆ carrier G ∧ a divides (foldr (op ⊗) as \<one>) --> (∃i. i < length as ∧ a divides (as!i))" apply (induct as) apply clarsimp defer 1 apply clarsimp defer 1 proof - assume "a divides \<one>" with carr have "a ∈ Units G" by (fast intro: divides_unit[of a \<one>]) with aprime show "False" by (elim primeE, simp) next fix aa as assume ih[rule_format]: "a divides foldr op ⊗ as \<one> --> (∃i<length as. a divides as ! i)" and carr': "aa ∈ carrier G" "set as ⊆ carrier G" and "a divides aa ⊗ foldr op ⊗ as \<one>" with carr aprime have "a divides aa ∨ a divides foldr op ⊗ as \<one>" by (intro prime_divides) simp+ moreover { assume "a divides aa" hence p1: "a divides (aa#as)!0" by simp have "0 < Suc (length as)" by simp with p1 have "∃i<Suc (length as). a divides (aa # as) ! i" by fast } moreover { assume "a divides foldr op ⊗ as \<one>" hence "∃i. i < length as ∧ a divides as ! i" by (rule ih) from this obtain i where "a divides as ! i" and len: "i < length as" by auto hence p1: "a divides (aa#as) ! (Suc i)" by simp from len have "Suc i < Suc (length as)" by simp with p1 have "∃i<Suc (length as). a divides (aa # as) ! i" by force } ultimately show "∃i<Suc (length as). a divides (aa # as) ! i" by fast qed from assms show ?thesis by (intro r, safe) qed lemma (in primeness_condition_monoid) wfactors_unique__hlp_induct: "∀a as'. a ∈ carrier G ∧ set as ⊆ carrier G ∧ set as' ⊆ carrier G ∧ wfactors G as a ∧ wfactors G as' a --> essentially_equal G as as'" apply (induct as) apply clarsimp defer 1 apply clarsimp defer 1 proof - fix a as' assume acarr: "a ∈ carrier G" and "wfactors G [] a" hence aunit: "a ∈ Units G" apply (elim wfactorsE) apply (simp, rule assoc_unit_r[of "\<one>"], simp+) done assume "set as' ⊆ carrier G" "wfactors G as' a" with aunit have "as' = []" by (intro unit_wfactors_empty[of a]) thus "essentially_equal G [] as'" by simp next fix a as ah as' assume ih[rule_format]: "∀a as'. a ∈ carrier G ∧ set as' ⊆ carrier G ∧ wfactors G as a ∧ wfactors G as' a --> essentially_equal G as as'" and acarr: "a ∈ carrier G" and ahcarr: "ah ∈ carrier G" and ascarr: "set as ⊆ carrier G" and as'carr: "set as' ⊆ carrier G" and afs: "wfactors G (ah # as) a" and afs': "wfactors G as' a" hence ahdvda: "ah divides a" by (intro wfactors_dividesI[of "ah#as" "a"], simp+) hence "∃a'∈ carrier G. a = ah ⊗ a'" by (fast elim: dividesE) from this obtain a' where a'carr: "a' ∈ carrier G" and a: "a = ah ⊗ a'" by auto have a'fs: "wfactors G as a'" apply (rule wfactorsE[OF afs], rule wfactorsI, simp) apply (simp add: a, insert ascarr a'carr) apply (intro assoc_l_cancel[of ah _ a'] multlist_closed ahcarr, assumption+) done from afs have ahirr: "irreducible G ah" by (elim wfactorsE, simp) with ascarr have ahprime: "prime G ah" by (intro irreducible_prime ahcarr) note carr [simp] = acarr ahcarr ascarr as'carr a'carr note ahdvda also from afs' have "a divides (foldr (op ⊗) as' \<one>)" by (elim wfactorsE associatedE, simp) finally have "ah divides (foldr (op ⊗) as' \<one>)" by simp with ahprime have "∃i<length as'. ah divides as'!i" by (intro multlist_prime_pos, simp+) from this obtain i where len: "i<length as'" and ahdvd: "ah divides as'!i" by auto from afs' carr have irrasi: "irreducible G (as'!i)" by (fast intro: nth_mem[OF len] elim: wfactorsE) from len carr have asicarr[simp]: "as'!i ∈ carrier G" by (unfold set_conv_nth, force) note carr = carr asicarr from ahdvd have "∃x ∈ carrier G. as'!i = ah ⊗ x" by (fast elim: dividesE) from this obtain x where "x ∈ carrier G" and asi: "as'!i = ah ⊗ x" by auto with carr irrasi[simplified asi] have asiah: "as'!i ∼ ah" apply - apply (elim irreducible_prodE[of "ah" "x"], assumption+) apply (rule associatedI2[of x], assumption+) apply (rule irreducibleE[OF ahirr], simp) done note setparts = set_take_subset[of i as'] set_drop_subset[of "Suc i" as'] note partscarr [simp] = setparts[THEN subset_trans[OF _ as'carr]] note carr = carr partscarr have "∃aa_1. aa_1 ∈ carrier G ∧ wfactors G (take i as') aa_1" apply (intro wfactors_prod_exists) using setparts afs' by (fast elim: wfactorsE, simp) from this obtain aa_1 where aa1carr: "aa_1 ∈ carrier G" and aa1fs: "wfactors G (take i as') aa_1" by auto have "∃aa_2. aa_2 ∈ carrier G ∧ wfactors G (drop (Suc i) as') aa_2" apply (intro wfactors_prod_exists) using setparts afs' by (fast elim: wfactorsE, simp) from this obtain aa_2 where aa2carr: "aa_2 ∈ carrier G" and aa2fs: "wfactors G (drop (Suc i) as') aa_2" by auto note carr = carr aa1carr[simp] aa2carr[simp] from aa1fs aa2fs have v1: "wfactors G (take i as' @ drop (Suc i) as') (aa_1 ⊗ aa_2)" by (intro wfactors_mult, simp+) hence v1': "wfactors G (as'!i # take i as' @ drop (Suc i) as') (as'!i ⊗ (aa_1 ⊗ aa_2))" apply (intro wfactors_mult_single) using setparts afs' by (fast intro: nth_mem[OF len] elim: wfactorsE, simp+) from aa2carr carr aa1fs aa2fs have "wfactors G (as'!i # drop (Suc i) as') (as'!i ⊗ aa_2)" apply (intro wfactors_mult_single) apply (rule wfactorsE[OF afs'], fast intro: nth_mem[OF len]) apply (fast intro: nth_mem[OF len]) apply fast apply fast apply assumption done with len carr aa1carr aa2carr aa1fs have v2: "wfactors G (take i as' @ as'!i # drop (Suc i) as') (aa_1 ⊗ (as'!i ⊗ aa_2))" apply (intro wfactors_mult) apply fast apply (simp, (fast intro: nth_mem[OF len])?)+ done from len have as': "as' = (take i as' @ as'!i # drop (Suc i) as')" by (simp add: drop_Suc_conv_tl) with carr have eer: "essentially_equal G (take i as' @ as'!i # drop (Suc i) as') as'" by simp with v2 afs' carr aa1carr aa2carr nth_mem[OF len] have "aa_1 ⊗ (as'!i ⊗ aa_2) ∼ a" apply (intro ee_wfactorsD[of "take i as' @ as'!i # drop (Suc i) as'" "as'"]) apply fast+ apply (simp, fast) done then have t1: "as'!i ⊗ (aa_1 ⊗ aa_2) ∼ a" apply (simp add: m_assoc[symmetric]) apply (simp add: m_comm) done from carr asiah have "ah ⊗ (aa_1 ⊗ aa_2) ∼ as'!i ⊗ (aa_1 ⊗ aa_2)" apply (intro mult_cong_l) apply (fast intro: associated_sym, simp+) done also note t1 finally have "ah ⊗ (aa_1 ⊗ aa_2) ∼ a" by simp with carr aa1carr aa2carr a'carr nth_mem[OF len] have a': "aa_1 ⊗ aa_2 ∼ a'" by (simp add: a, fast intro: assoc_l_cancel[of ah _ a']) note v1 also note a' finally have "wfactors G (take i as' @ drop (Suc i) as') a'" by simp from a'fs this carr have "essentially_equal G as (take i as' @ drop (Suc i) as')" by (intro ih[of a']) simp hence ee1: "essentially_equal G (ah # as) (ah # take i as' @ drop (Suc i) as')" apply (elim essentially_equalE) apply (fastsimp intro: essentially_equalI) done from carr have ee2: "essentially_equal G (ah # take i as' @ drop (Suc i) as') (as' ! i # take i as' @ drop (Suc i) as')" proof (intro essentially_equalI) show "ah # take i as' @ drop (Suc i) as' <~~> ah # take i as' @ drop (Suc i) as'" by simp next show "ah # take i as' @ drop (Suc i) as' [∼] as' ! i # take i as' @ drop (Suc i) as'" apply (simp add: list_all2_append) apply (simp add: asiah[symmetric] ahcarr asicarr) done qed note ee1 also note ee2 also have "essentially_equal G (as' ! i # take i as' @ drop (Suc i) as') (take i as' @ as' ! i # drop (Suc i) as')" apply (intro essentially_equalI) apply (subgoal_tac "as' ! i # take i as' @ drop (Suc i) as' <~~> take i as' @ as' ! i # drop (Suc i) as'") apply simp apply (rule perm_append_Cons) apply simp done finally have "essentially_equal G (ah # as) (take i as' @ as' ! i # drop (Suc i) as')" by simp thus "essentially_equal G (ah # as) as'" by (subst as', assumption) qed lemma (in primeness_condition_monoid) wfactors_unique: assumes "wfactors G as a" "wfactors G as' a" and "a ∈ carrier G" "set as ⊆ carrier G" "set as' ⊆ carrier G" shows "essentially_equal G as as'" apply (rule wfactors_unique__hlp_induct[rule_format, of a]) apply (simp add: assms) done subsubsection {* Application to factorial monoids *} text {* Number of factors for wellfoundedness *} constdefs factorcount :: "_ => 'a => nat" "factorcount G a == THE c. (ALL as. set as ⊆ carrier G ∧ wfactors G as a --> c = length as)" lemma (in monoid) ee_length: assumes ee: "essentially_equal G as bs" shows "length as = length bs" apply (rule essentially_equalE[OF ee]) apply (subgoal_tac "length as = length fs1'") apply (simp add: list_all2_lengthD) apply (simp add: perm_length) done lemma (in factorial_monoid) factorcount_exists: assumes carr[simp]: "a ∈ carrier G" shows "EX c. ALL as. set as ⊆ carrier G ∧ wfactors G as a --> c = length as" proof - have "∃as. set as ⊆ carrier G ∧ wfactors G as a" by (intro wfactors_exist, simp) from this obtain as where ascarr[simp]: "set as ⊆ carrier G" and afs: "wfactors G as a" by (auto simp del: carr) have "ALL as'. set as' ⊆ carrier G ∧ wfactors G as' a --> length as = length as'" proof clarify fix as' assume [simp]: "set as' ⊆ carrier G" and bfs: "wfactors G as' a" from afs bfs have "essentially_equal G as as'" by (intro ee_wfactorsI[of a a as as'], simp+) thus "length as = length as'" by (rule ee_length) qed thus "EX c. ALL as'. set as' ⊆ carrier G ∧ wfactors G as' a --> c = length as'" .. qed lemma (in factorial_monoid) factorcount_unique: assumes afs: "wfactors G as a" and acarr[simp]: "a ∈ carrier G" and ascarr[simp]: "set as ⊆ carrier G" shows "factorcount G a = length as" proof - have "EX ac. ALL as. set as ⊆ carrier G ∧ wfactors G as a --> ac = length as" by (rule factorcount_exists, simp) from this obtain ac where alen: "ALL as. set as ⊆ carrier G ∧ wfactors G as a --> ac = length as" by auto have ac: "ac = factorcount G a" apply (simp add: factorcount_def) apply (rule theI2) apply (rule alen) apply (elim allE[of _ "as"], rule allE[OF alen, of "as"], simp add: ascarr afs) apply (elim allE[of _ "as"], rule allE[OF alen, of "as"], simp add: ascarr afs) done from ascarr afs have "ac = length as" by (iprover intro: alen[rule_format]) with ac show ?thesis by simp qed lemma (in factorial_monoid) divides_fcount: assumes dvd: "a divides b" and acarr: "a ∈ carrier G" and bcarr:"b ∈ carrier G" shows "factorcount G a <= factorcount G b" apply (rule dividesE[OF dvd]) proof - fix c from assms have "∃as. set as ⊆ carrier G ∧ wfactors G as a" by fast from this obtain as where ascarr: "set as ⊆ carrier G" and afs: "wfactors G as a" by auto with acarr have fca: "factorcount G a = length as" by (intro factorcount_unique) assume ccarr: "c ∈ carrier G" hence "∃cs. set cs ⊆ carrier G ∧ wfactors G cs c" by fast from this obtain cs where cscarr: "set cs ⊆ carrier G" and cfs: "wfactors G cs c" by auto note [simp] = acarr bcarr ccarr ascarr cscarr assume b: "b = a ⊗ c" from afs cfs have "wfactors G (as@cs) (a ⊗ c)" by (intro wfactors_mult, simp+) with b have "wfactors G (as@cs) b" by simp hence "factorcount G b = length (as@cs)" by (intro factorcount_unique, simp+) hence "factorcount G b = length as + length cs" by simp with fca show ?thesis by simp qed lemma (in factorial_monoid) associated_fcount: assumes acarr: "a ∈ carrier G" and bcarr:"b ∈ carrier G" and asc: "a ∼ b" shows "factorcount G a = factorcount G b" apply (rule associatedE[OF asc]) apply (drule divides_fcount[OF _ acarr bcarr]) apply (drule divides_fcount[OF _ bcarr acarr]) apply simp done lemma (in factorial_monoid) properfactor_fcount: assumes acarr: "a ∈ carrier G" and bcarr:"b ∈ carrier G" and pf: "properfactor G a b" shows "factorcount G a < factorcount G b" apply (rule properfactorE[OF pf], elim dividesE) proof - fix c from assms have "∃as. set as ⊆ carrier G ∧ wfactors G as a" by fast from this obtain as where ascarr: "set as ⊆ carrier G" and afs: "wfactors G as a" by auto with acarr have fca: "factorcount G a = length as" by (intro factorcount_unique) assume ccarr: "c ∈ carrier G" hence "∃cs. set cs ⊆ carrier G ∧ wfactors G cs c" by fast from this obtain cs where cscarr: "set cs ⊆ carrier G" and cfs: "wfactors G cs c" by auto assume b: "b = a ⊗ c" have "wfactors G (as@cs) (a ⊗ c)" by (rule wfactors_mult) fact+ with b have "wfactors G (as@cs) b" by simp with ascarr cscarr bcarr have "factorcount G b = length (as@cs)" by (simp add: factorcount_unique) hence fcb: "factorcount G b = length as + length cs" by simp assume nbdvda: "¬ b divides a" have "c ∉ Units G" proof (rule ccontr, simp) assume cunit:"c ∈ Units G" have "b ⊗ inv c = a ⊗ c ⊗ inv c" by (simp add: b) also with ccarr acarr cunit have "… = a ⊗ (c ⊗ inv c)" by (fast intro: m_assoc) also with ccarr cunit have "… = a ⊗ \<one>" by (simp add: Units_r_inv) also with acarr have "… = a" by simp finally have "a = b ⊗ inv c" by simp with ccarr cunit have "b divides a" by (fast intro: dividesI[of "inv c"]) with nbdvda show False by simp qed with cfs have "length cs > 0" apply - apply (rule ccontr, simp) proof - assume "wfactors G [] c" hence "\<one> ∼ c" by (elim wfactorsE, simp) with ccarr have cunit: "c ∈ Units G" by (intro assoc_unit_r[of "\<one>" "c"], simp+) assume "c ∉ Units G" with cunit show "False" by simp qed with fca fcb show ?thesis by simp qed sublocale factorial_monoid ⊆ divisor_chain_condition_monoid apply unfold_locales apply (rule wfUNIVI) apply (rule measure_induct[of "factorcount G"]) apply simp (* slow *) (* [1]Applying congruence rule: [|factorcount G y < factorcount G xa ≡ ?P'; ?P' ==> P y ≡ ?Q'|] ==> factorcount G y < factorcount G xa --> P y ≡ ?P' --> ?Q' trace_simp_depth_limit exceeded! *) proof - fix P x assume r1[rule_format]: "∀y. (∀z. z ∈ carrier G ∧ y ∈ carrier G ∧ properfactor G z y --> P z) --> P y" and r2[rule_format]: "∀y. factorcount G y < factorcount G x --> P y" show "P x" apply (rule r1) apply (rule r2) apply (rule properfactor_fcount, simp+) done qed sublocale factorial_monoid ⊆ primeness_condition_monoid proof qed (rule irreducible_is_prime) lemma (in factorial_monoid) primeness_condition: shows "primeness_condition_monoid G" .. lemma (in factorial_monoid) gcd_condition [simp]: shows "gcd_condition_monoid G" proof qed (rule gcdof_exists) sublocale factorial_monoid ⊆ gcd_condition_monoid proof qed (rule gcdof_exists) lemma (in factorial_monoid) division_weak_lattice [simp]: shows "weak_lattice (division_rel G)" proof - interpret weak_lower_semilattice "division_rel G" by simp show "weak_lattice (division_rel G)" apply (unfold_locales, simp_all) proof - fix x y assume carr: "x ∈ carrier G" "y ∈ carrier G" hence "∃z. z ∈ carrier G ∧ z lcmof x y" by (rule lcmof_exists) from this obtain z where zcarr: "z ∈ carrier G" and isgcd: "z lcmof x y" by auto with carr have "least (division_rel G) z (Upper (division_rel G) {x, y})" by (simp add: lcmof_leastUpper[symmetric]) thus "∃z. least (division_rel G) z (Upper (division_rel G) {x, y})" by fast qed qed subsection {* Factoriality Theorems *} theorem factorial_condition_one: (* Jacobson theorem 2.21 *) shows "(divisor_chain_condition_monoid G ∧ primeness_condition_monoid G) = factorial_monoid G" apply rule proof clarify assume dcc: "divisor_chain_condition_monoid G" and pc: "primeness_condition_monoid G" interpret divisor_chain_condition_monoid "G" by (rule dcc) interpret primeness_condition_monoid "G" by (rule pc) show "factorial_monoid G" by (fast intro: factorial_monoidI wfactors_exist wfactors_unique) next assume fm: "factorial_monoid G" interpret factorial_monoid "G" by (rule fm) show "divisor_chain_condition_monoid G ∧ primeness_condition_monoid G" by rule unfold_locales qed theorem factorial_condition_two: (* Jacobson theorem 2.22 *) shows "(divisor_chain_condition_monoid G ∧ gcd_condition_monoid G) = factorial_monoid G" apply rule proof clarify assume dcc: "divisor_chain_condition_monoid G" and gc: "gcd_condition_monoid G" interpret divisor_chain_condition_monoid "G" by (rule dcc) interpret gcd_condition_monoid "G" by (rule gc) show "factorial_monoid G" by (simp add: factorial_condition_one[symmetric], rule, unfold_locales) next assume fm: "factorial_monoid G" interpret factorial_monoid "G" by (rule fm) show "divisor_chain_condition_monoid G ∧ gcd_condition_monoid G" by rule unfold_locales qed end