# The Apache Tomcat 5.5 Servlet/JSP Container

Links

- Docs Home
- FAQ

User Guide

- 1) Introduction
- 2) Setup
- 3) First webapp
- 4) Deployer
- 5) Manager
- 6) Realms and AAA
- 7) Security Manager
- 8) JNDI Resources
- 9) JDBC DataSources
- 10) Classloading
- 11) JSPs
- 12) SSL
- 13) SSI
- 14) CGI
- 15) Proxy Support
- 16) MBean Descriptor
- 17) Default Servlet
- 18) Clustering
- 19) Load Balancer
- 20) Connectors
- 21) Monitoring and Management
- 22) Logging
- 23) APR

Reference

- Release Notes
- Apache Tomcat Configuration
- JK 1.2 Documentation
- Servlet API Javadocs
- JSP API Javadocs

Apache Tomcat Development

- Building
- Changelog
- Status
- Developers
- Functional Specs.
- Apache Tomcat Javadocs
- Apache Jasper Javadocs
- Architecture

# The Apache Tomcat 5.5 Servlet/JSP Container

## JNDI Resources HOW-TO

print-friendly
version

Introduction

> Tomcat 5 provides a JNDI InitialContext implementation instance for each web application running under it, in a manner that is compatible with those provided by a Java2 Enterprise Edition application server. The J2EE standard provides a standard set of elements in the `/WEB-INF/web.xml` file to reference resources; resources referenced in these elements must be defined in an application-server-specific configuration.

> For Tomcat 5, these entries in per-web-application `InitialContext` are configured in the `<Context>` elements that can be specified in either `$CATALINA_HOME/conf/server.xml` or, preferably, the per-web-application context XML file (either `META-INF/context.xml`).

> Tomcat 5 maintains a separate namespace of global resources for the entire server. These are configured in the `<GlobalNameingResources>` element of `$CATALINA_HOME/conf/server.xml`. You may expose these resources to web applications by using `<ResourceLink>` elements.

> The resources defined in these elements may be referenced by the following elements in the web application deployment descriptor (`/WEB-INF/web.xml`) of your web application:

> - `<env-entry>` - Environment entry, a single-value parameter that can be used to configure how the application will operate.
> - `<resource-ref>` - Resource reference, which is typically to an object factory for resources such as a JDBC `DataSource`, a JavaMail `Session`, or custom object factories configured into Tomcat 5.
> - `<resource-env-ref>` - Resource environment reference, a new variation of `resource-ref` added in Servlet 2.4 that is simpler to configure for resources that do not require authentication information.

> The `InitialContext` is configured as a web application is initially deployed, and is made available to web application components (for read-only access). All configured entries and resources are placed in the `java:comp/env` portion of the JNDI namespace, so a typical access to a resource - in this case, to a JDBC `DataSource` - would look something like this:

>     // Obtain our environment naming context
>     Context initCtx = new InitialContext();
>     Context envCtx = (Context) initCtx.lookup("java:comp/env");

>     // Look up our data source
>     DataSource ds = (DataSource)
>       envCtx.lookup("jdbc/EmployeeDB");

>     // Allocate and use a connection from the pool
>     Connection conn = ds.getConnection();
>     ... use this connection to access the database ...
>     conn.close();

> See the following Specifications for more information about programming APIs for JNDI, and for the features supported by Java2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE) servers, which Tomcat emulates for the services that it provides:

> - Java Naming and Directory Interface (included in JDK 1.4, available separately for prior JDK versions)
> - J2EE Platform Specification (in particular, see Chapter 5 on Naming)

Configuring JNDI Resources

> Each available JNDI Resource is configured based on inclusion of the following elements in the `<Context>` or `<DefaultContext>` elements:

> - <Environment> - Configure names and values for scalar environment entries that will be exposed to the web application through the JNDI `InitialContext` (equivalent to the inclusion of an `<env-entry>` element in the web application deployment descriptor).
> - <Resource> - Configure the name and data type of a resource made available to the application (equivalent to the inclusion of a `<resource-ref>` element in the web application deployment descriptor).
> - <ResourceLink> - Add a link to a resource defined in the global JNDI context. Use resource links to give a web application access to a resource defined in the<GlobalNamingResources> child element of the <Server> element.
> - <Transaction> - Add a resource factory for instantiating the UserTransaction object instance that is available at `java:comp/UserTransaction`.

> Any number of these elements may be nested inside a <Context> element (to be associated only with that particular web application).

> In addition, the names and values of all `<env-entry>` elements included in the web application deployment descriptor (`/WEB-INF/web.xml`) are configured into the initial context as well, overriding corresponding values from `conf/server.xml` only if allowed by the corresponding `<Environment>` element (by setting the `override` attribute to "true").

> Global resources can be defined in the server-wide JNDI context, by adding the resource elements described above to the <GlobalNamingResources> child element of the <Server> element and using a <ResourceLink> to include it in the per-web-application context.

Tomcat Standard Resource Factories

> Tomcat 5 includes a series of standard resource factories that can provide services to your web applications, but give you configuration flexibility (in `$CATALINA_HOME/conf/server.xml`) without modifying the web application or the deployment descriptor. Each subsection below details the configuration and usage of the standard resource factories.

> See Adding Custom Resource Factories for information about how to create, install, configure, and use your own custom resource factory classes with Tomcat 5.

> NOTE - Of the standard resource factories, only the "JDBC Data Source" and "User Transaction" factories are mandated to be available on other platforms, and then they are required only if the platform implements the Java2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE) specs. All other standard resource factories, plus custom resource factories that you write yourself, are specific to Tomcat and cannot be assumed to be available on other containers.

> Generic JavaBean Resources

> > ### 0. Introduction

> > This resource factory can be used to create objects of any Java class that conforms to standard JavaBeans naming conventions (i.e. it has a zero-arguments constructor, and has property setters that conform to the setFoo() naming pattern. The resource factory will create a new instance of the appropriate bean class every time a `lookup()` for this entry is made.

> > The steps required to use this facility are described below.

> > ### 1. Create Your JavaBean Class

> > Create the JavaBean class which will be instantiated each time that the resource factory is looked up. For this example, assume you create a class `com.mycompany.MyBean`, which looks like this:

> >     package com.mycompany;

> >     public class MyBean {

> >       private String foo = "Default Foo";

> >       public String getFoo() {
> >         return (this.foo);
> >       }

> >       public void setFoo(String foo) {
> >         this.foo = foo;
> >       }

> >       private int bar = 0;

> >       public int getBar() {
> >         return (this.bar);
> >       }

> >       public void setBar(int bar) {
> >         this.bar = bar;
> >       }

> >     }

> > ### 2. Declare Your Resource Requirements

> > Next, modify your web application deployment descriptor (`/WEB-INF/web.xml`) to declare the JNDI name under which you will request new instances of this bean. The simplest approach is to use a `<resource-env-ref>` element, like this:

> >     <resource-env-ref>
> >       <description>
> >         Object factory for MyBean instances.
> >       </description>
> >       <resource-env-ref-name>
> >         bean/MyBeanFactory
> >       </resource-env-ref-name>
> >       <resource-env-ref-type>
> >         com.mycompany.MyBean
> >       </resource-env-ref-type>
> >     </resource-env-ref>

> > WARNING - Be sure you respect the element ordering that is required by the DTD for web application deployment descriptors! See the Servlet Specification for details.

> > ### 3. Code Your Application's Use Of This Resource

> > A typical use of this resource environment reference might look like this:

> >     Context initCtx = new InitialContext();
> >     Context envCtx = (Context) initCtx.lookup("java:comp/env");
> >     MyBean bean = (MyBean) envCtx.lookup("bean/MyBeanFactory");

> >     writer.println("foo = " + bean.getFoo() + ", bar = " +
> >                    bean.getBar());

> > ### 4. Configure Tomcat's Resource Factory

> > To configure Tomcat's resource factory, add an elements like this to the `$CATALINA_HOME/conf/server.xml` file, nested inside the `Context` element for this web application.

> >     <Context ...>
> >       ...
> >       <Resource name="bean/MyBeanFactory" auth="Container"
> >                 type="com.mycompany.MyBean"
> >                 factory="org.apache.naming.factory.BeanFactory"
> >                 bar="23"/>
> >       ...
> >     </Context>

> > Note that the resource name (here, `bean/MyBeanFactory` must match the value specified in the web application deployment descriptor. We are also initializing the value of the `bar` property, which will cause `setBar(23)` to be called before the new bean is returned. Because we are not initializing the `foo` property (although we could have), the bean will contain whatever default value is set up by its constructor.

> JavaMail Sessions

> > ### 0. Introduction

> > In many web applications, sending electronic mail messages is a required part of the system's functionality. The Java Mail API makes this process relatively straightforward, but requires many configuration details that the client application must be aware of (including the name of the SMTP host to be used for message sending).

> > Tomcat 5 includes a standard resource factory that will create `javax.mail.Session` session instances for you, already connected to the SMTP server that is configured in `server.xml`. In this way, the application is totally insulated from changes in the email server configuration environment - it simply asks for, and receives, a preconfigured session whenever needed.

> > The steps required for this are outlined below.

> > ### 1. Declare Your Resource Requirements

> > The first thing you should do is modify the web application deployment descriptor (`/WEB-INF/web.xml`) to declare the JNDI name under which you will look up preconfigured sessions. By convention, all such names should resolve to the `mail` subcontext (relative to the standard `java:comp/env` naming context that is the root of all provided resource factories. A typical `web.xml` entry might look like this:

> >     <resource-ref>
> >       <description>
> >         Resource reference to a factory for javax.mail.Session
> >         instances that may be used for sending electronic mail
> >         messages, preconfigured to connect to the appropriate
> >         SMTP server.
> >       </description>
> >       <res-ref-name>
> >         mail/Session
> >       </res-ref-name>
> >       <res-type>
> >         javax.mail.Session
> >       </res-type>
> >       <res-auth>
> >         Container
> >       </res-auth>
> >     </resource-ref>

> > WARNING - Be sure you respect the element ordering that is required by the DTD for web application deployment descriptors! See the Servlet Specification for details.

> > ### 2. Code Your Application's Use Of This Resource

> > A typical use of this resource reference might look like this:

> >     Context initCtx = new InitialContext();
> >     Context envCtx = (Context) initCtx.lookup("java:comp/env");
> >     Session session = (Session) envCtx.lookup("mail/Session");

> >     Message message = new MimeMessage(session);
> >     message.setFrom(new InternetAddress(request.getParameter("from"));
> >     InternetAddress to[] = new InternetAddress[1];
> >     to[0] = new InternetAddress(request.getParameter("to"));
> >     message.setRecipients(Message.RecipientType.TO, to);
> >     message.setSubject(request.getParameter("subject"));
> >     message.setContent(request.getParameter("content"), "text/plain");
> >     Transport.send(message);

> > Note that the application uses the same resource reference name that was declared in the web application deployment descriptor. This is matched up against the resource factory that is configured in `$CATALINA_HOME/conf/server.xml`, as described below.

> > ### 3. Configure Tomcat's Resource Factory

> > To configure Tomcat's resource factory, add an elements like this to the `$CATALINA_HOME/conf/server.xml` file, nested inside the `Context` element for this web application.

> >     <Context ...>
> >       ...
> >       <Resource name="mail/Session" auth="Container"
> >                 type="javax.mail.Session"
> >                 mail.smtp.host="localhost"/>
> >       ...
> >     </Context>

> > Note that the resource name (here, `mail/Session`) must match the value specified in the web application deployment descriptor. Customize the value of the `mail.smtp.host` parameter to point at the server that provides SMTP service for your network.

> > ### 4. Install the JavaMail libraries

> > Download the JavaMail API. The JavaMail API requires the Java Activation Framework (JAF) API as well. The Java Activation Framework can be downloaded from Sun's site.

> > This download includes 2 vital libraries for the configuration; activation.jar and mail.jar. Unpackage both distributions and place them into $CATALINA_HOME/common/lib so that they are available to Tomcat during the initialization of the mail Session Resource. Note: placing these jars in both common/lib and a web application's lib folder will cause an error, so ensure you have them in the $CATALINA_HOME/common/lib location only.

> > ### Example Application

> > The `/examples` application included with Tomcat contains an example of utilizing this resource factory. It is accessed via the "JSP Examples" link. The source code for the servlet that actually sends the mail message is in `/WEB-INF/classes/SendMailServlet.java`.

> > WARNING - The default configuration assumes that there is an SMTP server listing on port 25 on `localhost`. If this is not the case, edit the `$CATALINA_HOME/conf/server.xml` file, and modify the parameter value for the `mail.smtp.host` parameter to be the host name of an SMTP server on your network.

> JDBC Data Sources

> > ### 0. Introduction

> > Many web applications need to access a database via a JDBC driver, to support the functionality required by that application. The J2EE Platform Specification requires J2EE Application Servers to make available a DataSource implementation (that is, a connection pool for JDBC connections) for this purpose. Tomcat 5 offers exactly the same support, so that database-based applications you develop on Tomcat using this service will run unchanged on any J2EE server.

> > For information about JDBC, you should consult the following:

> > - http://java.sun.com/products/jdbc/ - Home page for information about Java Database Connectivity.
> > - http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.3/docs/guide/jdbc/spec2/jdbc2.1.frame.html - The JDBC 2.1 API Specification.
> > - http://java.sun.com/products/jdbc/jdbc20.stdext.pdf - The JDBC 2.0 Standard Extension API (including the `javax.sql.DataSource` API). This package is now known as the "JDBC Optional Package".
> > - http://java.sun.com/j2ee/download.html - The J2EE Platform Specification (covers the JDBC facilities that all J2EE platforms must provide to applications).

> > NOTE - The default data source support in Tomcat is based on the DBCP connection pool from the Jakarta Commons subproject. However, it is possible to use any other connection pool that implements `javax.sql.DataSource`, by writing your own custom resource factory, as described below.

> > ### 1. Install Your JDBC Driver

> > Use of the JDBC Data Sources JNDI Resource Factory requires that you make an appropriate JDBC driver available to both Tomcat internal classes and to your web application. This is most easily accomplished by installing the driver's JAR file(s) into the `$CATALINA_HOME/common/lib` directory, which makes the driver available both to the resource factory and to your application.

> > ### 2. Declare Your Resource Requirements

> > Next, modify the web application deployment descriptor (`/WEB-INF/web.xml`) to declare the JNDI name under which you will look up preconfigured data source. By convention, all such names should resolve to the `jdbc` subcontext (relative to the standard `java:comp/env` naming context that is the root of all provided resource factories. A typical `web.xml` entry might look like this:

> >     <resource-ref>
> >       <description>
> >         Resource reference to a factory for java.sql.Connection
> >         instances that may be used for talking to a particular
> >         database that is configured in the server.xml file.
> >       </description>
> >       <res-ref-name>
> >         jdbc/EmployeeDB
> >       </res-ref-name>
> >       <res-type>
> >         javax.sql.DataSource
> >       </res-type>
> >       <res-auth>
> >         Container
> >       </res-auth>
> >     </resource-ref>

> > WARNING - Be sure you respect the element ordering that is required by the DTD for web application deployment descriptors! See the Servlet Specification for details.

> > ### 3. Code Your Application's Use Of This Resource

> > A typical use of this resource reference might look like this:

> >     Context initCtx = new InitialContext();
> >     Context envCtx = (Context) initCtx.lookup("java:comp/env");
> >     DataSource ds = (DataSource)
> >       envCtx.lookup("jdbc/EmployeeDB");

> >     Connection conn = ds.getConnection();
> >     ... use this connection to access the database ...
> >     conn.close();

> > Note that the application uses the same resource reference name that was declared in the web application deployment descriptor. This is matched up against the resource factory that is configured in `$CATALINA_HOME/conf/server.xml`, as described below.

> > ### 4. Configure Tomcat's Resource Factory

> > To configure Tomcat's resource factory, add an element like this to the `/META-INF/context.xml` file in the web application.

> >     <Context ...>
> >       ...
> >       <Resource name="jdbc/EmployeeDB" auth="Container"
> >                 type="javax.sql.DataSource" username="dbusername" password="dbpassword"
> >                 driverClassName="org.hsql.jdbcDriver" url="jdbc:HypersonicSQL:database"
> >                 maxActive="8" maxIdle="4"/>
> >       ...
> >     </Context>

> > Note that the resource name (here, `jdbc/EmployeeDB`) must match the value specified in the web application deployment descriptor.

> > This example assumes that you are using the HypersonicSQL database JDBC driver. Customize the `driverClassName` and `driverName` parameters to match your actual database's JDBC driver and connection URL.

> > The configuration properties for Tomcat's standard data source resource factory (`org.apache.tomcat.dbcp.dbcp.BasicDataSourceFactory`) are as follows:

> > - driverClassName - Fully qualified Java class name of the JDBC driver to be used.
> > - maxActive - The maximum number of active instances that can be allocated from this pool at the same time.
> > - maxIdle - The maximum number of connections that can sit idle in this pool at the same time.
> > - maxWait - The maximum number of milliseconds that the pool will wait (when there are no available connections) for a connection to be returned before throwing an exception.
> > - password - Database password to be passed to our JDBC driver.
> > - url - Connection URL to be passed to our JDBC driver. (For backwards compatibility, the property `driverName` is also recognized.)
> > - user - Database username to be passed to our JDBC driver.
> > - validationQuery - SQL query that can be used by the pool to validate connections before they are returned to the application. If specified, this query MUST be an SQL SELECT statement that returns at least one row.

> > For more details, please refer to the commons-dbcp documentation.

Adding Custom Resource Factories

> If none of the standard resource factories meet your needs, you can write your own factory and integrate it into Tomcat 5, and then configure the use of this factory in the `conf/server.xml` configuration file. In the example below, we will create a factory that only knows how to create `com.mycompany.MyBean` beans, from the Generic JavaBean Resources example, above.

> ### 1. Write A Resource Factory Class

> You must write a class that implements the JNDI service provider `javax.naming.spi.ObjectFactory` inteface. Every time your web application calls `lookup()` on a context entry that is bound to this factory, the `getObjectInstance()` method is called, with the following arguments:

> - Object obj - The (possibly null) object containing location or reference information that can be used in creating an object. For Tomcat, this will always be an object of type `javax.naming.Reference`, which contains the class name of this factory class, as well as the configuration properties (from `conf/server.xml`) to use in creating objects to be returned.
> - Name name - The name to which this factory is bound relative to `nameCtx`, or `null` if no name is specified.
> - Context nameCtx - The context relative to which the `name` parameter is specified, or `null` if `name` is relative to the default initial context.
> - Hashtable environment - The (possibly null) environment that is used in creating this object. This is generally ignored in Tomcat object factories.

> To create a resource factory that knows how to produce `MyBean` instances, you might create a class like this:

>     package com.mycompany;

>     import java.util.Enumeration;
>     import java.util.Hashtable;
>     import javax.naming.Context;
>     import javax.naming.Name;
>     import javax.naming.NamingException;
>     import javax.naming.RefAddr;
>     import javax.naming.Reference;
>     import javax.naming.spi.ObjectFactory;

>     public class MyBeanFactory implements ObjectFactory {

>       public Object getObjectInstance(Object obj,
>           Name name, Context nameCtx, Hashtable environment)
>           throws NamingException {

>           // Acquire an instance of our specified bean class
>           MyBean bean = new MyBean();

>           // Customize the bean properties from our attributes
>           Reference ref = (Reference) obj;
>           Enumeration addrs = ref.getAll();
>           while (addrs.hasMoreElements()) {
>               RefAddr addr = (RefAddr) addrs.nextElement();
>               String name = addr.getType();
>               String value = (String) addr.getContent();
>               if (name.equals("foo")) {
>                   bean.setFoo(value);
>               } else if (name.equals("bar")) {
>                   try {
>                       bean.setBar(Integer.parseInt(value));
>                   } catch (NumberFormatException e) {
>                       throw new NamingException("Invalid 'bar' value " + value);
>                   }
>               }
>           }

>           // Return the customized instance
>           return (bean);

>       }

>     }

> In this example, we are unconditionally creating a new instance of the `com.mycompany.MyBean` class, and populating its properties based on the parameters included in the `<ResourceParams>` element that configures this factory (see below). You should note that any parameter named `factory` should be skipped - that parameter is used to specify the name of the factory class itself (in this case, `com.mycompany.MyBeanFactory`) rather than a property of the bean being configured.

> For more information about `ObjectFactory`, see the JNDI 1.2 Service Provider Interface (SPI) Specification.

> You will need to compile this class against a class path that includes all of the JAR files in the `$CATALINA_HOME/common/lib` and `$CATALINA_HOME/server/lib` directories. When you are through, place the factory class (and the corresponding bean class) unpacked under `$CATALINA_HOME/common/classes`, or in a JAR file inside `$CATALINA_HOME/common/lib`. In this way, the required class files are visible to both Catalina internal resources and your web application.

> ### 2. Declare Your Resource Requirements

> Next, modify your web application deployment descriptor (`/WEB-INF/web.xml`) to declare the JNDI name under which you will request new instances of this bean. The simplest approach is to use a `<resource-env-ref>` element, like this:

>     <resource-env-ref>
>       <description>
>         Object factory for MyBean instances.
>       </description>
>       <resource-env-ref-name>
>         bean/MyBeanFactory
>       </resource-env-ref-name>
>       <resource-env-ref-type>
>         com.mycompany.MyBean
>       </resource-env-ref-type>
>     <resource-env-ref>

> WARNING - Be sure you respect the element ordering that is required by the DTD for web application deployment descriptors! See the Servlet Specification for details.

> ### 3. Code Your Application's Use Of This Resource

> A typical use of this resource environment reference might look like this:

>     Context initCtx = new InitialContext();
>     Context envCtx = (Context) initCtx.lookup("java:comp/env");
>     MyBean bean = (MyBean) envCtx.lookup("bean/MyBeanFactory");

>     writer.println("foo = " + bean.getFoo() + ", bar = " +
>                    bean.getBar());

> ### 4. Configure Tomcat's Resource Factory

> To configure Tomcat's resource factory, add an elements like this to the `$CATALINA_HOME/conf/server.xml` file, nested inside the `Context` element for this web application.

>     <Context ...>
>       ...
>       <Resource name="bean/MyBeanFactory" auth="Container"
>                 type="com.mycompany.MyBean"
>                 factory="com.mycompany.MyBeanFactory"
>                 bar="23"/>
>       ...
>     </Context>

> Note that the resource name (here, `bean/MyBeanFactory` must match the value specified in the web application deployment descriptor. We are also initializing the value of the `bar` property, which will cause `setBar(23)` to be called before the new bean is returned. Because we are not initializing the `foo` property (although we could have), the bean will contain whatever default value is set up by its constructor.

> You will also note that, from the application developer's perspective, the declaration of the resource environment reference, and the programming used to request new instances, is identical to the approach used for the Generic JavaBean Resources example. This illustrates one of the advantages of using JNDI resources to encapsulate functionality - you can change the underlying implementation without necessarily having to modify applications using the resources, as long as you maintain compatible APIs.

Copyright © 1999-2006, Apache Software Foundation