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## Introduction

Boost Spirit is an object-oriented, recursive-descent parser and output generation library for C++. It allows you to write grammars and format descriptions using a format similar to Extended Backus Naur Form (EBNF) [2] directly in C++. These inline grammar specifications can mix freely with other C++ code and, thanks to the generative power of C++ templates, are immediately executable. In retrospect, conventional compiler-compilers or parser-generators have to perform an additional translation step from the source EBNF code to C or C++ code.

The syntax and semantics of the libraries' API directly form domain-specific embedded languages (DSEL). In fact, Spirit exposes 3 different DSELs to the user:

- one for creating parser grammars,
- one for the specification of the required tokens to be used for parsing,
- and one for the description of the required output formats.

Since the target input grammars and output formats are written entirely in C++ we do not need any separate tools to compile, preprocess or integrate those into the build process. Spirit allows seamless integration of the parsing and output generation process with other C++ code. This often allows for simpler and more efficient code.

Both the created parsers and generators are fully attributed, which allows you to easily build and handle hierarchical data structures in memory. These data structures resemble the structure of the input data and can directly be used to generate arbitrarily-formatted output.

The figure below depicts the overall structure of the Boost Spirit library. The library consists of 4 major parts:

- Spirit.Classic: This is the almost-unchanged code base taken from the former Boost Spirit V1.8 distribution. It has been moved into the namespace boost::spirit::classic. A special compatibility layer has been added to ensure complete compatibility with existing code using Spirit V1.8.
- Spirit.Qi: This is the parser library allowing you to build recursive descent parsers. The exposed domain-specific language can be used to describe the grammars to implement, and the rules for storing the parsed information.
- Spirit.Lex: This is the library usable to create tokenizers (lexers). The domain-specific language exposed by Spirit.Lex allows you to define regular expressions used to match tokens (create token definitions), associate these regular expressions with code to be executed whenever they are matched, and to add the token definitions to the lexical analyzer.
- Spirit.Karma: This is the generator library allowing you to create code for recursive descent, data type-driven output formatting. The exposed domain-specific language is almost equivalent to the parser description language used in Spirit.Qi, except that it is used to describe the required output format to generate from a given data structure.

Figure 1. The overall structure of the Boost Spirit library

The three components, Spirit.Qi, Spirit.Karma and Spirit.Lex, are designed to be used either standalone, or together. The general methodology is to use the token sequence generated by Spirit.Lex as the input for a parser generated by Spirit.Qi. On the opposite side of the equation, the hierarchical data structures generated by Spirit.Qi are used for the output generators created using Spirit.Karma. However, there is nothing to stop you from using any of these components all by themselves.

The figure below shows the typical data flow of some input being converted to some internal representation. After some (optional) transformation these data are converted back into some different, external representation. The picture highlights Spirit's place in this data transformation flow.

Figure 2. The place of Spirit.Qi and Spirit.Karma in a data transformation flow of a typical application

#### A Quick Overview of Parsing with Spirit.Qi

Spirit.Qi is Spirit's sublibrary dealing with generating parsers based on a given target grammar (essentially a format description of the input data to read).

A simple EBNF grammar snippet:

    group       ::= '(' expression ')'
    factor      ::= integer | group
    term        ::= factor (('*' factor) | ('/' factor))*
    expression  ::= term (('+' term) | ('-' term))*

is approximated using facilities of Spirit's Qi sublibrary as seen in this code snippet:

    group       = '(' >> expression >> ')';
    factor      = integer | group;
    term        = factor >> *(('*' >> factor) | ('/' >> factor));
    expression  = term >> *(('+' >> term) | ('-' >> term));

Through the magic of expression templates, this is perfectly valid and executable C++ code. The production rule `expression` is, in fact, an object that has a member function `parse` that does the work given a source code written in the grammar that we have just declared. Yes, it's a calculator. We shall simplify for now by skipping the type declarations and the definition of the rule `integer` invoked by `factor`. Now, the production rule `expression` in our grammar specification, traditionally called the `start` symbol, can recognize inputs such as:

    12345
    -12345
    +12345
    1 + 2
    1 * 2
    1/2 + 3/4
    1 + 2 + 3 + 4
    1 * 2 * 3 * 4
    (1 + 2) * (3 + 4)
    (-1 + 2) * (3 + -4)
    1 + ((6 * 200) - 20) / 6
    (1 + (2 + (3 + (4 + 5))))

Certainly we have modified the original EBNF syntax. This is done to conform to C++ syntax rules. Most notably we see the abundance of shift >> operators. Since there are no 'empty' operators in C++, it is simply not possible to write something like:

    a b

as seen in math syntax, for example, to mean multiplication or, in our case, as seen in EBNF syntax to mean sequencing (b should follow a). Spirit.Qi uses the shift `>>` operator instead for this purpose. We take the `>>` operator, with arrows pointing to the right, to mean "is followed by". Thus we write:

    a >> b

The alternative operator `|` and the parentheses `()` remain as is. The assignment operator `=` is used in place of EBNF's `::=`. Last but not least, the Kleene star `*`, which in this case is a postfix operator in EBNF becomes a prefix. Instead of:

    a* //... in EBNF syntax,

we write:

    *a //... in Spirit.

since there are no postfix stars, `*`, in C/C++. Finally, we terminate each rule with the ubiquitous semi-colon, `;`.

#### A Quick Overview of Output Generation with Spirit.Karma

Spirit not only allows you to describe the structure of the input, it also enables the specification of the output format for your data in a similar way, and based on a single syntax and compatible semantics.

Let's assume we need to generate a textual representation from a simple data structure such as a `std::vector<int>`. Conventional code probably would look like:

    std::vector<int> v (initialize_and_fill());
    std::vector<int>::iterator end = v.end();
    for (std::vector<int>::iterator it = v.begin(); it != end; ++it)
        std::cout << *it << std::endl;

which is not very flexible and quite difficult to maintain when it comes to changing the required output format. Spirit's sublibrary Karma allows you to specify output formats for arbitrary data structures in a very flexible way. The following snippet is the Karma format description used to create the same output as the traditional code above:

    *(int_ << eol)

Here are some more examples of format descriptions for different output representations of the same `std::vector<int>`:

Table 2. Different output formats for `std::vector<int>`

Format | Example | Description
--- | --- | ---
`'[' << *(int_ << ',') << ']'` | `[1,8,10,]` | Comma separated list of integers
`*('(' << int_ << ')' << ',')` | `(1),(8),(10),` | Comma separated list of integers in parenthesis
`*hex` | `18a` | A list of hexadecimal numbers
`*(double_ << ',')` | `1.0,8.0,10.0,` | A list of floating point numbers

We will see later in this documentation how it is possible to avoid printing the trailing `','`.

Overall, the syntax is similar to Spirit.Qi with the exception that we use the `<<` operator for output concatenation. This should be easy to understand as it follows the conventions used in the Standard's I/O streams.

Another important feature of Spirit.Karma allows you to fully decouple the data type from the output format. You can use the same output format with different data types as long as these conform conceptually. The next table gives some related examples.

Table 3. Different data types usable with the output format `*(int_ << eol)`

Data type | Description
--- | ---
`int i[4]` | C style arrays
`std::vector<int>` | Standard vector
`std::list<int>` | Standard list
`boost::array<long, 20>` | Boost array

[2] ISO-EBNF