pie                 package:graphics                 R Documentation

_P_i_e _C_h_a_r_t_s

_D_e_s_c_r_i_p_t_i_o_n:

     Draw a pie chart.

_U_s_a_g_e:

     pie(x, labels = names(x), edges = 200, radius = 0.8,
         clockwise = FALSE, init.angle = if(clockwise) 90 else 0,
         density = NULL, angle = 45, col = NULL, border = NULL,
         lty = NULL, main = NULL, ...)

_A_r_g_u_m_e_n_t_s:

       x: a vector of non-negative numerical quantities. The values in
          'x' are displayed as the areas of pie slices.

  labels: one or more expressions or character strings giving names for
          the slices.  Other objects are coerced by 'as.graphicsAnnot'.
           For empty or 'NA' (after coercion to character) labels, no
          label nor pointing line is drawn.

   edges: the circular outline of the pie is approximated by a polygon
          with this many edges.

  radius: the pie is drawn centered in a square box whose sides range
          from -1 to 1.  If the character strings labeling the slices
          are long it may be necessary to use a smaller radius.

clockwise: logical indicating if slices are drawn clockwise or counter
          clockwise (i.e., mathematically positive direction), the
          latter is default.

init.angle: number specifying the _starting angle_ (in degrees) for the
          slices. Defaults to 0 (i.e., '3 o'clock') unless 'clockwise'
          is true where 'init.angle' defaults to 90 (degrees), (i.e.,
          '12 o'clock').

 density: the density of shading lines, in lines per inch. The default
          value of 'NULL' means that no shading lines are drawn.
          Non-positive values of 'density' also inhibit the drawing of
          shading lines.

   angle: the slope of shading lines, given as an angle in degrees
          (counter-clockwise).

     col: a vector of colors to be used in filling or shading the
          slices. If missing a set of 6 pastel colours is used, unless
          'density' is specified when 'par("fg")' is used.

border, lty: (possibly vectors) arguments passed to 'polygon' which
          draws each slice.

    main: an overall title for the plot.

     ...: graphical parameters can be given as arguments to 'pie'. 
          They will affect the main title and labels only.

_N_o_t_e:

     Pie charts are a very bad way of displaying information. The eye
     is good at judging linear measures and bad at judging relative
     areas.  A bar chart or dot chart is a preferable way of displaying
     this type of data.

     Cleveland (1985), page 264: "Data that can be shown by pie charts
     always can be shown by a dot chart.  This means that judgements of
     position along a common scale can be made instead of the less
     accurate angle judgements." This statement is based on the
     empirical investigations of Cleveland and McGill as well as
     investigations by perceptual psychologists.

_R_e_f_e_r_e_n_c_e_s:

     Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988) _The New S
     Language_. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.

     Cleveland, W. S. (1985) _The elements of graphing data_.
     Wadsworth: Monterey, CA, USA.

_S_e_e _A_l_s_o:

     'dotchart'.

_E_x_a_m_p_l_e_s:

     require(grDevices)
     pie(rep(1, 24), col = rainbow(24), radius = 0.9)

     pie.sales <- c(0.12, 0.3, 0.26, 0.16, 0.04, 0.12)
     names(pie.sales) <- c("Blueberry", "Cherry",
         "Apple", "Boston Cream", "Other", "Vanilla Cream")
     pie(pie.sales) # default colours
     pie(pie.sales,
         col = c("purple", "violetred1", "green3", "cornsilk", "cyan", "white"))
     pie(pie.sales, col = gray(seq(0.4,1.0,length=6)))
     pie(pie.sales, density = 10, angle = 15 + 10 * 1:6)
     pie(pie.sales, clockwise=TRUE, main="pie(*, clockwise=TRUE)")
     segments(0,0, 0,1, col= "red", lwd = 2)
     text(0,1, "init.angle = 90", col= "red")

     n <- 200
     pie(rep(1,n), labels="", col=rainbow(n), border=NA,
         main = "pie(*, labels=\"\", col=rainbow(n), border=NA,..")

