Singapore

§1. Singapore Introduction

Background:
  Founded as a British trading colony in 1819, Singapore joined Malaysia in
  1963, but withdrew two years later and became independent. It subsequently
  became one of the world's most prosperous countries, with strong
  international trading links (its port is one of the world's busiest) and
  with per capita GDP above that of the leading nations of Western Europe.

§2. Singapore Geography

Location:
  Southeastern Asia, islands between Malaysia and Indonesia

Geographic coordinates:
  1 22 N, 103 48 E

Map references:
  Southeast Asia

Area:
  total: 647.5 kmē
  land: 637.5 kmē
  water: 10 kmē

Area - comparative:
  slightly more than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
  0 km

Coastline:
  193 km

Maritime claims:
  exclusive fishing zone: within and beyond territorial sea, as defined in
    treaties and practice
  territorial sea: 3 NM

Climate:
  tropical; hot, humid, rainy; two distinct monsoon seasons - Northeastern
  monsoon from December to March and Southwestern monsoon from June to
  September; inter-monsoon - frequent afternoon and early evening
  thunderstorms

Terrain:
  lowland; gently undulating central plateau contains water catchment area
  and nature preserve

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Singapore Strait 0 m highest point: Bukit Timah 166 m

Natural resources:
  fish, deepwater ports

Land use:
  arable land: 2%
  permanent crops: 6%
  permanent pastures: 0%
  forests and woodland: 5%
  other: 87% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land:
  NA kmē

Natural hazards:
  NA

Environment - current issues:
  industrial pollution; limited natural fresh water resources; limited land
  availability presents waste disposal problems; seasonal smoke/haze
  resulting from forest fires in Indonesia

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
    Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
    Protection, Ship Pollution
  signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
  focal point for Southeast Asian sea routes

§3. Singapore People

Population:
  4,300,419 (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 17.89% (male 397,124; female 372,058)
  15-64 years: 75.16% (male 1,575,381; female 1,656,838)
  65 years and over: 6.95% (male 130,815; female 168,203) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:
  3.5% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:
  12.8 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:
  4.24 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:
  26.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  3.62 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 80.17 years male: 77.22 years
  female: 83.35 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  1.22 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  0.19% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  4,000 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  210 (1999 est.)

Nationality:
  noun: Singaporean(s)
  adjective: Singapore

Ethnic groups:
  Chinese 76.7%, Malay 14%, Indian 7.9%, other 1.4%

Religions:
  Buddhist (Chinese), Muslim (Malays), Christian, Hindu, Sikh, Taoist,
  Confucianist

Languages:
  Chinese (official), Malay (official and national), Tamil (official),
  English (official)

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 93.5%
  male: 97%
  female: 89.8% (1999)

§4. Singapore Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: Republic of Singapore
  conventional short form: Singapore

Government type:
  parliamentary republic

Capital:
  Singapore

Administrative divisions:
  none

Independence:
  9 August 1965 (from Malaysia)

National holiday:
  Independence Day, 9 August (1965)

Constitution:
  3 June 1959, amended 1965 (based on preindependence State of Singapore
  Constitution)

Legal system:
  based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
  21 years of age; universal and compulsory

Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Sellapan Rama (S. R.) NATHAN (since 1 September
    1999)
  head of government: Prime Minister GOH Chok Tong (since 28 November 1990)
    and Deputy Prime Ministers LEE Hsien Loong (since 28 November 1990) and
    Tony TAN Keng Yam (since 1 August 1995)
  cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president, responsible to Parliament
  elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term; election
    last held 28 August 1999 (next to be held NA August 2005); following
    legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of
    a majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the
    president; deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
  election results: Sellapan Rama (S. R.) NATHAN elected president unopposed

Legislative branch:
  unicameral Parliament (83 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve
  five-year terms)
  elections: last held 2 January 1997 (next to be held by 26 August 2002)
  election results: percent of vote by party - PAP 65% (in contested
    constituencies), other 35%; seats by party - PAP 81, WP 1, SPP 1; note -
    subsequent to the election, there was a change in the distribution of
    seats, the new distribution is as follows: PAP 80, WP 1, SPP 1, vacant 1

Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court (chief justice is appointed by the president with the advice
  of the prime minister, other judges are appointed by the president with the
  advice of the chief justice); Court of Appeals

Political parties and leaders:
  People's Action Party or PAP [GOH Chok Tong, secretary general] - the
  governing party; Singapore Democratic Party or SDP [CHEE Soon Juan];
  Singapore People's Party or SPP [CHIAM See Tong]; Workers' Party or WP [J.
  B. JEYARETNAM]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  NA

International organization participation:
  APEC, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, Australia Group (observer), BIS, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP,
  G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
  Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OPCW, PCA, UN, UN
  Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNIKOM, UNMEE, UNTAET, UPU, WHO,
  WIPO, WMO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador CHAN Heng Chee chancery: 3501 International
    Place NW, Washington, DC 20008
  telephone: [1] (202) 537-3100
  FAX: [1] (202) 537-0876
  consulate(s) general: Los Angeles, San Francisco
  consulate(s): New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant) embassy: 27 Napier Road, Singapore
    258508
  mailing address: PSC Box 470, FPO AP 96534-0001
  telephone: [65] 476-9100
  FAX: [65] 476-9340

Flag description:
  two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; near the hoist side of
  the red band, there is a vertical, white crescent (closed portion is toward
  the hoist side) partially enclosing five white five-pointed stars arranged
  in a circle

§5. Singapore Economy

Economy - overview:
  Singapore is blessed with a highly developed and successful free-market
  economy, a remarkably open and corruption-free business environment, stable
  prices, and the fifth highest per capita GDP in the world. Exports,
  particularly in electronics and chemicals, and services are the main
  drivers of the economy. Mainly because of robust exports, especially
  electronic goods, the economy grew 10.1% in 2000. Forecasters, however, are
  projecting only 4%-6% growth in 2001 largely because of weaker global
  demand, especially in the US. The government promotes high levels of
  savings and investment through a mandatory savings scheme and spends
  heavily in education and technology. It also owns government-linked
  companies (GLCs) - particularly in manufacturing - that operate as
  commercial entities. As Singapore looks to a future increasingly marked by
  globalization, the country is positioning itself as the region's financial
  and high-tech hub.

GDP:
  purchasing power parity - $109.8 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  10.1% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:
  purchasing power parity - $26,500 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: NEGL% industry: 30%
  services: 70%

Population below poverty line:
  NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  1.4% (2000)

Labor force:
  2.1 million (2000)

Labor force - by occupation:
  financial, business, and other services 35%, manufacturing 21%,
  construction 13%, transportation and communication 9%

Unemployment rate:
  3% (2000 est.)

Budget:
  revenues: $18.1 billion
  expenditures: $17.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $9.5 billion
    (FY99/00 est.)

Industries:
  electronics, chemicals, financial services, oil drilling equipment,
  petroleum refining, rubber processing and rubber products, processed food
  and beverages, ship repair, entrepot trade, biotechnology

Industrial production growth rate:
  14% (2000 est.)

Electricity - production:
  27.381 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:
  fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0%
  nuclear: 0%
  other: 0% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:
  25.464 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products:
  rubber, copra, fruit, orchids, vegetables; poultry, eggs, fish, ornamental
  fish

Exports:
  $137 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Exports - commodities:
  machinery and equipment (including electronics), chemicals, mineral fuels

Exports - partners:
  US 19%, Malaysia 17%, Hong Kong 8%, Japan 7%, Taiwan 5%, Thailand 4%, UK
  4%, Netherlands 3.8%, China 3%, South Korea 3%, Germany 3% (1999)

Imports:
  $127 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Imports - commodities:
  machinery and equipment, mineral fuels, chemicals, foodstuffs

Imports - partners:
  US 17%, Japan 17%, Malaysia 16%, Thailand 5%, China 5%, Taiwan 4%, Germany
  3%, Saudi Arabia 3% (1999)

Debt - external:
  $9.7 billion (2000)

Economic aid - recipient:
  $NA

Currency:
  Singapore dollar (SGD)

Currency code:
  SGD

Exchange rates:
  Singapore dollars per US dollar - 1.7365 (January 2001), 1.7240 (2000),
  1.6950 (1999), 1.6736 (1998), 1.4848 (1997), 1.4100 (1996)

Fiscal year:
  1 April - 31 March

§6. Singapore Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  1.928 million (November 2000)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  2.333 million (November 2000)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: major consideration given to serving business
    interests; excellent international service
  domestic: excellent domestic facilities
  international: submarine cables to Malaysia (Sabah and Peninsular
    Malaysia), Indonesia, and the Philippines; satellite earth stations - 2
    Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean), and 1 Inmarsat (Pacific
    Ocean region)

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 0, FM 16, shortwave 2 (1998)

Radios:
  2.6 million (2000)

Television broadcast stations:
  6 (2000)

Televisions:
  1.33 million (1997)

Internet country code:
  .sg

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
  9 (2000)

Internet users:
  1.74 million (2000)

§7. Singapore Transportation

Railways:
  total: 38.6 km
  narrow gauge: 38.6 km 1.000-m gauge
  note: there is a 83 km mass transit system with 48 stations

Highways:
  total: 3,150 km
  paved: 3,066 km (including 150 km of expressways)
  unpaved: 84 km (2000)

Waterways:
  none

Ports and harbors:
  Singapore

Merchant marine:
  total: 879 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,849,168 GRT/33,215,317 DWT
  ships by type: bulk 134, cargo 111, chemical tanker 63, combination bulk
    10, combination ore/oil 6, container 167, liquefied gas 28, livestock
    carrier 2, multi-functional large-load carrier 4, passenger 1, petroleum
    tanker 295, refrigerated cargo 7, roll on/roll off 7, short-sea passenger
    1, specialized tanker 10, vehicle carrier 33
  note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of
    convenience: Australia 1, Bermuda 12, Belgium 6, China 9, Denmark 29,
    Germany 8, Greece 1, Hong Kong 20, Indonesia 9, Japan 32, South Korea 3,
    Netherlands 2, Norway 9, Russia 1, Sweden 22, Thailand 22, Taiwan 17, UK
    3, US 10 (2000 est.)

Airports:
  9 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 9 over 3,047 m: 2
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
  914 to 1,523 m: 1
  under 914 m: 1 (2000 est.)

Heliports:
  1 (2000 est.)

§8. Singapore Military

Military branches:
  Army, Navy, Air Force, People's Defense Force, Police Force

Military manpower - availability:
  males age 15-49: 1,316,815 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
  males age 15-49: 959,636 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $5 billion (FY00/01 est.)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  4.5% (FY00/01 est.)

§9. Singapore Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  Pedra Branca Island (Pulau Batu Putih) disputed with Malaysia

Illicit drugs:
  as a transportation and financial services hub, Singapore is vulnerable,
  despite strict laws and enforcement, to use as a transit point for Golden
  Triangle heroin and as a venue for money laundering
