Niger

§1. Niger Introduction

Background:
  Not until 1993, 33 years after independence from France, did Niger hold its
  first free and open elections. A 1995 peace accord ended a five-year Tuareg
  insurgency in the north. Coups in 1996 and 1999 were followed by the
  creation of a National Reconciliation Council that effected a transition to
  civilian rule in December 1999.

§2. Niger Geography

Location:
  Western Africa, southeast of Algeria

Geographic coordinates:
  16 00 N, 8 00 E

Map references:
  Africa

Area:
  total: 1.267 million kmē
  land: 1,266,700 kmē
  water: 300 kmē

Area - comparative:
  slightly less than twice the size of Texas

Land boundaries:
  total: 5,697 km border countries: Algeria 956 km, Benin 266 km, Burkina
    Faso 628 km, Chad 1,175 km, Libya 354 km, Mali 821 km, Nigeria 1,497 km

Coastline:
  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
  none (landlocked)

Climate:
  desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south

Terrain:
  predominately desert plains and sand dunes; flat to rolling plains in
  south; hills in north

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Niger River 200 m highest point: Mont Greboun 1,944 m

Natural resources:
  uranium, coal, iron ore, tin, phosphates, gold, petroleum

Land use:
  arable land: 3%
  permanent crops: 0%
  permanent pastures: 7%
  forests and woodland: 2%
  other: 88% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land:
  660 kmē (1993 est.)

Natural hazards:
  recurring droughts

Environment - current issues:
  overgrazing; soil erosion; deforestation; desertification; wildlife
  populations (such as elephant, hippopotamus, giraffe, and lion) threatened
  because of poaching and habitat destruction

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
    Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban,
    Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea

Geography - note:
  landlocked

§3. Niger People

Population:
  10,355,156 (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 47.97% (male 2,528,484; female 2,439,051)
  15-64 years: 49.75% (male 2,518,400; female 2,633,677)
  65 years and over: 2.28% (male 123,589; female 111,955) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:
  2.72% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:
  50.68 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:
  22.71 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:
  -0.73 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 1.1 male(s)/female
  total population: 1 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  123.57 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 41.59 years male: 41.74 years
  female: 41.44 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  7.08 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  1.35% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  64,000 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  6,500 (1999 est.)

Nationality:
  noun: Nigerien(s)
  adjective: Nigerien

Ethnic groups:
  Hausa 56%, Djerma 22%, Fula 8.5%, Tuareg 8%, Beri Beri (Kanouri) 4.3%,
  Arab, Toubou, and Gourmantche 1.2%, about 1,200 French expatriates

Religions:
  Muslim 80%, remainder indigenous beliefs and Christians

Languages:
  French (official), Hausa, Djerma

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 13.6%
  male: 20.9%
  female: 6.6% (1995 est.)

§4. Niger Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: Republic of Niger
  conventional short form: Niger
  local long form: Republique du Niger
  local short form: Niger

Government type:
  republic

Capital:
  Niamey

Administrative divisions:
  7 departments (departements, singular - departement), and 1 capital
  district* (capitale district); Agadez, Diffa, Dosso, Maradi, Niamey*,
  Tahoua, Tillaberi, Zinder

Independence:
  3 August 1958 (from France)

National holiday:
  Republic Day, 18 December (1958)

Constitution:
  the constitution of January 1993 was revised by national referendum on 12
  May 1996 and again by referendum on 18 July 1999

Legal system:
  based on French civil law system and customary law; has not accepted
  compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Mamadou TANDJA (since 22 December 1999); note -
    the president is both chief of state and head of government
  head of government: President Mamadou TANDJA (since 22 December 1999); note
    - the president is both chief of state and head of government; Prime
    Minister Hama AMADOU (since 31 December 1999) was appointed by the
    president and shares some executive responsibilities with the president
  note: President Ibrahim BARE was assassinated on 9 April 1999; subsequent
    elections were held under the nine-month provisional government of Major
    Daouda Mallam WANKE
  cabinet: 23-member cabinet appointed by President TANDJA
  elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; last
    held 24 November 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)
  election results: Mamadou TANDJA elected president; percent of vote -
    Mamadou TANDJA 59.9%, Mahamadou ISSOUFOU 40.1%

Legislative branch:
  unicameral National Assembly (83 seats, members elected by popular vote for
  five-year terms)
  elections: last held 24 November 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)
  election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
    MNSD-Nassara 38, CDS-Rahama 17, PNDS-Tarayya 16, RDP-Jama'a 8,
    ANDPS-Zaman Lahiya 4

Judicial branch:
  State Court or Cour d'Etat; Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel

Political parties and leaders:
  Democratic Rally of the People-Jama'a or RDP-Jama'a [Hamid ALGABID];
  Democratic and Social Convention-Rahama or CDS-Rahama [Mahamane OUSMANE];
  National Movement for a Developing Society-Nassara or MNSD-Nassara [Mamadou
  TANDJA, chairman]; Nigerien Alliance for Democracy and Social
  Progress-Zaman Lahiya or ANDPS-Zaman Lahiya [Moumouni Adamou DJERMAKOYE];
  Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism-Tarayya or PNDS-Tarayya
  [Mahamadou ISSOUFOU]; Union of Democratic Patriots and Progressives-Chamoua
  or UPDP-Chamoua [Professor Andre' SALIFOU, chairman]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  NA

International organization participation:
  ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
  ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Intelsat,
  Interpol, IOC, ITU, MIPONUH, MONUC, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD,
  UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB, WAEMU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Joseph DIATTA chancery: 2204 R Street NW,
    Washington, DC 20008
  telephone: [1] (202) 483-4224 through 4227

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Charles O. CECIL embassy: Rue Des Ambassades,
    Niamey
  mailing address: B. P. 11201, Niamey
  telephone: [227] 72 26 61 through 72 26 64
  FAX: [227] 73 31 67

Flag description:
  three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with a small
  orange disk (representing the sun) centered in the white band; similar to
  the flag of India, which has a blue spoked wheel centered in the white band

§5. Niger Economy

Economy - overview:
  Niger is a poor, landlocked Sub-Saharan nation, whose economy centers on
  subsistence agriculture, animal husbandry, reexport trade, and increasingly
  less on uranium, because of declining world demand. The 50% devaluation of
  the West African franc in January 1994 boosted exports of livestock,
  cowpeas, onions, and the products of Niger's small cotton industry. The
  government relies on bilateral and multilateral aid - which was suspended
  following the April 1999 coup d'etat - for operating expenses and public
  investment. In 2000, the World Bank approved a structural adjustment loan
  of $35 million to help support fiscal reforms. However, reforms could prove
  difficult given the government's bleak financial situation.

GDP:
  purchasing power parity - $10 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  3.5% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:
  purchasing power parity - $1,000 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 40% industry: 18%
  services: 42% (1998)

Population below poverty line:
  63% (1993 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 0.8% highest 10%: 35.4% (1995)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  2.8% (2000 est.)

Labor force:
  70,000 receive regular wages or salaries

Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture 90%, industry and commerce 6%, government 4%

Unemployment rate:
  NA%

Budget:
  revenues: $377 million, including $146 million from foreign sources
  expenditures: $377 million, including capital expenditures of $105 million
    (1999 est.)

Industries:
  uranium mining, cement, brick, textiles, food processing, chemicals,
  slaughterhouses

Industrial production growth rate:
  NA%

Electricity - production:
  200 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:
  fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0%
  nuclear: 0%
  other: 0% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:
  401 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:
  215 million kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products:
  cowpeas, cotton, peanuts, millet, sorghum, cassava (tapioca), rice; cattle,
  sheep, goats, camels, donkeys, horses, poultry

Exports:
  $385 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Exports - commodities:
  uranium ore 65%, livestock products, cowpeas, onions (1998 est.)

Exports - partners:
  France 45%, Nigeria 27%, UK 11% (1999)

Imports:
  $317 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Imports - commodities:
  consumer goods, primary materials, machinery, vehicles and parts,
  petroleum, cereals

Imports - partners:
  France 22%, Cote d'Ivoire 15%, Nigeria 8%, US 3% (1999)

Debt - external:
  $1.3 billion (1999 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
  $341 million (1997) note: the IMF approved a $73 million poverty reduction
    and growth facility for Niger in 2000 and announced $115 million in debt
    relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative

Currency:
  Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority
  is the Central Bank of the West African States

Currency code:
  XOF

Exchange rates:
  Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 699.21
  (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997),
  511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XOF is pegged to the euro at
  a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro

Fiscal year:
  calendar year

§6. Niger Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  16,000 (1997)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  13,000 (1995)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: small system of wire, radio telephone communications,
    and microwave radio relay links concentrated in the southwestern area of
    Niger
  domestic: wire, radiotelephone communications, and microwave radio relay;
    domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations and 1 planned
  international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and
    1 Indian Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 5, FM 5, shortwave 4 (1998)

Radios:
  680,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
  10 (plus seven low-power repeaters) (1997)

Televisions:
  125,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
  .ne

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
  1 (2000)

Internet users:
  3,000 (2000)

§7. Niger Transportation

Railways:
  0 km

Highways:
  total: 10,100 km
  paved: 798 km
  unpaved: 9,302 km (1996)

Waterways:
  300 km
  note: the Niger River is navigable from Niamey to Gaya on the Benin
    frontier from mid-December through March

Ports and harbors:
  none

Airports:
  27 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 9 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 6
  under 914 m: 1 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 18 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
  914 to 1,523 m: 15
  under 914 m: 2 (2000 est.)

§8. Niger Military

Military branches:
  Army, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, Republican Guard, National Police

Military manpower - military age:
  18 years of age

Military manpower - availability:
  males age 15-49: 2,202,608 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
  males age 15-49: 1,190,787 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
  males: 108,993 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $20 million (FY96)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  1.1% (FY96)

§9. Niger Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  Libya claims about 19,400 kmē in northern Niger; delimitation of
  international boundaries in the vicinity of Lake Chad, the lack of which
  led to border incidents in the past, has been completed and awaits
  ratification by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria
