Lesotho

§1. Lesotho Introduction

Background:
  Basutoland was renamed the Kingdom of Lesotho upon independence from the UK
  in 1966. Constitutional government was restored in 1993 after 23 years of
  military rule.

§2. Lesotho Geography

Location:
  Southern Africa, an enclave of South Africa

Geographic coordinates:
  29 30 S, 28 30 E

Map references:
  Africa

Area:
  total: 30,355 kmē
  land: 30,355 kmē
  water: 0 kmē

Area - comparative:
  slightly smaller than Maryland

Land boundaries:
  total: 909 km border countries: South Africa 909 km

Coastline:
  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
  none (landlocked)

Climate:
  temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers

Terrain:
  mostly highland with plateaus, hills, and mountains

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: junction of the Orange and Makhaleng Rivers 1,400 m
  highest point: Thabana Ntlenyana 3,482 m

Natural resources:
  water, agricultural and grazing land, some diamonds and other minerals

Land use:
  arable land: 11%
  permanent crops: 0%
  permanent pastures: 66%
  forests and woodland: 0%
  other: 23% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land:
  30 kmē (1993 est.)

Natural hazards:
  periodic droughts

Environment - current issues:
  population pressure forcing settlement in marginal areas results in
  overgrazing, severe soil erosion, and soil exhaustion; desertification;
  Highlands Water Project controls, stores, and redirects water to South
  Africa

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
    Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer
    Protection
  signed, but not ratified: Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine
    Dumping

Geography - note:
  landlocked; surrounded by South Africa

§3. Lesotho People

Population:
  2,177,062
  note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects
    of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life
    expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and
    growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and
    sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 39.28% (male 430,147; female 424,994)
  15-64 years: 56.03% (male 588,440; female 631,404)
  65 years and over: 4.69% (male 43,033; female 59,044) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:
  1.49% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:
  31.24 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:
  15.7 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:
  -0.63 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.73 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  82.77 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 48.84 years male: 47.97 years
  female: 49.74 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  4.08 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  23.57% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  240,000 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  16,000 (1999 est.)

Nationality:
  noun: Mosotho (singular), Basotho (plural)
  adjective: Basotho

Ethnic groups:
  Sotho 99.7%, Europeans, Asians, and other 0.3%,

Religions:
  Christian 80%, indigenous beliefs 20%

Languages:
  Sesotho (southern Sotho), English (official), Zulu, Xhosa

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 83%
  male: 72%
  female: 93% (1999 est.)

§4. Lesotho Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: Kingdom of Lesotho
  conventional short form: Lesotho
  former: Basutoland

Government type:
  parliamentary constitutional monarchy

Capital:
  Maseru

Administrative divisions:
  10 districts; Berea, Butha-Buthe, Leribe, Mafeteng, Maseru, Mohales Hoek,
  Mokhotlong, Qacha's Nek, Quthing, Thaba-Tseka

Independence:
  4 October 1966 (from UK)

National holiday:
  Independence Day, 4 October (1966)

Constitution:
  2 April 1993

Legal system:
  based on English common law and Roman-Dutch law; judicial review of
  legislative acts in High Court and Court of Appeal; has not accepted
  compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
  chief of state: King LETSIE III (since 7 February 1996); note - King LETSIE
    III formerly occupied the throne from November 1990 to February 1995,
    while his father was in exile
  head of government: Prime Minister Pakalitha MOSISILI (since 23 May 1998)
  cabinet: Cabinet
  elections: none; according to the constitution, the leader of the majority
    party in the assembly automatically becomes prime minister; the monarch
    is hereditary, but, under the terms of the constitution which came into
    effect after the March 1993 election, the monarch is a "living symbol of
    national unity" with no executive or legislative powers; under
    traditional law the college of chiefs has the power to determine who is
    next in the line of succession, who shall serve as regent in the event
    that the successor is not of mature age, and may even depose the monarch

Legislative branch:
  bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (33 members - 22 principal
  chiefs and 11 other members appointed by the ruling party) and the Assembly
  (80 seats; members elected by popular vote for five-year terms); note -
  number of seats in the Assembly rose from 65 to 80 in the May 1998
  election; on 28 February 2001, the Senate approved expansion of the
  Assembly by a further 50 seats in the next election, which may be held as
  early as January 2002
  elections: last held 23 May 1998 (next to be held NA March 2001)
  election results: percent of vote by party - LCD 60.7%, BNP 24.5%, other
    14.8%; seats by party - LCD 79, BNP 1
  note: results contested; opposition parties claimed the election was
    fraudulent and staged a coup; Southern African Development Community
    (SADC) forces intervened in September 1998 and restored order; the
    Interim Political Authority (IPA) was set up in December 1998 to create a
    new electoral system and conduct new elections.

Judicial branch:
  High Court (chief justice appointed by the monarch); Court of Appeal;
  Magistrate's Court; customary or traditional court

Political parties and leaders:
  Basotho Congress Party or BCP [Tseliso MAKHAKHE]; Basotho National Party or
  BNP [Maj. Gen. Justine Metsing LEKHANYA]; Lesotho Congress for Democracy or
  LCD [Phebe MOTEBANO, chairwoman; Dr. Pakalitha MOSISILI, leader] - the
  governing party; United Democratic Party or UDP [Charles MOFELI];
  Marematlou Freedom Party or MFP and Setlamo Alliance [Vincent MALEBO];
  Progressive National Party or PNP [Chief Peete Nkoebe PEETE]; Sefate
  Democratic Party or SDP [Bofihla NKUEBE]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  NA

International organization participation:
  ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS,
  ILO, IMF, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, ISO (subscriber),
  ITU, NAM, OAU, OPCW, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU,
  WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Lebohang Kenneth MOLEKO chancery: 2511
    Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
  telephone: [1] (202) 797-5533 through 5536
  FAX: [1] (202) 234-6815

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Katherine H. PETERSON embassy: 254 Kingsway,
    Maseru West (Consular Section)
  mailing address: P. O. Box 333, Maseru 100, Lesotho
  telephone: [266] 312666
  FAX: [266] 310116

Flag description:
  divided diagonally from the lower hoist side corner; the upper half is
  white, bearing the brown silhouette of a large shield with crossed spear
  and club; the lower half is a diagonal blue band with a green triangle in
  the corner

§5. Lesotho Economy

Economy - overview:
  Small, landlocked, and mountainous, Lesotho's primary natural resource is
  water. Its economy is based on subsistence agriculture, livestock, and
  remittances from miners employed in South Africa. The number of such
  mineworkers has declined steadily over the past several years. A small
  manufacturing base depends largely on farm products that support the
  milling, canning, leather, and jute industries. Agricultural products are
  exported primarily to South Africa. Proceeds from membership in a common
  customs union with South Africa form the majority of government revenue.
  Although drought has decreased agricultural activity over the past few
  years, completion of a major hydropower facility in January 1998 now
  permits the sale of water to South Africa, generating royalties for
  Lesotho. The pace of substantial privatization has increased in recent
  years. In December 1999, the government embarked on a nine-month IMF
  staff-monitored program aimed at structural adjustment and stabilization of
  macroeconomic fundamentals. The government is in the process of applying
  for a three-year successor program with the IMF under its Poverty Reduction
  and Growth Facility.

GDP:
  purchasing power parity - $5.1 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  2.5% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:
  purchasing power parity - $2,400 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 18% industry: 38%
  services: 44% (1999)

Population below poverty line:
  49.2% (1999 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 0.9% highest 10%: 43.4% (1986-87)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  6% (2000 est.)

Labor force:
  700,000 economically active

Labor force - by occupation:
  86% of resident population engaged in subsistence agriculture; roughly 35%
  of the active male wage earners work in South Africa

Unemployment rate:
  45% (2000 est.)

Budget:
  revenues: $76 million
  expenditures: $80 million, including capital expenditures of $15 million
    (FY99/00 est.)

Industries:
  food, beverages, textiles, handicrafts; construction; tourism

Industrial production growth rate:
  15.5% (1999 est.)

Electricity - production:
  0 kWh; note - electricity supplied by South Africa (1999)

Electricity - production by source:
  fossil fuel: 0% hydro: 0%
  nuclear: 0%
  other: 0% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:
  55 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:
  55 million kWh note: electricity supplied by South Africa (1999)

Agriculture - products:
  corn, wheat, pulses, sorghum, barley; livestock

Exports:
  $175 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Exports - commodities:
  manufactures 75% (clothing, footwear, road vehicles), wool and mohair, food
  and live animals (1998)

Exports - partners:
  South African Customs Union 65%, North America 34% (1998)

Imports:
  $700 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Imports - commodities:
  food; building materials, vehicles, machinery, medicines, petroleum
  products (1995)

Imports - partners:
  South African Customs Union 90%, Asia 7% (1998)

Debt - external:
  $720 million (2000 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
  $123.7 million (1995)

Currency:
  loti (LSL); South African rand (ZAR)

Currency code:
  LSL; ZAR

Exchange rates:
  maloti per US dollar - 7.78307 (January 2001), 6.93983 (2000), 6.10948
  (1999), 5.52828 (1998), 4.60796 (1997), 4.29935 (1996); note - the Lesotho
  loti is at par with the South African rand which is also legal tender;
  maloti is the plural form of loti

Fiscal year:
  1 April - 31 March

§6. Lesotho Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  20,000 (1997)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  1,262 (1996)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: rudimentary system domestic: consists of a few
    landlines, a small microwave radio relay system, and a minor
    radiotelephone communication system
  international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios:
  104,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
  1 (2000)

Televisions:
  54,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
  .ls

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
  1 (2000)

Internet users:
  1,000 (2000)

§7. Lesotho Transportation

Railways:
  total: 2.6 km; note - owned by, operated by, and included in the statistics
    of South Africa
  narrow gauge: 2.6 km 1.067-m gauge (1995)

Highways:
  total: 4,955 km
  paved: 887 km
  unpaved: 4,068 km (1996)

Waterways:
  none

Ports and harbors:
  none

Airports:
  29 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 4 over 3,047 m: 1
  914 to 1,523 m: 1
  under 914 m: 2 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 25 914 to 1,523 m: 4
  under 914 m: 21 (2000 est.)

§8. Lesotho Military

Military branches:
  Lesotho Defense Force (LDF; includes Army and Air Wing), Royal Lesotho
  Mounted Police (RLMP)

Military manpower - availability:
  males age 15-49: 515,464 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
  males age 15-49: 277,369 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $34 million (1999)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  NA%

Military - note:
  The Lesotho Government in 1999 began an open debate on the future
  structure, size, and role of the armed forces, especially considering the
  Lesotho Defense Force's (LDF) history of intervening in political affairs.

§9. Lesotho Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  none
