Botswana

§1. Botswana Introduction

Background:
  Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new
  name upon independence in 1966. The economy, one of the most robust on the
  continent, is dominated by diamond mining.

§2. Botswana Geography

Location:
  Southern Africa, north of South Africa

Geographic coordinates:
  22 00 S, 24 00 E

Map references:
  Africa

Area:
  total: 600,370 kmē
  land: 585,370 kmē
  water: 15,000 kmē

Area - comparative:
  slightly smaller than Texas

Land boundaries:
  total: 4,013 km border countries: Namibia 1,360 km, South Africa 1,840 km,
    Zimbabwe 813 km

Coastline:
  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
  none (landlocked)

Climate:
  semiarid; warm winters and hot summers

Terrain:
  predominantly flat to gently rolling tableland; Kalahari Desert in
  southwest

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: junction of the Limpopo and Shashe Rivers 513 m
  highest point: Tsodilo Hills 1,489 m

Natural resources:
  diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal, iron ore, silver

Land use:
  arable land: 1%
  permanent crops: 0%
  permanent pastures: 46%
  forests and woodland: 47%
  other: 6% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land:
  20 kmē (1993 est.)

Natural hazards:
  periodic droughts; seasonal August winds blow from the west, carrying sand
  and dust across the country, which can obscure visibility

Environment - current issues:
  overgrazing; desertification; limited fresh water resources

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
    Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
    Protection, Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
  landlocked; population concentrated in eastern part of the country

§3. Botswana People

Population:
  1,586,119
  note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects
    of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life
    expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and
    growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and
    sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 40.3% (male 321,164; female 318,007)
  15-64 years: 55.56% (male 423,954; female 457,227)
  65 years and over: 4.14% (male 26,691; female 39,076) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:
  0.47% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:
  28.85 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:
  24.18 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  63.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 37.13 years male: 36.77 years
  female: 37.51 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  3.7 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  35.8% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  290,000 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  24,000 (1999 est.)

Nationality:
  noun: Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)
  adjective: Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)

Ethnic groups:
  Tswana (or Setswana) 79%, Kalanga 11%, Basarwa 3%, other, including
  Kgalagadi and white 7%

Religions:
  indigenous beliefs 50%, Christian 50%

Languages:
  English (official), Setswana

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 69.8%
  male: 80.5%
  female: 59.9% (1995 est.)

§4. Botswana Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: Republic of Botswana
  conventional short form: Botswana
  former: Bechuanaland

Government type:
  parliamentary republic

Capital:
  Gaborone

Administrative divisions:
  10 districts and four town councils*; Central, Chobe, Francistown*,
  Gaborone*, Ghanzi, Kgalagadi, Kgatleng, Kweneng, Lobatse*, Ngamiland,
  North-East, Selebi-Pikwe*, South-East, Southern

Independence:
  30 September 1966 (from UK)

National holiday:
  Independence Day, 30 September (1966)

Constitution:
  March 1965, effective 30 September 1966

Legal system:
  based on Roman-Dutch law and local customary law; judicial review limited
  to matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Festus MOGAE (since 1 April 1998) and Vice
    President Seretse Ian KHAMA (since 13 July 1998); note - the president is
    both the chief of state and head of government
  head of government: President Festus MOGAE (since 1 April 1998) and Vice
    President Seretse Ian KHAMA (since 13 July 1998); note - the president is
    both the chief of state and head of government
  cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
  elections: president elected by the National Assembly for a five-year term;
    election last held 16 October 1999 (next to be held NA October 2004);
    vice president appointed by the president
  election results: Festus MOGAE elected president; percent of National
    Assembly vote - 54.3%

Legislative branch:
  bicameral Parliament consists of the House of Chiefs (a largely advisory
  15-member body consisting of the chiefs of the eight principal tribes, four
  elected subchiefs, and three members selected by the other 12) and the
  National Assembly (44 seats, 40 members are directly elected by popular
  vote and 4 appointed by the majority party; members serve five-year terms)
  elections: National Assembly elections last held 16 October 1999 (next to
    be held NA October 2004)
  election results: percent of vote by party - BDP 57.2%, BNF 26%, other
    16.8%; seats by party - BDP 33, BNF 6, other 1

Judicial branch:
  High Court; Court of Appeal; Magistrates' Courts (one in each district)

Political parties and leaders:
  Botswana Democratic Party or BDP [Festus MOGAE]; Botswana National Front or
  BNF [Kenneth KOMA]; Botswana Congress Party or BCP [Michael DINGAKE];
  Botswana Alliance Movement or BAM [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO]
  note: main parties are: BDP, BNF, BCP; other minor parties joined forces in
    1999 to form the Botswana Alliance Movement or BAM [Ephraim SETSHWAELO,
    chairman] but did not capture any parliamentary seats; the BAM parties
    are: the United Action Party [Ephraim Lepetu SETSHWAELO], the Botswana
    Peoples Party, the Independence Freedom Party [Motsamai MPHO], and the
    Botswana Progressive Union [D. K. KWELE]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  NA

International organization participation:
  ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
  IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, OPCW, SACU,
  SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Kgosi SEEPAPITSO IV chancery: 1531-1533 New
    Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
  telephone: [1] (202) 244-4990
  FAX: [1] (202) 244-4164

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador John E. LANGE embassy: address NA, Gaborone
  mailing address: P. O. Box 90, Gaborone
  telephone: [267] 353982
  FAX: [267] 356947

Flag description:
  light blue with a horizontal white-edged black stripe in the center

§5. Botswana Economy

Economy - overview:
  Botswana has maintained one of the world's highest growth rates since
  independence in 1966. Through fiscal discipline and sound management,
  Botswana has transformed itself from one of the poorest countries in the
  world to a middle-income country with a per capita GDP of $6,600 in 2000.
  Diamond mining has fueled much of Botswana's economic expansion and
  currently accounts for more than one-third of GDP and for three-fourths of
  export earnings. Tourism, subsistence farming, and cattle raising are other
  key sectors. The government must deal with high rates of unemployment and
  poverty. Unemployment officially is 19%, but unofficial estimates place it
  closer to 40%. HIV/AIDS infection rates are the highest in the world and
  threaten Botswana's impressive economic gains.

GDP:
  purchasing power parity - $10.4 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  6% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:
  purchasing power parity - $6,600 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 4% industry: 46% (including 36% mining)
  services: 50% (1998 est.)

Population below poverty line:
  47% (2000 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  8.6% (2000 est.)

Labor force:
  235,000 formal sector employees (1995)

Labor force - by occupation:
  100,000 public sector; 135,000 private sector, including 14,300 who are
  employed in various mines in South Africa; most others engaged in cattle
  raising and subsistence agriculture (1995 est.)

Unemployment rate:
  40% (2000 est.)

Budget:
  revenues: $1.6 billion
  expenditures: $1.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $560 million
    (FY96)

Industries:
  diamonds, copper, nickel, coal, salt, soda ash, potash; livestock
  processing

Industrial production growth rate:
  6.2% (2000 est.)

Electricity - production:
  610 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:
  fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0%
  nuclear: 0%
  other: 0% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:
  1.517 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:
  950 million kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products:
  sorghum, corn, millet, pulses, groundnuts (peanuts), beans, cowpeas,
  sunflower seed; livestock

Exports:
  $2.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Exports - commodities:
  diamonds 72%, vehicles, copper, nickel, meat (1998)

Exports - partners:
  EU 77%, Southern African Customs Union (SACU) 18%, Zimbabwe 3% (1998)

Imports:
  $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Imports - commodities:
  foodstuffs, machinery and transport equipment, textiles, petroleum products

Imports - partners:
  Southern African Customs Union (SACU) 76%, Europe 10%, South Korea 5%
  (1998)

Debt - external:
  $455 million (2000)

Economic aid - recipient:
  $73 million (1995)

Currency:
  pula (BWP)

Currency code:
  BWP

Exchange rates:
  pulas per US dollar - 5.4585 (January 2001), 5.1018 (2000), 4.6244 (1999),
  4.2259 (1998), 3.6508 (1997), 3.3242 (1996)

Fiscal year:
  1 April - 31 March

§6. Botswana Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  86,000 (1997)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  NA

Telephone system:
  general assessment: sparse system domestic: small system of open-wire
    lines, microwave radio relay links, and a few radiotelephone
    communication stations
  international: two international exchanges; digital microwave radio relay
    links to Zambia, Zimbabwe, and South Africa; satellite earth station - 1
    Intelsat (Indian Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 7, FM 15, shortwave 5 (1998)

Radios:
  237,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
  0 (1997)

Televisions:
  31,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
  .bw

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
  3 (2000)

Internet users:
  12,000 (2000)

§7. Botswana Transportation

Railways:
  total: 888 km
  narrow gauge: 888 km 1.067-m gauge (2000)

Highways:
  total: 18,482 km
  paved: 4,343 km
  unpaved: 14,139 km (1996)

Waterways:
  none

Ports and harbors:
  none

Airports:
  92 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 11 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 8
  914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 81 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
  914 to 1,523 m: 56
  under 914 m: 22 (2000 est.)

§8. Botswana Military

Military branches:
  Botswana Defense Force (includes Army and Air Wing), Botswana National
  Police

Military manpower - military age:
  18 years of age

Military manpower - availability:
  males age 15-49: 380,152 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
  males age 15-49: 199,995 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
  males: 19,479 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $61 million (FY99)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  1.2% (FY99)

§9. Botswana Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  none
