Cambodia

§1. Cambodia Introduction

Background:
  Following a five-year struggle, communist Khmer Rouge forces captured Phnom
  Penh in 1975 and ordered the evacuation of all cities and towns; over 1
  million displaced people died from execution or enforced hardships. A 1978
  Vietnamese invasion drove the Khmer Rouge into the countryside and touched
  off 13 years of fighting. UN-sponsored elections in 1993 helped restore
  some semblance of normalcy, as did the rapid diminishment of the Khmer
  Rouge in the mid-1990s. A coalition government, formed after national
  elections in 1998, brought renewed political stability and the surrender of
  remaining Khmer Rouge forces.

§2. Cambodia Geography

Location:
  Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, between Thailand,
  Vietnam, and Laos

Geographic coordinates:
  13 00 N, 105 00 E

Map references:
  Southeast Asia

Area:
  total: 181,040 kmē
  land: 176,520 kmē
  water: 4,520 kmē

Area - comparative:
  slightly smaller than Oklahoma

Land boundaries:
  total: 2,572 km border countries: Laos 541 km, Thailand 803 km, Vietnam
    1,228 km

Coastline:
  443 km

Maritime claims:
  contiguous zone: 24 NM continental shelf: 200 NM
  exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
  territorial sea: 12 NM

Climate:
  tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to
  April); little seasonal temperature variation

Terrain:
  mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest and north

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Gulf of Thailand 0 m highest point: Phnum Aoral 1,810 m

Natural resources:
  timber, gemstones, some iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydropower
  potential

Land use:
  arable land: 13%
  permanent crops: 0%
  permanent pastures: 11%
  forests and woodland: 66%
  other: 10% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land:
  920 kmē (1993 est.)

Natural hazards:
  monsoonal rains (June to November); flooding; occasional droughts

Environment - current issues:
  illegal logging activities throughout the country and strip mining for gems
  in the western region along the border with Thailand have resulted in
  habitat loss and declining biodiversity (in particular, destruction of
  mangrove swamps threatens natural fisheries); soil erosion; in rural areas,
  a majority of the population does not have access to potable water; toxic
  waste delivery from Taiwan sparked unrest in Kampong Saom (Sihanoukville)
  in December 1998

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
    Species, Marine Life Conservation, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94,
    Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping

Geography - note:
  a land of paddies and forests dominated by the Mekong River and Tonle Sap

§3. Cambodia People

Population:
  12,491,501
  note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects
    of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life
    expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and
    growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and
    sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 41.25% (male 2,626,821; female 2,526,510)
  15-64 years: 55.28% (male 3,253,611; female 3,651,129)
  65 years and over: 3.47% (male 177,577; female 255,853) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:
  2.25% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:
  33.16 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:
  10.65 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 0.89 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  65.41 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 56.82 years male: 54.62 years
  female: 59.12 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  4.74 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  4.04% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  220,000 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  14,000 (1999 est.)

Nationality:
  noun: Cambodian(s)
  adjective: Cambodian

Ethnic groups:
  Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4%

Religions:
  Theravada Buddhist 95%, other 5%

Languages:
  Khmer (official) 95%, French, English

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 35%
  male: 48%
  female: 22% (1990 est.)

§4. Cambodia Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: Kingdom of Cambodia
  conventional short form: Cambodia
  local long form: Preahreacheanachakr Kampuchea
  local short form: Kampuchea
  former: Khmer Republic, Kampuchea Republic

Government type:
  multiparty liberal democracy under a constitutional monarchy established in
  September 1993

Capital:
  Phnom Penh

Administrative divisions:
  20 provinces (khett, singular and plural) and 4 municipalities* (krong,
  singular and plural); Banteay Mean Cheay, Batdambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong
  Chhnang, Kampong Spoe, Kampong Thum, Kampot, Kandal, Kaoh Kong, Keb*,
  Kracheh, Mondol Kiri, Otdar Mean Cheay, Pailin*, Phnum Penh*, Pouthisat,
  Preah Seihanu* (Sihanoukville), Preah Vihear, Prey Veng, Rotanah Kiri, Siem
  Reab, Stoeng Treng, Svay Rieng, Takev

Independence:
  9 November 1953 (from France)

National holiday:
  Independence Day, 9 November (1953)

Constitution:
  promulgated 21 September 1993

Legal system:
  primarily a civil law mixture of French-influenced codes from the United
  Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) period, royal decrees,
  and acts of the legislature, with influences of customary law and remnants
  of communist legal theory; increasing influence of common law in recent
  years

Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
  chief of state: King Norodom SIHANOUK (reinstated 24 September 1993)
  head of government: Prime Minister HUN SEN (since 30 November 1998)
  cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch
  elections: none; the monarch is chosen by a Royal Throne Council; prime
    minister appointed by the monarch after a vote of confidence by the
    National Assembly

Legislative branch:
  bicameral consists of the National Assembly (122 seats; members elected by
  popular vote to serve five-year terms) and the Senate (61 seats; two
  members appointed by the monarch, two elected by the National Assembly, and
  57 elected by "functional constituencies"; members serve five-year terms
  elections: National Assembly - last held 26 July 1998 (next to be held NA
    2003); Senate - last held 2 March 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)
  election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party - CPP 41%,
    FUNCINPEC 32%, SRP 14%, other 13%; seats by party - CPP 64, FUNCINPEC 43,
    SRP 15; Senate - seats by party - CPP 31, FUNCINPEC 21, SRP 7

Judicial branch:
  Supreme Council of the Magistracy (provided for in the constitution and
  formed in December 1997); Supreme Court (and lower courts) exercises
  judicial authority

Political parties and leaders:
  Buddhist Liberal Party or BLP [IENG MOULY]; Cambodian Pracheachon Party or
  Cambodian People's Party or CPP [CHEA SIM]; Khmer Citizen Party or KCP
  [NGUON SOEUR]; National United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful,
  and Cooperative Cambodia or FUNCINPEC [Prince NORODOM RANARIDDH]; Sam
  Rangsi Party or SRP (formerly Khmer Nation Party or KNP) [SAM RANGSI]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  NA

International organization participation:
  ACCT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA,
  IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol,
  IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (subscriber), ITU, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
  UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Roland ENG chancery: 4500 16th Street NW,
    Washington, DC 20011
  telephone: [1] (202) 726-7742
  FAX: [1] (202) 726-8381

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Kent M. WIEDEMANN embassy: 16-18 Mongkol lem
    St. 228, Phnom Penh
  mailing address: Box P, APO AP 96546
  telephone: [855] (23) 216-436
  FAX: [855] (23) 216-437

Flag description:
  three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (double width), and blue with a
  white three-towered temple representing Angkor Wat outlined in black in the
  center of the red band

§5. Cambodia Economy

Economy - overview:
  Cambodia's economy slowed dramatically in 1997-98 due to the regional
  economic crisis, civil violence, and political infighting. Foreign
  investment and tourism fell off. In 1999, the first full year of peace in
  30 years, progress was made on economic reforms and growth resumed at 4%.
  GDP growth for 2000 had been projected to reach 5.5%, but the worst
  flooding in 70 years severely damaged agricultural crops, and high oil
  prices hurt industrial production, and growth for the year is estimated at
  only 4%. Tourism is Cambodia's fastest growing industry, with arrivals up
  34% in 2000. The long-term development of the economy after decades of war
  remains a daunting challenge. The population lacks education and productive
  skills, particularly in the poverty-ridden countryside, which suffers from
  an almost total lack of basic infrastructure. Fear of renewed political
  instability and corruption within the government discourage foreign
  investment and delay foreign aid. On the brighter side, the government is
  addressing these issues with assistance from bilateral and multilateral
  donors.

GDP:
  purchasing power parity - $16.1 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  4% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:
  purchasing power parity - $1,300 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 43% industry: 20%
  services: 37% (1998 est.)

Population below poverty line:
  36% (1997 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 2.9% highest 10%: 33.8% (1997)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  1.6% (2000 est.)

Labor force:
  6 million (1998 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture 80% (1999 est.)

Unemployment rate:
  2.8% (1999 est.)

Budget:
  revenues: $363 million
  expenditures: $532 million, including capital expenditures of $225 million
    (2000 est.)

Industries:
  garments, tourism, rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products, rubber,
  cement, gem mining, textiles

Industrial production growth rate:
  NA%

Electricity - production:
  147 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:
  fossil fuel: 59.18% hydro: 40.82%
  nuclear: 0%
  other: 0% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:
  136.7 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products:
  rice, rubber, corn, vegetables

Exports:
  $942 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Exports - commodities:
  timber, garments, rubber, rice, fish

Exports - partners:
  Vietnam 18%, Thailand 15%, US 10%, Singapore 8%, China 5% (1997)

Imports:
  $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Imports - commodities:
  cigarettes, gold, construction materials, petroleum products, machinery,
  motor vehicles

Imports - partners:
  Thailand 16%, Vietnam 9%, Japan 7%, Hong Kong 5%, China 5% (1997)

Debt - external:
  $829 million (1999 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
  $548 million pledged in grants and concessional loans for 2001 by
  international donors

Currency:
  riel (KHR)

Currency code:
  KHR

Exchange rates:
  riels per US dollar - 3,909.0 (January 2001), 3,840.8 (2000), 3,807.8
  (1999), 3,744.4 (1998), 2,946.3 (1997), 2,624.1 (1996)

Fiscal year:
  calendar year

§6. Cambodia Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  21,800 (mid-1998)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  80,000 (2000)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: adequate landline and/or cellular service in Phnom Penh
    and other provincial cities; rural areas have little telephone service
  domestic: NA
  international: adequate but expensive landline and cellular service
    available to all countries from Phnom Penh and major provincial cities;
    satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region)

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 7, FM 3, shortwave 3 (1999)

Radios:
  1.34 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
  5 (1999)

Televisions:
  94,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
  .kh

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
  2 (2000)

Internet users:
  NA

§7. Cambodia Transportation

Railways:
  total: 603 km
  narrow gauge: 603 km 1.000-m gauge

Highways:
  total: 35,769 km
  paved: 4,165 km
  unpaved: 31,604 km (1997)

Waterways:
  3,700 km
  note: navigable all year to craft drawing 0.6 m or less; 282 km navigable
    to craft drawing as much as 1.8 m

Ports and harbors:
  Kampong Saom (Sihanoukville), Kampot, Krong Kaoh Kong, Phnom Penh

Merchant marine:
  total: 295 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,305,932 GRT/1,853,487 DWT
  ships by type: bulk 22, cargo 237, chemical tanker 1, combination bulk 3,
    container 8, liquefied gas 1, livestock carrier 2, multi-functional
    large-load carrier 1, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 7, refrigerated
    cargo 6, roll on/roll off 5, short-sea passenger 1
  note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of
    convenience: Cyprus 3, South Korea 1, Malta 1, Panama 1, Russia 1,
    Singapore 1 (2000 est.)

Airports:
  19 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 6 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
  914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 13 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
  914 to 1,523 m: 11 (2000 est.)

Heliports:
  3 (2000 est.)

§8. Cambodia Military

Military branches:
  Royal Cambodian Armed Forces (RCAF), including Army, Navy, and Air Force -
  created in 1993 by the merger of the Cambodian People's Armed Forces and
  the two noncommunist resistance armies
  note: Khmer Rouge and royalist insurgent forces were integrated into the
    RCAF in 1999

Military manpower - military age:
  18 years of age

Military manpower - availability:
  males age 15-49: 2,877,137 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
  males age 15-49: 1,610,761 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
  males: 162,643 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $112 million (FY01 est.)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  3% (FY01 est.)

§9. Cambodia Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  portions of boundary with Vietnam are disputed; parts of border with
  Thailand are indefinite

Illicit drugs:
  possible money laundering; narcotics-related corruption reportedly
  involving some in the government, military, and police; possible
  small-scale opium, heroin, and amphetamine production; large producer of
  cannabis for the international market
