Jamaica

§1. Jamaica Introduction

Background:
  Jamaica gained full independence within the British Commonwealth in 1962.
  Deteriorating economic conditions during the 1970s led to recurrent
  violence and a dropoff in tourism. Elections in 1980 saw the democratic
  socialists voted out of office. Subsequent governments have been open
  market oriented. Political violence marred elections during the 1990s.

§2. Jamaica Geography

Location:
  Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, south of Cuba

Geographic coordinates:
  18 15 N, 77 30 W

Map references:
  Central America and the Caribbean

Area:
  total: 10,990 kmē
  land: 10,830 kmē
  water: 160 kmē

Area - comparative:
  slightly smaller than Connecticut

Land boundaries:
  0 km

Coastline:
  1,022 km

Maritime claims:
  measured from claimed archipelagic baselines contiguous zone: 24 NM
  continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
  exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
  territorial sea: 12 NM

Climate:
  tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior

Terrain:
  mostly mountains, with narrow, discontinuous coastal plain

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m highest point: Blue Mountain Peak 2,256 m

Natural resources:
  bauxite, gypsum, limestone

Land use:
  arable land: 14%
  permanent crops: 6%
  permanent pastures: 24%
  forests and woodland: 17%
  other: 39% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land:
  350 kmē (1993 est.)

Natural hazards:
  hurricanes (especially July to November)

Environment - current issues:
  heavy rates of deforestation; coastal waters polluted by industrial waste,
  sewage, and oil spills; damage to coral reefs; air pollution in Kingston
  results from vehicle emissions

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
    Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
    Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
    Pollution, Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
  strategic location between Cayman Trench and Jamaica Channel, the main sea
  lanes for Panama Canal

§3. Jamaica People

Population:
  2,665,636 (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 29.7% (male 405,189; female 386,555)
  15-64 years: 63.52% (male 845,226; female 847,944)
  65 years and over: 6.78% (male 80,667; female 100,055) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:
  0.51% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:
  18.12 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:
  5.48 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:
  -7.52 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female
  total population: 1 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  14.16 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 75.42 years male: 73.45 years
  female: 77.49 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  2.08 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  0.71% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  9,900 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  650 (1999 est.)

Nationality:
  noun: Jamaican(s)
  adjective: Jamaican

Ethnic groups:
  black 90.9%, East Indian 1.3%, white 0.2%, Chinese 0.2%, mixed 7.3%, other
  0.1%

Religions:
  Protestant 61.3% (Church of God 21.2%, Baptist 8.8%, Anglican 5.5%,
  Seventh-Day Adventist 9%, Pentecostal 7.6%, Methodist 2.7%, United Church
  2.7%, Brethren 1.1%, Jehovah's Witness 1.6%, Moravian 1.1%), Roman Catholic
  4%, other, including some spiritual cults 34.7%

Languages:
  English, Creole

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school
  total population: 85%
  male: 80.8%
  female: 89.1% (1995 est.)

§4. Jamaica Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: none
  conventional short form: Jamaica

Government type:
  constitutional parliamentary democracy

Capital:
  Kingston

Administrative divisions:
  14 parishes; Clarendon, Hanover, Kingston, Manchester, Portland, Saint
  Andrew, Saint Ann, Saint Catherine, Saint Elizabeth, Saint James, Saint
  Mary, Saint Thomas, Trelawny, Westmoreland

Independence:
  6 August 1962 (from UK)

National holiday:
  Independence Day, first Monday in August (1962)

Constitution:
  6 August 1962

Legal system:
  based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
  chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by
    Governor General Sir Howard Felix COOKE (since 1 August 1991)
  head of government: Prime Minister Percival James PATTERSON (since 30 March
    1992) and Deputy Prime Minister Seymour MULLINGS (since NA 1993)
  cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the
    prime minister
  elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by
    the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; prime minister
    and deputy prime minister appointed by the governor general

Legislative branch:
  bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (a 21-member body appointed by
  the governor general on the recommendations of the prime minister and the
  leader of the opposition; ruling party is allocated 13 seats, and the
  opposition is allocated eight seats) and the House of Representatives (60
  seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
  elections: last held 18 December 1997 (next to be held by March 2002)
  election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PNP 50,
    JLP 10

Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court (judges appointed by the governor general on the advice of
  the prime minister); Court of Appeal

Political parties and leaders:
  Jamaica Labor Party or JLP [Edward SEAGA]; National Democratic Movement or
  NDM [Bruce GOLDING]; People's National Party or PNP [Percival James
  PATTERSON]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  New Beginnings Movement or NBM; Rastafarians (black religious/racial
  cultists, pan-Africanists)

International organization participation:
  ACP, C, Caricom, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD,
  ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO (pending member), ILO, IMF, IMO,
  Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAES, NAM, OAS, OPANAL,
  OPCW, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,
  WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Richard Leighton BERNAL chancery: 1520 New
    Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
  telephone: [1] (202) 452-0660
  FAX: [1] (202) 452-0081
  consulate(s) general: Miami and New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Stanley Louis MCLELLAND embassy: Jamaica
    Mutual Life Center, 2 Oxford Road, 3rd floor, Kingston 5
  mailing address: use embassy street address
  telephone: [1] (876) 929-4850 through 4859
  FAX: [1] (876) 926-6743

Flag description:
  diagonal yellow cross divides the flag into four triangles - green (top and
  bottom) and black (hoist side and outer side)

§5. Jamaica Economy

Economy - overview:
  Key sectors in this island economy are bauxite (alumina and bauxite account
    for more than half of exports) and tourism. Since assuming office in
    1992, Prime Minister PATTERSON has eliminated most price controls,
    streamlined tax schedules, and privatized government enterprises.
    Continued tight monetary and fiscal policies have helped slow inflation -
    although inflationary pressures are mounting - and stabilize the exchange
    rate, but have resulted in the slowdown of economic growth (moving from
    1.5% in 1992 to 0.5% in 1995). In 1996, GDP showed negative growth
    (-1.4%) and remained negative through 1999. Serious problems include:
    high interest rates; increased foreign competition; the weak financial
    condition of business in general resulting in receiverships or closures
    and downsizings of companies; the shift in investment portfolios to
    non-productive, short-term high yield instruments; a pressured, sometimes
    sliding, exchange rate; a widening merchandise trade deficit; and a
    growing internal debt for government bailouts to various ailing sectors
    of the economy, particularly the financial sector. Depressed economic
    conditions in 1999-2000 led to increased civil unrest, including a
    mounting crime rate. Jamaica's medium-term prospects will depend upon
    encouraging investment in the productive sectors, maintaining a
    competitive exchange rate, stabilizing the labor environment, selling off
    reacquired firms, and implementing proper fiscal and monetary policies.

GDP:
  purchasing power parity - $9.7 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  0.2% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:
  purchasing power parity - $3,700 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 7.4% industry: 35.2%
  services: 57.4% (1999 est.)

Population below poverty line:
  34.2% (1992 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 2.9% highest 10%: 28.9% (1996)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  8.8% (2000 est.)

Labor force:
  1.13 million (1998)

Labor force - by occupation:
  services 60%, agriculture 21%, industry 19% (1998)

Unemployment rate:
  16% (2000 est.)

Budget:
  revenues: $2.23 billion
  expenditures: $2.56 billion, including capital expenditures of $232.5
    million (FY99/00 est.)

Industries:
  tourism, bauxite, textiles, food processing, light manufactures, rum,
  cement, metal, paper, chemical products

Industrial production growth rate:
  -2% (2000 est.)

Electricity - production:
  6.53 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:
  fossil fuel: 92.28% hydro: 1.36%
  nuclear: 0%
  other: 6.36% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:
  6.073 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products:
  sugarcane, bananas, coffee, citrus, potatoes, vegetables; poultry, goats,
  milk

Exports:
  $1.7 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Exports - commodities:
  alumina, bauxite; sugar, bananas, rum

Exports - partners:
  US 35.7%, EU (excluding UK) 15.8%, UK 13%, Canada 10.5% (1999)

Imports:
  $3 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Imports - commodities:
  machinery and transport equipment, construction materials, fuel, food,
  chemicals, fertilizers

Imports - partners:
  US 47.8%, Caricom countries 12.4%, Latin America 7.2%, EU (excluding UK)
  4.7% (1999)

Debt - external:
  $4.7 billion (2000 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
  $102.7 million (1995)

Currency:
  Jamaican dollar (JMD)

Currency code:
  JMD

Exchange rates:
  Jamaican dollars per US dollar - 45.557 (January 2001), 42.701 (2000),
  39.044 (1999), 36.550 (1998), 35.404 (1997), 37.120 (1996)

Fiscal year:
  1 April - 31 March

§6. Jamaica Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  353,000 (1996)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  54,640 (1996)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: fully automatic domestic telephone network
  domestic: NA
  international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); 3
    coaxial submarine cables

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 10, FM 13, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
  1.215 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
  7 (1997)

Televisions:
  460,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
  .jm

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
  21 (2000)

Internet users:
  60,000 (2000)

§7. Jamaica Transportation

Railways:
  total: 370 km
  standard gauge: 370 km 1.435-m gauge; note - 207 km belong to the Jamaica
    Railway Corporation in common carrier service, but are no longer
    operational; the remaining track is privately owned and used to transport
    bauxite

Highways:
  total: 19,000 km
  paved: 13,433 km
  unpaved: 5,567 km (1997)

Waterways:
  none

Pipelines:
  petroleum products 10 km

Ports and harbors:
  Alligator Pond, Discovery Bay, Kingston, Montego Bay, Ocho Rios, Port
  Antonio, Rocky Point, Port Esquivel (Longswharf)

Merchant marine:
  total: 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,930 GRT/3,065 DWT
  ships by type: petroleum tanker 1 (2000 est.)

Airports:
  35 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 11 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
  914 to 1,523 m: 3
  under 914 m: 5 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 24 914 to 1,523 m: 2
  under 914 m: 22 (2000 est.)

§8. Jamaica Military

Military branches:
  Jamaica Defense Force (includes Ground Forces, Coast Guard, and Air Wing),
  Jamaica Constabulary Force

Military manpower - military age:
  18 years of age

Military manpower - availability:
  males age 15-49: 736,627 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
  males age 15-49: 517,077 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
  males: 27,729 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $30 million (FY95/96 est.)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  NA%

§9. Jamaica Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  none

Illicit drugs:
  major transshipment point for cocaine from South America to North America
  and Europe; illicit cultivation of cannabis; government has an active
  manual cannabis eradication program; corruption is a major concern
