Kiribati

§1. Kiribati Introduction

Background:
  The Gilbert Islands were granted self-rule by the UK in 1971 and complete
  independence in 1979 under the new name of Kiribati. The US relinquished
  all claims to the sparsely inhabited Phoenix and Line Island groups in a
  1979 treaty of friendship with Kiribati.

§2. Kiribati Geography

Location:
  Oceania, group of islands in the Pacific Ocean, straddling the equator,
  about one-half of the way from Hawaii to Australia; note - on 1 January
  1995, Kiribati proclaimed that all of its territory lies in the same time
  zone as its Gilbert Islands group (GMT +12) even though the Phoenix Islands
  and the Line Islands under its jurisdiction lie on the other side of the
  International Date Line

Geographic coordinates:
  1 25 N, 173 00 E

Map references:
  Oceania

Area:
  total: 717 kmē
  land: 717 kmē
  water: 0 kmē
  note: includes three island groups - Gilbert Islands, Line Islands, Phoenix
    Islands

Area - comparative:
  four times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
  0 km

Coastline:
  1,143 km

Maritime claims:
  exclusive economic zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 12 NM

Climate:
  tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds

Terrain:
  mostly low-lying coral atolls surrounded by extensive reefs

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed location on Banaba
    81 m

Natural resources:
  phosphate (production discontinued in 1979)

Land use:
  arable land: 0%
  permanent crops: 51%
  permanent pastures: 0%
  forests and woodland: 3%
  other: 46% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land:
  NA kmē

Natural hazards:
  typhoons can occur any time, but usually November to March; occasional
  tornadoes; low level of some of the islands make them very sensitive to
  changes in sea level

Environment - current issues:
  heavy pollution in lagoon of south Tarawa atoll due to heavy migration
  mixed with traditional practices such as lagoon latrines and open-pit
  dumping; ground water at risk

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
    Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection
  signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
  20 of the 33 islands are inhabited; Banaba (Ocean Island) in Kiribati is
  one of the three great phosphate rock islands in the Pacific Ocean - the
  others are Makatea in French Polynesia, and Nauru

§3. Kiribati People

Population:
  94,149 (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 40.53% (male 19,322; female 18,833)
  15-64 years: 56.27% (male 26,136; female 26,841)
  65 years and over: 3.2% (male 1,291; female 1,726) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:
  2.31% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:
  31.98 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:
  8.88 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  54 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 60.16 years male: 57.25 years
  female: 63.22 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  4.36 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  NA%

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  NA

Nationality:
  noun: I-Kiribati (singular and plural)
  adjective: I-Kiribati

Ethnic groups:
  predominantly Micronesian with some Polynesian

Religions:
  Roman Catholic 54%, Protestant (Congregational) 30%, some Seventh-Day
  Adventist, Baha'i, Latter-day Saints, and Church of God (1996)

Languages:
  English (official), I-Kiribati

Literacy:
  definition: NA
  total population: NA%
  male: NA%
  female: NA%

§4. Kiribati Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: Republic of Kiribati
  conventional short form: Kiribati
  note: pronounced kir-ih-bahss
  former: Gilbert Islands

Government type:
  republic

Capital:
  Tarawa

Administrative divisions:
  3 units; Gilbert Islands, Line Islands, Phoenix Islands; note - in
  addition, there are 6 districts (Banaba, Central Gilberts, Line Islands,
  Northern Gilberts, Southern Gilberts, Tarawa) and 21 island councils - one
  for each of the inhabited islands (Abaiang, Abemama, Aranuka, Arorae,
  Banaba, Beru, Butaritari, Kanton, Kiritimati, Kuria, Maiana, Makin,
  Marakei, Nikunau, Nonouti, Onotoa, Tabiteuea, Tabuaeran, Tamana, Tarawa,
  Teraina)

Independence:
  12 July 1979 (from UK)

National holiday:
  Independence Day, 12 July (1979)

Constitution:
  12 July 1979

Legal system:
  NA

Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Teburoro TITO (since 1 October 1994); Vice
    President Tewareka TENTOA (since 12 October 1994); note - the president
    is both the chief of state and head of government
  head of government: President Teburoro TITO (since 1 October 1994); Vice
    President Tewareka TENTOA (since 12 October 1994); note - the president
    is both the chief of state and head of government
  cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members of the
    House of Assembly, includes the president, vice president, attorney
    general, and up to eight other ministers
  elections: the House of Assembly chooses the presidential candidates from
    among their members and then those candidates compete in a general
    election; president is elected by popular vote for a four-year term;
    election last held 27 November 1998 (next to be held by NA November
    2002); vice president appointed by the president
  election results: Teburoro TITO reelected president; percent of vote -
    Teburoro TITO 52.3%, Dr. Harry TONG 45.8%, Amberoti NIKORA 1.9%,
    Taberannang TIMEON 0%

Legislative branch:
  unicameral House of Assembly or Maneaba Ni Maungatabu (41 seats; 39 elected
  by popular vote, one ex officio member, and one nominated to represent
  Banaba; members serve four-year terms)
  elections: last held 23 September 1998 (next to be held by NA September
    2002)
  election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Maneaban
    Te Mauri Party 14, National Progressive Party 11, independents 14

Judicial branch:
  Court of Appeal; High Court; 26 Magistrates' courts; judges at all levels
  are appointed by the president

Political parties and leaders:
  Maneaban Te Mauri Party [Teburoro TITO]; National Progressive Party [Teatao
    TEANNAKI] note: there is no tradition of formally organized political
    parties in Kiribati; they more closely resemble factions or interest
    groups because they have no party headquarters, formal platforms, or
    party structures

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  NA

International organization participation:
  ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, FAO, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO,
  IMF, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), ITU, OPCW, Sparteca, SPC, SPF, UN,
  UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WTrO (applicant)

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  Kiribati does not have an embassy in the US; there is an honorary consulate
  in Honolulu

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  the US does not have an embassy in Kiribati; the ambassador to the Marshall
  Islands is accredited to Kiribati

Flag description:
  the upper half is red with a yellow frigate bird flying over a yellow
  rising sun, and the lower half is blue with three horizontal wavy white
  stripes to represent the ocean

§5. Kiribati Economy

Economy - overview:
  A remote country of 33 scattered coral atolls, Kiribati has few national
  resources. Commercially viable phosphate deposits were exhausted at the
  time of independence from the UK in 1979. Copra and fish now represent the
  bulk of production and exports. The economy has fluctuated widely in recent
  years. Economic development is constrained by a shortage of skilled
  workers, weak infrastructure, and remoteness from international markets.
  Tourism provides more than one-fifth of GDP. The financial sector is at an
  early stage of development as is the expansion of private sector
  initiatives. Foreign financial aid, largely from the UK and Japan, is a
  critical supplement to GDP, equal to 25%-50% of GDP in recent years.
  Remittances from workers abroad account for more than $5 million each year.
  Performance in 2000 fell short of the 2.5% growth in 1999, which benefited
  from increased copra production and exceptionally large revenues from
  fishing licenses.

GDP:
  purchasing power parity - $76 million (2000 est.), supplemented by a nearly
  equal amount from external sources

GDP - real growth rate:
  1% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:
  purchasing power parity - $850 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 14% industry: 7%
  services: 79% (1996 est.)

Population below poverty line:
  NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  2% (1999 est.)

Labor force:
  7,870 economically active, not including subsistence farmers (1985 est.)

Unemployment rate:
  2%; underemployment 70% (1992 est.)

Budget:
  revenues: $33.3 million
  expenditures: $47.7 million, including capital expenditures of $NA million
    (1996 est.)

Industries:
  fishing, handicrafts

Industrial production growth rate:
  0.7% (1992 est.)

Electricity - production:
  7 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:
  fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0%
  nuclear: 0%
  other: 0% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:
  6.5 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products:
  copra, taro, breadfruit, sweet potatoes, vegetables; fish

Exports:
  $6 million (f.o.b., 1998)

Exports - commodities:
  copra 62%, coconuts, seaweed, fish

Exports - partners:
  Bangladesh, Australia, US, Hong Kong (1999)

Imports:
  $44 million (c.i.f., 1999)

Imports - commodities:
  foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, miscellaneous manufactured goods, fuel

Imports - partners:
  Australia, Fiji, Japan, NZ, China (1999)

Debt - external:
  $10 million (1999 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
  $15.5 million (1995), largely from UK and Japan

Currency:
  Australian dollar (AUD)

Currency code:
  AUD

Exchange rates:
  Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.7995 (January 2001), 1.7173 (2000),
  1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439 (1997), 1.2773 (1996)

Fiscal year:
  NA

§6. Kiribati Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  2,000 (1997)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  NA

Telephone system:
  general assessment: NA domestic: NA
  international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)
  note: Kiribati is being linked to the Pacific Ocean Cooperative
    Telecommunications Network, which should improve telephone service

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios:
  17,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
  1 (1997)

Televisions:
  1,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
  .ki

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
  1 (2000)

Internet users:
  1,000 (2000)

§7. Kiribati Transportation

Railways:
  0 km

Highways:
  total: 670 km (1996)
  paved: NA km
  unpaved: NA km

Waterways:
  5 km (small network of canals in Line Islands)

Ports and harbors:
  Banaba, Betio, English Harbor, Kanton

Merchant marine:
  total: 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,291 GRT/1,295 DWT
  ships by type: passenger/cargo 1 (2000 est.)

Airports:
  21 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 4 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 17 914 to 1,523 m: 12
  under 914 m: 5 (2000 est.)

§8. Kiribati Military

Military branches:
  no regular military forces; Police Force (carries out law enforcement
  functions and paramilitary duties; small police posts are on all islands)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $NA

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  NA%

Military - note:
  Kiribati does not have military forces; defense assistance is provided by
  Australia and NZ

§9. Kiribati Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  none
