Norway

§1. Norway Introduction

Background:
  Despite its neutrality, Norway was not able to avoid occupation by Germany
  in World War II. In 1949, neutrality was abandoned and Norway became a
  member of NATO. Discovery of oil and gas in adjacent waters in the late
  1960s boosted Norway's economic fortunes. The current focus is on
  containing spending on the extensive welfare system and planning for the
  time when petroleum reserves are depleted. In referenda held in 1972 and
  1994, Norway rejected joining the EU.

§2. Norway Geography

Location:
  Northern Europe, bordering the North Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, west
  of Sweden

Geographic coordinates:
  62 00 N, 10 00 E

Map references:
  Europe

Area:
  total: 324,220 kmē
  land: 307,860 kmē
  water: 16,360 kmē

Area - comparative:
  slightly larger than New Mexico

Land boundaries:
  total: 2,515 km border countries: Finland 729 km, Sweden 1,619 km, Russia
    167 km

Coastline:
  21,925 km (includes mainland 3,419 km, large islands 2,413 km, long fjords,
  numerous small islands, and minor indentations 16,093 km)

Maritime claims:
  contiguous zone: 10 NM continental shelf: 200 NM
  exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
  territorial sea: 4 NM

Climate:
  temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior
  with increased precipitation and colder summers causing glaciers to grow;
  rainy year-round on west coast

Terrain:
  glaciated; mostly high plateaus and rugged mountains broken by fertile
  valleys; small, scattered plains; coastline deeply indented by fjords;
  arctic tundra in north

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Norwegian Sea 0 m highest point: Galdhopiggen 2,469 m

Natural resources:
  petroleum, copper, natural gas, pyrites, nickel, iron ore, zinc, lead,
  fish, timber, hydropower

Land use:
  arable land: 3%
  permanent crops: 0%
  permanent pastures: 0%
  forests and woodland: 27%
  other: 70% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land:
  970 kmē (1993 est.)

Natural hazards:
  rockslides, avalanches

Environment - current issues:
  water pollution; acid rain damaging forests and adversely affecting lakes,
  threatening fish stocks; air pollution from vehicle emissions

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
    Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air
    Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
    Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,
    Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
    Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
    Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone
    Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
    Wetlands, Whaling
  signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Climate
    Change-Kyoto Protocol

Geography - note:
  about two-thirds mountains; some 50,000 islands off its much indented
  coastline; strategic location adjacent to sea lanes and air routes in North
  Atlantic; one of most rugged and longest coastlines in world; Norway is the
  only NATO member having a land boundary with Russia

§3. Norway People

Population:
  4,503,440 (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 19.99% (male 462,673; female 437,514)
  15-64 years: 64.91% (male 1,482,346; female 1,440,832)
  65 years and over: 15.1% (male 282,307; female 397,768) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:
  0.49% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:
  12.6 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:
  9.83 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:
  2.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  3.94 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 78.79 years male: 75.87 years
  female: 81.92 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  1.81 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  less than 100 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  1,600 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  8 (1999)

Nationality:
  noun: Norwegian(s)
  adjective: Norwegian

Ethnic groups:
  Norwegian (Nordic, Alpine, Baltic), Sami 20,000

Religions:
  Evangelical Lutheran 86% (state church), other Protestant and Roman
  Catholic 3%, other 1%, none and unknown 10% (1997)

Languages:
  Norwegian (official)
  note: small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 100%
  male: NA%
  female: NA%

§4. Norway Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: Kingdom of Norway
  conventional short form: Norway
  local long form: Kongeriket Norge
  local short form: Norge

Government type:
  constitutional monarchy

Capital:
  Oslo

Administrative divisions:
  19 provinces (fylker, singular - fylke); Akershus, Aust-Agder, Buskerud,
  Finnmark, Hedmark, Hordaland, More og Romsdal, Nordland, Nord-Trondelag,
  Oppland, Oslo, Ostfold, Rogaland, Sogn og Fjordane, Sor-Trondelag,
  Telemark, Troms, Vest-Agder, Vestfold

Dependent areas:
  Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard

Independence:
  7 June 1905 Norway declared the union with Sweden dissolved; 26 October
  1905 Sweden agreed to the repeal of the union

National holiday:
  Constitution Day, 17 May (1814); note - 17 May 1814 is the date of
  independence from Sweden, 7 June 1905 is the date Norway declared the union
  with Sweden was dissolved

Constitution:
  17 May 1814, modified in 1884

Legal system:
  mixture of customary law, civil law system, and common law traditions;
  Supreme Court renders advisory opinions to legislature when asked; accepts
  compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
  chief of state: King HARALD V (since 17 January 1991); Heir Apparent Crown
    Prince HAAKON MAGNUS, son of the monarch (born 20 July 1973)
  head of government: Prime Minister Jens STOLTENBERG (since 17 March 2000)
  cabinet: State Council appointed by the monarch with the approval of the
    Parliament
  elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; following parliamentary
    elections, the leader of the largest party or leader of a coalition is
    usually appointed prime minister by the monarch with the approval of the
    Parliament

Legislative branch:
  modified unicameral Parliament or Storting which, for certain purposes,
  divides itself into two chambers (165 seats; members are elected by popular
  vote by proportional representation to serve four-year terms)
  elections: last held 15 September 1997 (next to be held 10 September 2001)
  election results: percent of vote by party - Labor Party 35%, Center Party
    7.9%, Conservative Party 14.3%, Christian People's Party 13.7%, Socialist
    Left Party 6%, Progress Party 15.3%, Liberal Party 4.4%, other parties
    1.6%; seats by party - Labor Party 65, Center Party 11, Conservative
    Party 23, Christian People's Party 25, Socialist Left Party 9, Progress
    Party 25, Liberal Party 6, other parties 1
  note: for certain purposes, the Parliament divides itself into two chambers
    and elects one-fourth of its membership to an upper house or Lagting

Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court or Hoyesterett (justices appointed by the monarch)

Political parties and leaders:
  Center Party [Odd Roger ENOKSEN]; Christian People's Party [Kiell Magne
  BONDEVIK]; Conservative Party [Jan PETERSEN]; Labor Party [Jens
  STOLTENBERG]; Liberal Party [Lars SPONHEIM]; Progress Party [Carl I.
  HAGEN]; Socialist Left Party [Kristin HALVORSEN]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  NA

International organization participation:
  AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CCC, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECE,
  EFTA, ESA, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD,
  IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM,
  ISO, ITU, MINURSO, NAM (guest), NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer),
  OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO,
  UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOP, UNTAET, UNTSO, UPU, WEU
  (associate), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Knut VOLLEBAEK chancery: 2720 34th Street NW,
    Washington, DC 20008
  telephone: [1] (202) 333-6000
  FAX: [1] (202) 337-0870
  consulate(s) general: Houston, Miami, Minneapolis, New York, and San
    Francisco

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Robin Chandler DUKE embassy: Drammensveien 18,
    0244 Oslo
  mailing address: PSC 69, Box 1000, APO AE 09707
  telephone: [47] (22) 44 85 50
  FAX: [47] (22) 43 07 77

Flag description:
  red with a blue cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of the
  flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the
  style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)

§5. Norway Economy

Economy - overview:
  The Norwegian economy is a prosperous bastion of welfare capitalism,
  featuring a combination of free market activity and government
  intervention. The government controls key areas, such as the vital
  petroleum sector (through large-scale state enterprises). The country is
  richly endowed with natural resources - petroleum, hydropower, fish,
  forests, and minerals - and is highly dependent on its oil production and
  international oil prices; in 1999, oil and gas accounted for 35% of
  exports. Only Saudi Arabia exports more oil than Norway. Oslo opted to stay
  out of the EU during a referendum in November 1994. Growth picked up in
  2000 to 2.7%, compared to the meager 0.8% of 1999, but may fall back in
  2001. The government moved ahead with privatization in 2000, even proposing
  the sale of up to one-third of the 100% state-owned oil company Statoil.
  Despite their high per capita income and generous welfare benefits,
  Norwegians worry about that time in the next two decades when the oil and
  gas begin to run out. Accordingly, Norway has been saving its oil-boosted
  budget surpluses in a Government Petroleum Fund, which is invested abroad
  and now is valued at more than $43 billion.

GDP:
  purchasing power parity - $124.1 billion (1999 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  2.7% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:
  purchasing power parity - $27,700 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 2% industry: 25%
  services: 73% (1999)

Population below poverty line:
  NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 4.1% highest 10%: 21.8% (1995)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  2.9% (2000 est.)

Labor force:
  2.4 million (2000 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
  services 74%, industry 22%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 4% (1995)

Unemployment rate:
  3% (2000 est.)

Budget:
  revenues: $71.7 billion
  expenditures: $57.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000
    est.)

Industries:
  petroleum and gas, food processing, shipbuilding, pulp and paper products,
  metals, chemicals, timber, mining, textiles, fishing

Industrial production growth rate:
  3% (2000 est.)

Electricity - production:
  121.084 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:
  fossil fuel: 0.63% hydro: 99.11%
  nuclear: 0%
  other: 0.26% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:
  110.795 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:
  8.28 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:
  6.467 billion kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products:
  barley, other grains, potatoes; beef, milk; fish

Exports:
  $59.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Exports - commodities:
  petroleum and petroleum products, machinery and equipment, metals,
  chemicals, ships, fish

Exports - partners:
  EU 73% (UK 17%, Germany 11%, Netherlands 10%, Sweden 9%), US 5% (1999)

Imports:
  $35.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Imports - commodities:
  machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals, foodstuffs

Imports - partners:
  EU 66% (Sweden 15%, Germany 12%, UK 9%, Denmark 7%), US 10%, Japan (1999)

Debt - external:
  $0 (Norway is a net external creditor)

Economic aid - donor:
  ODA, $1.4 billion (1998)

Currency:
  Norwegian krone (NOK)

Currency code:
  NOK

Exchange rates:
  Norwegian kroner per US dollar - 8.7784 (January 2001), 8.8018 (2000),
  7.7992 (1999), 7.5451 (1998), 7.0734 (1997), 6.4498 (1996)

Fiscal year:
  calendar year

§6. Norway Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  2.735 million (1998)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  2,080,408 (1998)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: modern in all respects; one of the most advanced
    telecommunications networks in Europe
  domestic: Norway has a domestic satellite system; moreover the prevalence
    of rural areas encourages the wide use of cellular mobile systems instead
    of fixed wire systems
  international: 2 buried coaxial cable systems; 4 coaxial submarine cables;
    satellite earth stations - NA Eutelsat, NA Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), and
    1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Norway shares the
    Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland,
    Iceland, and Sweden) (1999)

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 5, FM at least 650, shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios:
  4.03 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
  360 (plus 2,729 repeaters) (1995)

Televisions:
  2.03 million (1997)

Internet country code:
  .no

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
  13 (2000)

Internet users:
  2.36 million (October 2000)

§7. Norway Transportation

Railways:
  total: 4,012 km
  standard gauge: 4,012 km 1.435-m gauge (2,530 km electrified; 96 km double
    track) (1998)

Highways:
  total: 91,180 km
  paved: 67,838 km (including 109 km of expressways)
  unpaved: 23,342 km (1999)

Waterways:
  1,577 km (along west coast)
  note: navigable by 2.4 m maximum draft vessels

Pipelines:
  refined petroleum products 53 km

Ports and harbors:
  Bergen, Drammen, Floro, Hammerfest, Harstad, Haugesund, Kristiansand,
  Larvik, Narvik, Oslo, Porsgrunn, Stavanger, Tromso, Trondheim

Merchant marine:
  total: 764 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,667,370 GRT/32,100,208 DWT
  ships by type: bulk 89, cargo 139, chemical tanker 114, combination bulk 9,
    combination ore/oil 37, container 15, liquefied gas 84, passenger 10,
    petroleum tanker 151, refrigerated cargo 10, roll on/roll off 45,
    short-sea passenger 22, specialized tanker 1, vehicle carrier 38
  note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of
    convenience: Germany 1, Japan 1, Mexico 1, Sweden 1 (2000 est.)

Airports:
  103 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 67 over 3,047 m: 1
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 12
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 12
  914 to 1,523 m: 14
  under 914 m: 28 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 36 914 to 1,523 m: 5
  under 914 m: 31 (2000 est.)

Heliports:
  1 (2000 est.)

§8. Norway Military

Military branches:
  Norwegian Army, Royal Norwegian Navy (includes Coast Artillery and Coast
  Guard), Royal Norwegian Air Force, Home Guard

Military manpower - military age:
  20 years of age

Military manpower - availability:
  males age 15-49: 1,101,384 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
  males age 15-49: 913,534 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
  males: 27,341 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $3.113 billion (FY98)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  2.1% (FY98)

§9. Norway Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  territorial claim in Antarctica (Queen Maud Land); Svalbard is the focus of
  a maritime boundary dispute between Norway and Russia
