Tunisia

§1. Tunisia Introduction

Background:
  Following independence from France in 1956, President Habib BOURGIUBA
  established a strict one-party state. He dominated the country for 31
  years, repressing Islamic fundamentalism and establishing rights for women
  unmatched by any other Arab nation. In recent years, Tunisia has taken a
  moderate, non-aligned stance in its foreign relations. Domestically, it has
  sought to diffuse rising pressure for a more open political society.

§2. Tunisia Geography

Location:
  Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria and Libya

Geographic coordinates:
  34 00 N, 9 00 E

Map references:
  Africa

Area:
  total: 163,610 kmē
  land: 155,360 kmē
  water: 8,250 kmē

Area - comparative:
  slightly larger than Georgia

Land boundaries:
  total: 1,424 km border countries: Algeria 965 km, Libya 459 km

Coastline:
  1,148 km

Maritime claims:
  contiguous zone: 24 NM territorial sea: 12 NM

Climate:
  temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in
  south

Terrain:
  mountains in north; hot, dry central plain; semiarid south merges into the
  Sahara

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Shatt al Gharsah -17 m highest point: Jebel ech Chambi 1,544
    m

Natural resources:
  petroleum, phosphates, iron ore, lead, zinc, salt

Land use:
  arable land: 19%
  permanent crops: 13%
  permanent pastures: 20%
  forests and woodland: 4%
  other: 44% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land:
  3,850 kmē (1993 est.)

Natural hazards:
  NA

Environment - current issues:
  toxic and hazardous waste disposal is ineffective and presents human health
  risks; water pollution from raw sewage; limited natural fresh water
  resources; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
    Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
    Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
    Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Geography - note:
  strategic location in central Mediterranean; Malta and Tunisia are
  discussing the commercial exploitation of the continental shelf between
  their countries, particularly for oil exploration

§3. Tunisia People

Population:
  9,705,102 (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 28.74% (male 1,440,636; female 1,348,133)
  15-64 years: 65.12% (male 3,157,988; female 3,161,596)
  65 years and over: 6.14% (male 296,930; female 299,819) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:
  1.15% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:
  17.11 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:
  4.99 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:
  -0.67 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.99 male(s)/female
  total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  29.04 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 73.92 years male: 72.35 years
  female: 75.62 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  1.99 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  0.04% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  NA

Nationality:
  noun: Tunisian(s)
  adjective: Tunisian

Ethnic groups:
  Arab 98%, European 1%, Jewish and other 1%

Religions:
  Muslim 98%, Christian 1%, Jewish and other 1%

Languages:
  Arabic (official and one of the languages of commerce), French (commerce)

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 66.7%
  male: 78.6%
  female: 54.6% (1995 est.)

§4. Tunisia Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: Republic of Tunisia
  conventional short form: Tunisia
  local long form: Al Jumhuriyah at Tunisiyah
  local short form: Tunis

Government type:
  republic

Capital:
  Tunis

Administrative divisions:
  23 governorates; Ariana (Aryanah), Beja (Bajah), Ben Arous (Bin 'Arus),
  Bizerte (Banzart), El Kef (Al Kaf), Gabes (Qabis), Gafsa (Qafsah), Jendouba
  (Jundubah), Kairouan (Al Qayrawan), Kasserine (Al Qasrayn), Kebili
  (Qibili), Mahdia (Al Mahdiyah), Medenine (Madanin), Monastir (Al Munastir),
  Nabeul (Nabul), Sfax (Safaqis), Sidi Bou Zid (Sidi Bu Zayd), Siliana
  (Silyanah), Sousse (Susah), Tataouine (Tatawin), Tozeur (Tawzar), Tunis,
  Zaghouan (Zaghwan)

Independence:
  20 March 1956 (from France)

National holiday:
  Independence Day, 20 March (1956)

Constitution:
  1 June 1959; amended 12 July 1988

Legal system:
  based on French civil law system and Islamic law; some judicial review of
  legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint session

Suffrage:
  20 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI (since 7 November 1987)
  head of government: Prime Minister Mohamed GHANNOUCHI (since 17 November
    1999)
  cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
  elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election
    last held 24 October 1999 (next to be held NA 2004); prime minister
    appointed by the president
  election results: President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI reelected for a third
    term without opposition; percent of vote - Zine El Abidine BEN ALI nearly
    100%

Legislative branch:
  unicameral Chamber of Deputies or Majlis al-Nuwaab (182 seats; members
  elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
  elections: last held 24 October 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)
  election results: percent of vote by party - RCD 92%; seats by party - RCD
    148, MDS 13, UDU 7, PUP 7, Al-Tajdid 5, PSL 2; note - reforms enabled
    opposition parties to win up to 20% of seats; the opposition increased
    number of seats from 19 to 34

Judicial branch:
  Court of Cassation or Cour de Cassation

Political parties and leaders:
  Al-Tajdid Movement [Adel CHAOUCH]; Constitutional Democratic Rally Party
  (Rassemblement Constitutionnel Democratique) or RCD [President Zine El
  Abidine BEN ALI (official ruling party)]; Liberal Social Party or PSL
  [Mounir BEJI]; Movement of Democratic Socialists or MDS [Khamis CHAMMARI];
  Popular Unity Party or PUP [Mohamed Belhaj AMOR]; Unionist Democratic Union
  or UDU [Abderrahmane TLILI]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  the Islamic fundamentalist party, Al Nahda (Renaissance), is outlawed

International organization participation:
  ABEDA, ACCT, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, AMU, BSEC (observer), CCC, ECA, FAO,
  G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO,
  ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIPONUH,
  MONUC, NAM, OAS (observer), OAU, OIC, OPCW, OSCE (partner), UN, UN Security
  Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIBH, UNMIK,
  UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Hatem ATALLAH chancery: 1515 Massachusetts
    Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005
  telephone: [1] (202) 862-1850

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Rust DEMMING embassy: 144 Avenue de la
    Liberte, 1002 Tunis-Belvedere
  mailing address: use embassy street address
  telephone: [216] (1) 782-566
  FAX: [216] (1) 789-719

Flag description:
  red with a white disk in the center bearing a red crescent nearly
  encircling a red five-pointed star; the crescent and star are traditional
  symbols of Islam

§5. Tunisia Economy

Economy - overview:
  Tunisia has a diverse economy, with important agricultural, mining, energy,
  tourism, and manufacturing sectors. Governmental control of economic
  affairs while still heavy has gradually lessened over the past decade with
  increasing privatization, simplification of the tax structure, and a
  prudent approach to debt. Real growth averaged 5.5% in the past four years,
  and inflation is slowing. Growth in tourism and increased trade have been
  key elements in this steady growth. Tunisia's association agreement with
  the European Union entered into force on 1 March 1998, the first such
  accord between the EU and Mediterranean countries to be activated. Under
  the agreement Tunisia will gradually remove barriers to trade with the EU
  over the next decade. Broader privatization, further liberalization of the
  investment code to increase foreign investment, and improvements in
  government efficiency are among the challenges for the future.

GDP:
  purchasing power parity - $62.8 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  5% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:
  purchasing power parity - $6,500 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 14% industry: 32%
  services: 54% (1999 est.)

Population below poverty line:
  6% (2000 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 2.3% highest 10%: 30.7% (1990)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  3% (2000 est.)

Labor force:
  2.65 million (2000 est.)
  note: shortage of skilled labor

Labor force - by occupation:
  services 55%, industry 23%, agriculture 22% (1995 est.)

Unemployment rate:
  15.6% (2000 est.)

Budget:
  revenues: $7.5 billion
  expenditures: $8.1 billion, including capital expenditures to $1.6 billion
    (2000 est.)

Industries:
  petroleum, mining (particularly phosphate and iron ore), tourism, textiles,
  footwear, food, beverages

Industrial production growth rate:
  4.1% (2000 est.)

Electricity - production:
  9.173 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:
  fossil fuel: 99.2% hydro: 0.8%
  nuclear: 0%
  other: 0% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:
  8.677 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:
  19 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:
  165 million kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products:
  olives, olive oil, grain, dairy products, tomatoes, citrus fruit, beef,
  sugar beets, dates, almonds

Exports:
  $6.1 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Exports - commodities:
  textiles, mechanical goods, phosphates and chemicals, agricultural
  products, hydrocarbons

Exports - partners:
  Germany 28%, France 22%, Italy 17%, Belgium 5%, Libya 4% (1999)

Imports:
  $8.4 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Imports - commodities:
  machinery and equipment, hydrocarbons, chemicals, food

Imports - partners:
  France 23%, Germany 23%, Italy 15%, Belgium 3% (1999)

Debt - external:
  $13 billion (2000 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
  $933.2 million (1995); note - ODA, $90 million (1998 est.)

Currency:
  Tunisian dinar (TND)

Currency code:
  TND

Exchange rates:
  Tunisian dinars per US dollar - 1.3753 (January 2001), 1.4667 (November
  2000), 1.1862 (1999), 1.1387 (1998), 1.1059 (1997), 0.9734 (1996)

Fiscal year:
  calendar year

§6. Tunisia Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  654,000 (1997)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  50,000 (1998)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: above the African average and continuing to be
    upgraded; key centers are Sfax, Sousse, Bizerte, and Tunis; Internet
    access available
  domestic: trunk facilities consist of open-wire lines, coaxial cable, and
    microwave radio relay
  international: 5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat
    (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay
    to Algeria and Libya; participant in Medarabtel; two international
    gateway digital switches

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 7, FM 20, shortwave 2 (1998)

Radios:
  2.06 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
  26 (plus 76 repeaters) (1995)

Televisions:
  920,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
  .tn

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
  1 (2000)

Internet users:
  110,000 (2000)

§7. Tunisia Transportation

Railways:
  total: 2,168 km
  standard gauge: 471 km 1.435-m gauge
  narrow gauge: 1,687 km 1.000-m gauge
  dual gauge: 10 km 1.000-m and 1.435-m gauges (three rails)

Highways:
  total: 23,100 km
  paved: 18,226 km
  unpaved: 4,874 km (1996)

Waterways:
  none

Pipelines:
  crude oil 797 km; petroleum products 86 km; natural gas 742 km

Ports and harbors:
  Bizerte, Gabes, La Goulette, Sfax, Sousse, Tunis, Zarzis

Merchant marine:
  total: 15 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 149,554 GRT/156,861 DWT
  ships by type: bulk 2, cargo 4, chemical tanker 3, liquefied gas 1,
    petroleum tanker 1, short-sea passenger 3, specialized tanker 1 (2000
    est.)

Airports:
  32 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 15 over 3,047 m: 3
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 6
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
  914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 17 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
  914 to 1,523 m: 8
  under 914 m: 7 (2000 est.)

§8. Tunisia Military

Military branches:
  Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary forces, National Guard

Military manpower - military age:
  20 years of age

Military manpower - availability:
  males age 15-49: 2,739,566 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
  males age 15-49: 1,561,484 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
  males: 105,146 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $356 million (FY99)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  1.5% (FY99)

§9. Tunisia Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  none
