France

§1. France Introduction

Background:
  Although ultimately a victor in World Wars I and II, France suffered
  extensive losses in its empire, wealth, manpower, and rank as a dominant
  nation-state. Nevertheless, France today is one of the most modern
  countries in the world and is a leader among European nations. Since 1958,
  it has constructed a presidential democracy resistant to the instabilities
  experienced in earlier parliamentary democracies. In recent years, its
  reconciliation and cooperation with Germany have proved central to the
  economic integration of Europe, including the advent of the euro in January
  1999. Presently, France is at the forefront of European states seeking to
  exploit the momentum of monetary union to advance the creation of a more
  unified and capable European defense and security apparatus.

§2. France Geography

Location:
  Western Europe, bordering the Bay of Biscay and English Channel, between
  Belgium and Spain, southeast of the UK; bordering the Mediterranean Sea,
  between Italy and Spain

Geographic coordinates:
  46 00 N, 2 00 E

Map references:
  Europe

Area:
  total: 547,030 kmē
  land: 545,630 kmē
  water: 1,400 kmē
  note: includes only metropolitan France, but excludes the overseas
    administrative divisions

Area - comparative:
  slightly less than twice the size of Colorado

Land boundaries:
  total: 2,889 km border countries: Andorra 56.6 km, Belgium 620 km, Germany
    451 km, Italy 488 km, Luxembourg 73 km, Monaco 4.4 km, Spain 623 km,
    Switzerland 573 km

Coastline:
  3,427 km

Maritime claims:
  contiguous zone: 24 NM continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of
    exploitation
  exclusive economic zone: 200 NM (does not apply to the Mediterranean)
  territorial sea: 12 NM

Climate:
  generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers
  along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry,
  north-to-northwesterly wind known as mistral

Terrain:
  mostly flat plains or gently rolling hills in north and west; remainder is
  mountainous, especially Pyrenees in south, Alps in east

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Rhone River delta -2 m highest point: Mont Blanc 4,807 m

Natural resources:
  coal, iron ore, bauxite, zinc, potash, timber, fish

Land use:
  arable land: 33%
  permanent crops: 2%
  permanent pastures: 20%
  forests and woodland: 27%
  other: 18% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land:
  16,300 kmē (1995 est.)

Natural hazards:
  flooding; avalanches

Environment - current issues:
  some forest damage from acid rain (major forest damage occurred as a result
  of severe December 1999 windstorm); air pollution from industrial and
  vehicle emissions; water pollution from urban wastes, agricultural runoff

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
    Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile
    Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine
    Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,
    Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes,
    Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer
    Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
    Wetlands, Whaling
  signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants,
    Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Geography - note:
  largest West European nation

§3. France People

Population:
  59,551,227 (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 18.68% (male 5,698,604; female 5,426,838)
  15-64 years: 65.19% (male 19,424,018; female 19,399,588)
  65 years and over: 16.13% (male 3,900,579; female 5,701,600) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:
  0.37% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:
  12.1 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:
  9.09 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:
  0.64 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  4.46 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 78.9 years male: 75.01 years
  female: 83.01 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  1.75 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  0.44% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  130,000 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  2,000 (1999 est.)

Nationality:
  noun: Frenchman(men), Frenchwoman(women)
  adjective: French

Ethnic groups:
  Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African, Indochinese, Basque
  minorities

Religions:
  Roman Catholic 90%, Protestant 2%, Jewish 1%, Muslim (North African
  workers) 3%, unaffiliated 4%

Languages:
  French 100%, rapidly declining regional dialects and languages (Provencal,
  Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish)

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 99%
  male: 99%
  female: 99% (1980 est.)

§4. France Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: French Republic
  conventional short form: France
  local long form: Republique Francaise
  local short form: France

Government type:
  republic

Capital:
  Paris

Administrative divisions:
  22 regions (regions, singular - region); Alsace, Aquitaine, Auvergne,
  Basse-Normandie, Bourgogne, Bretagne, Centre, Champagne-Ardenne, Corse,
  Franche-Comte, Haute-Normandie, Ile-de-France, Languedoc-Roussillon,
  Limousin, Lorraine, Midi-Pyrenees, Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Pays de la Loire,
  Picardie, Poitou-Charentes, Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur, Rhone-Alpes
  note: metropolitan France is divided into 22 regions (including the
    "territorial collectivity" of Corse or Corsica) and is subdivided into 96
    departments; see separate entries for the overseas departments (French
    Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Reunion) and the overseas territorial
    collectivities (Mayotte, Saint Pierre and Miquelon)

Dependent areas:
  Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, French Polynesia, French
  Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island, New
  Caledonia, Tromelin Island, Wallis and Futuna
  note: the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica

Independence:
  486 (unified by Clovis)

National holiday:
  Bastille Day, 14 July (1789)

Constitution:
  28 September 1958, amended concerning election of president in 1962,
  amended to comply with provisions of EC Maastricht Treaty in 1992; amended
  to tighten immigration laws 1993

Legal system:
  civil law system with indigenous concepts; review of administrative but not
  legislative acts

Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Jacques CHIRAC (since 17 May 1995)
  head of government: Prime Minister Lionel JOSPIN (since 3 June 1997)
  cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the suggestion
    of the prime minister
  elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
    election last held 23 April and 7 May 1995 (next to be held by May 2002);
    prime minister nominated by the National Assembly majority and appointed
    by the president
  election results: Jacques CHIRAC elected president; percent of vote, second
    ballot - Jacques CHIRAC (RPR) 52.64%, Lionel JOSPIN (PS) 47.36%

Legislative branch:
  bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of the Senate or Senat (321
  seats - 296 for metropolitan France, 13 for overseas departments and
  territories, and 12 for French nationals abroad; members are indirectly
  elected by an electoral college to serve nine-year terms; elected by thirds
  every three years) and the National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (577
  seats; members are elected by popular vote under a single-member
  majoritarian system to serve five-year terms)
  elections: Senate - last held 27 September 1998 (next to be held September
    2001); National Assembly - last held 25 May-1 June 1997 (next to be held
    NA May 2002)
  election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
    RPR 99, UDC 52, DL 47, PS 78, PCF 16, other 29; National Assembly -
    percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PS 245, RPR 140, UDF
    109, PCF 37, PRS 13, MEI 8, MDC 7, LDI-MPF 1, FN 1, various left 9,
    various right 7

Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court of Appeals or Cour de Cassation (judges are appointed by the
  president from nominations of the High Council of the Judiciary);
  Constitutional Council or Conseil Constitutionnel (three members appointed
  by the president, three appointed by the president of the National
  Assembly, and three appointed by the president of the Senate); Council of
  State or Conseil d'Etat

Political parties and leaders:
  Citizens Movement or MdC [Jean Pierre CHEVENEMENT]; French Communist Party
  or PCF [Robert HUE]; Independent Ecological Movement or MEI [Antoine
  WAECHTER]; Left Radical Party or PRG (previously Radical Socialist Party or
  PRS and the Left Radical Movement or MRG) [Jean-Michel BAYLET]; Liberal
  Democracy or DL (originally Republican Party or PR) [Alain MADELIN];
  Movement for France or MPF [Philippe DEVILLIERS]; National Front or FN
  [Jean-Marie LE PEN]; Rally for the Republic or RPR [Michelle ALLIOT-MARIE];
  Socialist Party or PS [Francois HOLLANDE]; Union for French Democracy or
  UDF (coalition of UDC, FD, RRRS, PPDF) [Francois BAYROU]; Union of the
  Center or UDC [leader NA]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  Communist-controlled labor union (Confederation Generale du Travail) or
  CGT, nearly 2.4 million members (claimed); independent labor union or Force
  Ouvriere, 1 million members (est.); independent white-collar union or
  Confederation Generale des Cadres, 340,000 members (claimed); National
  Council of French Employers (Conseil National du Patronat Francais) or CNPF
  or Patronat; Socialist-leaning labor union (Confederation Francaise
  Democratique du Travail) or CFDT, about 800,000 members (est.)

International organization participation:
  ACCT, AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BDEAC, BIS, CCC, CDB (non-regional), CE,
  CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECA (associate), ECE, ECLAC, EIB, EMU, ESA, ESCAP, EU,
  FAO, FZ, G- 5, G- 7, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,
  IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, InOC, Intelsat,
  Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, MIPONUH, MONUC, NAM (guest), NATO,
  NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SPC, UN, UN Security
  Council, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNMEE,
  UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNOMIG, UNRWA, UNTAET, UNTSO, UNU, UPU, WADB (nonregional),
  WCL, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Francois V. BUJON DE L'ESTANG chancery: 4101
    Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20007
  telephone: [1] (202) 944-6000
  FAX: [1] (202) 944-6166
  consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles,
    Miami, New Orleans, New York, and San Francisco

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador-designate Howard H. LEACH; Charge d'Affaires
    Douglas L. McELHANEY embassy: 2 Avenue Gabriel, 75382 Paris Cedex 08
  mailing address: PSC 116, APO AE 09777
  telephone: [33] (1) 43-12-22-22
  FAX: [33] (1) 42 66 97 83
  consulate(s) general: Marseille, Strasbourg

Flag description:
  three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), white, and red; known as
  the French Tricouleur (Tricolor); the design and/or colors are similar to a
  number of other flags, including those of Belgium, Chad, Ireland, Cote
  d'Ivoire, Luxembourg, and Netherlands; the official flag for all French
  dependent areas

§5. France Economy

Economy - overview:
  France is in the midst of transition, from an economy that featured
  extensive government ownership and intervention to one that relies more on
  market mechanisms. The government remains dominant in some sectors,
  particularly power, public transport, and defense industries, but it has
  been relaxing its control since the mid-1980s. The Socialist-led government
  has sold off part of its holdings in France Telecom, Air France, Thales,
  Thomson Multimedia, and the European Aerospace and Defense Company (EADS).
  The telecommunications sector is gradually being opened to competition.
  France's leaders remain committed to a capitalism in which they maintain
  social equity by means of laws, tax policies, and social spending that
  reduce income disparity and the impact of free markets on public health and
  welfare. The government has done little to cut generous unemployment and
  retirement benefits which impose a heavy tax burden and discourage hiring.
  It has also shied from measures that would dramatically increase the use of
  stock options and retirement investment plans; such measures would boost
  the stock market and fast-growing IT firms as well as ease the burden on
  the pension system, but would disproportionately benefit the rich. In
  addition to the tax burden, the reduction of the work week to 35-hours has
  drawn criticism for lowering the competitiveness of French companies.

GDP:
  purchasing power parity - $1.448 trillion (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  3.1% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:
  purchasing power parity - $24,400 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 3.3% industry: 26.1%
  services: 70.6% (1999)

Population below poverty line:
  NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 2.8% highest 10%: 25.1% (1995)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  1.7% (2000 est.)

Labor force:
  25 million (2000)

Labor force - by occupation:
  services 71%, industry 25%, agriculture 4% (1997)

Unemployment rate:
  9.7% (2000 est.)

Budget:
  revenues: $210 billion
  expenditures: $240 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000
    est.)

Industries:
  machinery, chemicals, automobiles, metallurgy, aircraft, electronics;
  textiles, food processing; tourism

Industrial production growth rate:
  3.5% (2000 est.)

Electricity - production:
  497.26 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:
  fossil fuel: 9.69% hydro: 14.39%
  nuclear: 75.43%
  other: 0.49% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:
  398.752 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:
  68.7 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:
  5 billion kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products:
  wheat, cereals, sugar beets, potatoes, wine grapes; beef, dairy products;
  fish

Exports:
  $325 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Exports - commodities:
  machinery and transportation equipment, aircraft, plastics, chemicals,
  pharmaceutical products, iron and steel, beverages

Exports - partners:
  EU 63% (Germany 16%, UK 10%, Spain 9%, Italy 9%, Belgium-Luxembourg 8%), US
  8% (1999)

Imports:
  $320 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Imports - commodities:
  machinery and equipment, vehicles, crude oil, aircraft, plastics, chemicals

Imports - partners:
  EU 62% (Germany 16%, Belgium-Luxembourg 11%, Italy 9%, UK 8%), US 7% (2000
  est.)

Debt - external:
  $106 billion (1998)

Economic aid - donor:
  ODA, $6.3 billion (1997)

Currency:
  French franc (FRF); euro (EUR)
  note: on 1 January 1999, the EU introduced the euro as a common currency
    that is now being used by financial institutions in France at a fixed
    rate of 6.55957 French francs per euro and will replace the local
    currency for all transactions in 2002

Currency code:
  FRF; EUR

Exchange rates:
  euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999);
  French francs per US dollar - 5.65 (January 1999), 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367
  (1997), 5.1155 (1996)

Fiscal year:
  calendar year

§6. France Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  34.86 million (yearend 1998)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  11.078 million (yearend 1998)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: highly developed domestic: extensive cable and
    microwave radio relay; extensive introduction of fiber-optic cable;
    domestic satellite system
  international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (with total of 5
    antennas - 2 for Indian Ocean and 3 for Atlantic Ocean), NA Eutelsat, 1
    Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region); HF radiotelephone communications with
    more than 20 countries

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 41, FM about 3,500 (this figure is an approximation and includes many
  repeaters), shortwave 2 (1998)

Radios:
  55.3 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
  584 (plus 9,676 repeaters) (1995)

Televisions:
  34.8 million (1997)

Internet country code:
  .fr

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
  62 (2000)

Internet users:
  9 million (2000)

§7. France Transportation

Railways:
  total: 31,939 km (31,939 km are operated by French National Railways
    (SNCF); 14,176 km of SNCF routes are electrified and 12,132 km are
    double- or multiple-tracked)
  standard gauge: 31,840 km 1.435-m gauge
  narrow gauge: 99 km 1.000-m gauge (1998)

Highways:
  total: 892,900 km
  paved: 892,900 km (including 9,900 km of expressways)
  unpaved: 0 km (1999)

Waterways:
  14,932 km (6,969 km heavily traveled)

Pipelines:
  crude oil 3,059 km; petroleum products 4,487 km; natural gas 24,746 km

Ports and harbors:
  Bordeaux, Boulogne, Cherbourg, Dijon, Dunkerque, La Pallice, Le Havre,
  Lyon, Marseille, Mullhouse, Nantes, Paris, Rouen, Saint Nazaire, Saint
  Malo, Strasbourg

Merchant marine:
  total: 46 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 942,333 GRT/1,304,754 DWT
  ships by type: bulk 3, cargo 4, chemical tanker 6, combination bulk 1,
    container 1, liquefied gas 3, multi-functional large-load carrier 1,
    passenger 3, petroleum tanker 17, roll on/roll off 4, short-sea passenger
    3
  note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of
    convenience: Germany 1 (2000 est.)

Airports:
  475 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 268 over 3,047 m: 14
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 30
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 94
  914 to 1,523 m: 72
  under 914 m: 58 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 207 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
  914 to 1,523 m: 73
  under 914 m: 130 (2000 est.)

Heliports:
  3 (2000 est.)

§8. France Military

Military branches:
  Army (includes Marines), Navy (includes Naval Air), Air Force (includes Air
  Defense), National Gendarmerie

Military manpower - military age:
  18 years of age

Military manpower - availability:
  males age 15-49: 14,573,199 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
  males age 15-49: 12,127,793 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
  males: 390,064 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $39.831 billion (FY97)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  2.5% (FY97)

§9. France Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  Madagascar claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de
  Nova Island, and Tromelin Island; Comoros claims Mayotte; Mauritius claims
  Tromelin Island; territorial dispute between Suriname and French Guiana;
  territorial claim in Antarctica (Adelie Land); Matthew and Hunter Islands
  east of New Caledonia claimed by France and Vanuatu

Illicit drugs:
  transshipment point for and consumer of South American cocaine, Southwest
  Asian heroin, and European synthetics
