Zimbabwe

§1. Zimbabwe Introduction

Background:
  The UK annexed Southern Rhodesia from the South Africa Company in 1923. A
  1961 constitution was formulated to keep whites in power. In 1965 the
  government unilaterally declared its independence, but the UK did not
  recognize the act and demanded voting rights for the black African majority
  in the country (then called Rhodesia). UN sanctions and a guerrilla
  uprising finally led to free elections in 1979 and independence (as
  Zimbabwe) in 1980. Robert MUGABE, the nation's first prime minister, has
  been the country's only ruler (as president since 1987) and has dominated
  the country's political system since independence.

§2. Zimbabwe Geography

Location:
  Southern Africa, between South Africa and Zambia

Geographic coordinates:
  20 00 S, 30 00 E

Map references:
  Africa

Area:
  total: 390,580 kmē
  land: 386,670 kmē
  water: 3,910 kmē

Area - comparative:
  slightly larger than Montana

Land boundaries:
  total: 3,066 km border countries: Botswana 813 km, Mozambique 1,231 km,
    South Africa 225 km, Zambia 797 km

Coastline:
  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
  none (landlocked)

Climate:
  tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March)

Terrain:
  mostly high plateau with higher central plateau (high veld); mountains in
  east

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: junction of the Runde and Save rivers 162 m
  highest point: Inyangani 2,592 m

Natural resources:
  coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper, iron ore, vanadium,
  lithium, tin, platinum group metals

Land use:
  arable land: 7%
  permanent crops: 0%
  permanent pastures: 13%
  forests and woodland: 23%
  other: 57% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land:
  1,930 kmē (1993 est.)

Natural hazards:
  recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare

Environment - current issues:
  deforestation; soil erosion; land degradation; air and water pollution; the
  black rhinoceros herd - once the largest concentration of the species in
  the world - has been significantly reduced by poaching

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
    Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
  signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
  landlocked

§3. Zimbabwe People

Population:
  11,365,366
  note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects
    of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life
    expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and
    growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and
    sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 38.68% (male 2,223,332; female 2,172,479)
  15-64 years: 57.69% (male 3,319,982; female 3,236,286)
  65 years and over: 3.63% (male 208,785; female 204,502) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:
  0.15% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:
  24.68 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:
  23.22 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) note: there is a small but steady
    flow of Zimbabweans into South Africa in search of better paid employment

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 1.02 male(s)/female
  total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  62.61 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 37.13 years male: 38.51 years
  female: 35.7 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  3.28 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  25.06% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  1.5 million (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  160,000 (1999 est.)

Nationality:
  noun: Zimbabwean(s)
  adjective: Zimbabwean

Ethnic groups:
  African 98% (Shona 71%, Ndebele 16%, other 11%), mixed and Asian 1%, white
  less than 1%

Religions:
  syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs) 50%, Christian 25%,
  indigenous beliefs 24%, Muslim and other 1%

Languages:
  English (official), Shona, Sindebele (the language of the Ndebele,
  sometimes called Ndebele), numerous but minor tribal dialects

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write English
  total population: 85%
  male: 90%
  female: 80% (1995 est.)

§4. Zimbabwe Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: Republic of Zimbabwe
  conventional short form: Zimbabwe
  former: Southern Rhodesia, Rhodesia

Government type:
  parliamentary democracy

Capital:
  Harare

Administrative divisions:
  8 provinces and 2 cities* with provincial status; Bulawayo*, Harare*,
  Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West,
  Masvingo, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands

Independence:
  18 April 1980 (from UK)

National holiday:
  Independence Day, 18 April (1980)

Constitution:
  21 December 1979

Legal system:
  mixture of Roman-Dutch and English common law

Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
  chief of state: Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since 31
    December 1987); Co-Vice Presidents Simon Vengai MUZENDA (since 31
    December 1987) and Joseph MSIKA (since 23 December 1999); note - the
    president is both the chief of state and head of government
  head of government: Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since 31
    December 1987); Co-Vice Presidents Simon Vengai MUZENDA (since 31
    December 1987) and Joseph MSIKA (since 23 December 1999); note - the
    president is both the chief of state and head of government
  cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president; responsible to the House of
    Assembly
  elections: presidential candidates nominated with a nomination paper signed
    by at least 10 registered voters (at least one from each province) and
    elected by popular vote; election last held 16-17 March 1996 (next to be
    held NA March 2002); co-vice presidents appointed by the president
  election results: Robert Gabriel MUGABE reelected president; percent of
    electoral college vote - Robert Gabriel MUGABE 92.7%, Abel MUZOREWA 4.8%;
    Ndabaningi SITHOLE 2.4%

Legislative branch:
  unicameral parliament, called House of Assembly (150 seats - 120 elected by
  popular vote for six-year terms, 12 nominated by the president, 10 occupied
  by traditional chiefs chosen by their peers, and 8 occupied by provincial
  governors)
  elections: last held 24-25 June 2000 (next to be held NA 2006)
  election results: percent of vote by party - ZANU-PF 47.2%, MDC 45.6%,
    ZANU-Ndonga 0.7%, United Parties 0.7%; seats by party - ZANU-PF 63, MDC
    56, ZANU-Ndonga 1

Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court; High Court

Political parties and leaders:
  Movement for Democratic Change or MDC [Morgan TSVANGIRAI]; Popular
  Democratic Front or PDF [Austin CHAKAODZA]; United Parties [Abel MUZOREWA];
  Zimbabwe African National Union-Ndonga or ZANU-Ndonga [Ndabaningi SITHOLE];
  Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front or ZANU-PF [Robert MUGABE];
  Zimbabwe Unity Movement or ZUM [Edgar TEKERE]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  National Constitutional Assembly or NCA

International organization participation:
  ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM,
  IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer),
  ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, OPCW, PCA, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIK,
  UNTAET, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Simbi Veke MUBAKO chancery: 1608 New Hampshire
    Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009
  telephone: [1] (202) 332-7100
  FAX: [1] (202) 483-9326

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affairs Earl M. IRVING
    embassy: 172 Herbert Chitepo Avenue, Harare
  mailing address: P. O. Box 3340, Harare
  telephone: [263] (4) 250-593
  FAX: [263] (4) 796487

Flag description:
  seven equal horizontal bands of green, yellow, red, black, red, yellow, and
  green with a white isosceles triangle edged in black with its base on the
  hoist side; a yellow Zimbabwe bird is superimposed on a red five-pointed
  star in the center of the triangle

§5. Zimbabwe Economy

Economy - overview:
  The government of Zimbabwe faces a wide variety of difficult economic
  problems as it struggles to consolidate earlier moves to develop a
  market-oriented economy. Its involvement in the war in the Democratic
  Republic of the Congo, for example, has already drained hundreds of
  millions of dollars from the economy. Badly needed support from the IMF
  suffers delays in part because of the country's failure to meet budgetary
  goals. Inflation rose from an annual rate of 32% in 1998 to 59% in 1999 and
  60% in 2000. The economy is being steadily weakened by excessive government
  deficits and AIDS; Zimbabwe has the highest rate of infection in the world.
  Per capita GDP, which is twice the average of the poorer sub-Saharan
  nations, will increase little if any in the near-term, and Zimbabwe will
  suffer continued frustrations in developing its agricultural and mineral
  resources.

GDP:
  purchasing power parity - $28.2 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  -6.1% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:
  purchasing power parity - $2,500 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 28% industry: 32%
  services: 40% (1997 est.)

Population below poverty line:
  60% (1999 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 1.8% highest 10%: 46.9% (1990)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  60% (2000 est.)

Labor force:
  5.5 million (2000 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture 66%, services 24%, industry 10% (1996 est.)

Unemployment rate:
  50% (2000 est.)

Budget:
  revenues: $2.5 billion
  expenditures: $2.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $279 million
    (FY96/97 est.)

Industries:
  mining (coal, gold, copper, nickel, tin, clay, numerous metallic and
  nonmetallic ores), steel, wood products, cement, chemicals, fertilizer,
  clothing and footwear, foodstuffs, beverages

Industrial production growth rate:
  NA%

Electricity - production:
  5.78 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:
  fossil fuel: 69.98% hydro: 30.02%
  nuclear: 0%
  other: 0% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:
  6.939 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:
  1.564 billion kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products:
  corn, cotton, tobacco, wheat, coffee, sugarcane, peanuts; cattle, sheep,
  goats, pigs

Exports:
  $1.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Exports - commodities:
  tobacco 29%, gold 7%, ferroalloys 7%, cotton 5% (1999 est.)

Exports - partners:
  South Africa 10%, UK 9%, Malawi 8%, Botswana 8%, Japan 7%, (1999 est.)

Imports:
  $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Imports - commodities:
  machinery and transport equipment 35%, other manufactures 18%, chemicals
  17%, fuels 14% (1999 est.)

Imports - partners:
  South Africa 46%, UK 6%, China 4%, Germany 4%, US 3% (1999 est.)

Debt - external:
  $4.1 billion (2000 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
  $200 million (2000 est.)

Currency:
  Zimbabwean dollar (ZWD)

Currency code:
  ZWD

Exchange rates:
  Zimbabwean dollars per US dollar - 54.9451 (January 2001), 43.2900 (2000),
  38.3142 (1999), 21.4133 (1998), 11.8906 (1997), 9.9206 (1996)

Fiscal year:
  1 July - 30 June

§6. Zimbabwe Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  212,000 (in addition there are about 20,000 fixed telephones in wireless
  local loop connections) (1997)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  70,000 (1999)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: system was once one of the best in Africa, but now
    suffers from poor maintenance; more than 100,000 outstanding requests for
    connection despite an equally large number of installed but unused main
    lines
  domestic: consists of microwave radio relay links, open-wire lines,
    radiotelephone communication stations, fixed wireless local loop
    installations, and a substantial mobile cellular network; Internet
    connection is available in Harare and planned for all major towns and for
    some of the smaller ones
  international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat; two international
    digital gateway exchanges (in Harare and Gweru)

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 7, FM 20 (plus 17 repeater stations), shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios:
  1.14 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
  16 (1997)

Televisions:
  370,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
  .zw

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
  6 (2000)

Internet users:
  30,000 (1999)

§7. Zimbabwe Transportation

Railways:
  total: 2,759 km (1995)
  narrow gauge: 2,759 km 1.067-m gauge (313 km electrified; 42 km double
    track) (1995 est.)

Highways:
  total: 18,338 km
  paved: 8,692 km
  unpaved: 9,646 km (1996 est.)

Waterways:
  the Mazoe and Zambezi rivers are used for transporting chrome ore from
  Harare to Mozambique

Pipelines:
  petroleum products 212 km

Ports and harbors:
  Binga, Kariba

Airports:
  455 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 18 over 3,047 m: 3
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
  914 to 1,523 m: 9 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 437 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
  914 to 1,523 m: 209
  under 914 m: 224 (2000 est.)

§8. Zimbabwe Military

Military branches:
  Zimbabwe National Army, Air Force of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe Republic Police
  (includes Police Support Unit, Paramilitary Police)

Military manpower - availability:
  males age 15-49: 2,996,631 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
  males age 15-49: 1,860,167 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $127 million (FY99/00)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  3.1% (FY99/00)

§9. Zimbabwe Transnational Issues

Illicit drugs:
  significant transit point for African cannabis and South Asian heroin,
  mandrax, and methamphetamines destined for the South African and European
  markets
