Taiwan

§1. Taiwan Introduction

Background:
  In 1895, military defeat forced China to cede Taiwan to Japan, however it
  reverted to Chinese control after World War II. Following the communist
  victory on the mainland in 1949, 2 million Nationalists fled to Taiwan and
  established a government using the 1947 constitution drawn up for all of
  China. Over the next five decades, the ruling authorities gradually
  democratized and incorporated the native population within its governing
  structure. Throughout this period, the island has prospered to become one
  of East Asia's economic "Tigers." The dominant political issue continues to
  be the relationship between Taiwan and China and the question of eventual
  reunification.

§2. Taiwan Geography

Location:
  Eastern Asia, islands bordering the East China Sea, Philippine Sea, South
  China Sea, and Taiwan Strait, north of the Philippines, off the
  southeastern coast of China

Geographic coordinates:
  23 30 N, 121 00 E

Map references:
  Southeast Asia

Area:
  total: 35,980 kmē
  land: 32,260 kmē
  water: 3,720 kmē
  note: includes the Pescadores, Matsu, and Quemoy

Area - comparative:
  slightly smaller than Maryland and Delaware combined

Land boundaries:
  0 km

Coastline:
  1,566.3 km

Maritime claims:
  exclusive economic zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 12 NM

Climate:
  tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August);
  cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year

Terrain:
  eastern two-thirds mostly rugged mountains; flat to gently rolling plains
  in west

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: South China Sea 0 m highest point: Yu Shan 3,997 m

Natural resources:
  small deposits of coal, natural gas, limestone, marble, and asbestos

Land use:
  arable land: 24%
  permanent crops: 1%
  permanent pastures: 5%
  forests and woodland: 55%
  other: 15%

Irrigated land:
  NA kmē

Natural hazards:
  earthquakes and typhoons

Environment - current issues:
  air pollution; water pollution from industrial emissions, raw sewage;
  contamination of drinking water supplies; trade in endangered species;
  low-level radioactive waste disposal

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: none of the selected agreements signed, but not ratified: none of
    the selected agreements

§3. Taiwan People

Population:
  22,370,461 (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 21.22% (male 2,470,270; female 2,276,108)
  15-64 years: 69.97% (male 7,944,451; female 7,707,250)
  65 years and over: 8.81% (male 1,034,230; female 938,152) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:
  0.8% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:
  14.31 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:
  6 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:
  -0.34 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.09 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.09 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 1.1 male(s)/female
  total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  6.93 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 76.54 years male: 73.81 years
  female: 79.51 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  1.76 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  NA

Nationality:
  noun: Chinese (singular and plural)
  adjective: Chinese

Ethnic groups:
  Taiwanese (including Hakka) 84%, mainland Chinese 14%, aborigine 2%

Religions:
  mixture of Buddhist, Confucian, and Taoist 93%, Christian 4.5%, other 2.5%

Languages:
  Mandarin Chinese (official), Taiwanese (Min), Hakka dialects

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 86% (1980 est.); note - literacy for the total population
    has reportedly increased to 94% (1998 est.)
  male: 93% (1980 est.)
  female: 79% (1980 est.)

§4. Taiwan Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: none
  conventional short form: Taiwan
  local long form: none
  local short form: T'ai-wan
  former: Formosa

Government type:
  multiparty democratic regime headed by popularly elected president

Capital:
  Taipei

Administrative divisions:
  since in the past the authorities claimed to be the government of all
  China, the central administrative divisions include the provinces of
  Fu-chien (some 20 offshore islands of Fujian Province including Quemoy and
  Matsu) and Taiwan (the island of Taiwan and the Pescadores islands); note -
  the more commonly referenced administrative divisions are those of Taiwan
  Province - 16 counties (hsien, singular and plural), 5 municipalities*
  (shih, singular and plural), and 2 special municipalities** (chuan-shih,
  singular and plural); Chang-hua, Chia-i, Chia-i*, Chi-lung*, Hsin-chu,
  Hsin-chu*, Hua-lien, I-lan, Kao-hsiung, Kao-hsiung**, Miao-li, Nan-t'ou,
  P'eng-hu, P'ing-tung, T'ai-chung, T'ai-chung*, T'ai-nan, T'ai-nan*,
  T'ai-pei, T'ai-pei**, T'ai-tung, T'ao-yuan, and Yun-lin; the provincial
  capital is at Chung-hsing-hsin-ts'un
  note: Taiwan uses the Wade-Giles system for romanization

National holiday:
  Republic Day (Anniversary of the Chinese Revolution), 10 October (1911)

Constitution:
  1 January 1947, amended in 1992, 1994, 1997, and 1999

Legal system:
  based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with
  reservations

Suffrage:
  20 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
  chief of state: President CHEN Shui-bien (20 May 2000) and Vice President
    Annette LU (since 20 May 2000)
  head of government: Premier (President of the Executive Yuan) CHANG
    Chun-hsiung (since NA October 2000) and Vice Premier (Vice President of
    the Executive Yuan) LAI In-jaw (since NA October 2000)
  cabinet: Executive Yuan appointed by the president
  elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by
    popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 18 March 2000 (next
    to be held NA March 2004); premier appointed by the president; vice
    premiers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the premier
  election results: CHEN Shui-bien elected president; percent of vote - CHEN
    Shui-bien (DPP) 39.3%, James SOONG (independent) 36.84%, LIEN Chan (KMT)
    23.1%, HSU Hsin-liang (independent) 0.63%, LEE Ao (CNP) 0.13%

Legislative branch:
  unicameral Legislative Yuan (225 seats - 168 elected by popular vote, 41
  elected on the basis of the proportion of nationwide votes received by
  participating political parties, eight elected from overseas Chinese
  constituencies on the basis of the proportion of nationwide votes received
  by participating political parties, eight elected by popular vote among the
  aboriginal populations; members serve three-year terms) and unicameral
  National Assembly (300 seats, note - total number of seats has been reduced
  from 334 to 300 since the last election; members are elected by
  proportional representation based on the election of the Legislative Yuan
  and serve four-year terms)
  elections: Legislative Yuan - last held 5 December 1998 (next to be held NA
    December 2001); National Assembly - last held 23 March 1996 (next to be
    held NA June 2002)
  election results: Legislative Yuan - percent of vote by party - KMT 46%,
    DPP 29%, CNP 7%, independents 10%, other parties 8%; seats by party - KMT
    123, DPP 70, CNP 11, independents 15, other parties 6; subsequent to the
    election there have been some changes in the distribution of seats in the
    Legislative Yuan due to new party formation and party defections, the new
    distribution is as follows - KMT 114, DPP 66, PFP 17, NP 9,
    other/independent 19; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - KMT
    55%, DPP 30%, CNP 14%, other 1%; seats by party - KMT 183, DPP 99, CNP
    46, other 6

Judicial branch:
  Judicial Yuan (justices appointed by the president with the consent of the
  National Assembly; note - beginning in 2003, justices will be appointed by
  the president with the consent of the Legislative Yuan)

Political parties and leaders:
  Chinese New Party or CNP [HAU Lang-bin]; Democratic Progressive Party or
  DPP [Frank HSIEH, chairman]; Kuomintang or KMT (Nationalist Party) [LIEN
  Chan, chairman]; New Party or NP [LI Ching-hwa]; People First Party or PFP
  [James SOONG, chairman]; other minor parties

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  Taiwan independence movement, various business and environmental groups
    note: debate on Taiwan independence has become acceptable within the
    mainstream of domestic politics on Taiwan; political liberalization and
    the increased representation of opposition parties in Taiwan's
    legislature have opened public debate on the island's national identity;
    a broad popular consensus has developed that Taiwan currently enjoys de
    facto independence and - whatever the ultimate outcome regarding
    reunification or independence - that Taiwan's people must have the
    deciding voice; advocates of Taiwan independence oppose the stand that
    the island will eventually reunify with mainland China; goals of the
    Taiwan independence movement include establishing a sovereign nation on
    Taiwan and entering the UN; other organizations supporting Taiwan
    independence include the World United Formosans for Independence and the
    Organization for Taiwan Nation Building

International organization participation:
  APEC, AsDB, BCIE, ICC, ICFTU, IFRCS, IOC, WCL, WTrO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  none; unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people of the
  US are maintained through a private instrumentality, the Taipei Economic
  and Cultural Representative Office (TECRO) in the US with headquarters in
  Taipei and field offices in Washington and 12 other US cities

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  none; unofficial commercial and cultural relations with the people on
    Taiwan are maintained through a private corporation, the American
    Institute in Taiwan (AIT), which has its headquarters in Rosslyn,
    Virginia (telephone: [1] (703) 525-8474 and FAX: [1] (703) 841-1385) and
    offices in Taipei at #7 Lane 134, Hsin Yi Road, Section 3, telephone
    [886] (2) 2709-2000, FAX [886] (2) 2702-7675, and in Kao-hsiung at #2
    Chung Cheng 3rd Road, 5th Floor, telephone [886] (7) 224-0154 through
    0157, FAX [886] (7) 223-8237, and the American Trade Center at Room 3208
    International Trade Building, Taipei World Trade Center, 333 Keelung Road
    Section 1, Taipei 10548, telephone [886] (2) 2720-1550, FAX [886] (2)
    2757-7162

Flag description:
  red with a dark blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a
  white sun with 12 triangular rays

§5. Taiwan Economy

Economy - overview:
  Taiwan has a dynamic capitalist economy with gradually decreasing guidance
  of investment and foreign trade by government authorities. In keeping with
  this trend, some large government-owned banks and industrial firms are
  being privatized. Real growth in GDP has averaged about 8% during the past
  three decades. Exports have grown even faster and have provided the primary
  impetus for industrialization. Inflation and unemployment are low; the
  trade surplus is substantial; and foreign reserves are the world's fourth
  largest. Agriculture contributes 3% to GDP, down from 35% in 1952.
  Traditional labor-intensive industries are steadily being moved offshore
  and replaced with more capital- and technology-intensive industries. Taiwan
  has become a major investor in China, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines,
  Malaysia, and Vietnam. The tightening of labor markets has led to an influx
  of foreign workers, both legal and illegal. Because of its conservative
  financial approach and its entrepreneurial strengths, Taiwan suffered
  little compared with many of its neighbors from the Asian financial crisis
  in 1998-99. Growth in 2001 will depend largely on conditions in Taiwan's
  export markets and may be about 5%.

GDP:
  purchasing power parity - $386 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  6.3% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:
  purchasing power parity - $17,400 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 3% industry: 33%
  services: 64% (1999 est.)

Population below poverty line:
  1% (1999 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  1.3% (2000 est.)

Labor force:
  9.8 million (2000 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
  services 55%, industry 37%, agriculture 8% (1999 est.)

Unemployment rate:
  3% (2000 est.)

Budget:
  revenues: $42.74 billion
  expenditures: $48.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2001
    est.)

Industries:
  electronics, petroleum refining, chemicals, textiles, iron and steel,
  machinery, cement, food processing

Industrial production growth rate:
  8% (2000 est.)

Electricity - production:
  139.676 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:
  fossil fuel: 67.26% hydro: 6.32%
  nuclear: 26.42%
  other: 0% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:
  129.899 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products:
  rice, corn, vegetables, fruit, tea; pigs, poultry, beef, milk; fish

Exports:
  $148.38 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Exports - commodities:
  machinery and electrical equipment 51%, metals, textiles, plastics,
  chemicals

Exports - partners:
  US 23.5%, Hong Kong 21.1%, Europe 16%, ASEAN 12.2%, Japan 11.2% (2000)

Imports:
  $140.01 billion (c.i.f., 2000)

Imports - commodities:
  machinery and electrical equipment 51%, minerals, precision instruments

Imports - partners:
  Japan 27.5%, US 17.9%, Europe 13.6% (2000)

Debt - external:
  $40 billion (2000)

Currency:
  new Taiwan dollar (TWD)

Currency code:
  TWD

Exchange rates:
  new Taiwan dollars per US dollar - 33.082 (yearend 2000), 31.395 (yearend
  1999), 32.216 (1998), 32.052 (1997), 27.5 (1996)

Fiscal year:
  1 July - 30 June (up to FY98/99); 1 July 1999 - 31 December 2000 for FY00;
  calendar year (after FY00)

§6. Taiwan Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  12.49 million (September 2000)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  16 million (September 2000)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: provides telecommunications service for every business
    and private need
  domestic: thoroughly modern; completely digitalized
  international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Pacific Ocean and 1
    Indian Ocean); submarine cables to Japan (Okinawa), Philippines, Guam,
    Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Australia, Middle East, and Western
    Europe (1999)

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 218, FM 333, shortwave 50 (1999)

Radios:
  16 million (1994)

Television broadcast stations:
  29 (plus two repeaters) (1997)

Televisions:
  8.8 million (1998)

Internet country code:
  .tw

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
  8 (2000)

Internet users:
  6.4 million (2000)

§7. Taiwan Transportation

Railways:
  total: 4,600 km (519 km electrified)
  narrow gauge: 4,600 km 1.067-m
  note: only 1,108 km of route length (including the electrified part) is
    used in common carrier service by the Taiwan Railway Administration; the
    remaining 3,492 km is dedicated to industrial use (1999)

Highways:
  total: 34,901 km
  paved: 31,271 km (including 538 km of expressways)
  unpaved: 3,630 km (1998 est.)

Waterways:
  NA

Pipelines:
  petroleum products 3,400 km; natural gas 1,800 km (1999)

Ports and harbors:
  Chi-lung (Keelung), Hua-lien, Kao-hsiung, Su-ao, T'ai-chung

Merchant marine:
  total: 167 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 4,768,145 GRT/7,508,941 DWT
  ships by type: bulk 45, cargo 29, combination bulk 1, container 65,
    petroleum tanker 17, refrigerated cargo 8, roll on/roll off 2 (2000 est.)

Airports:
  39 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 35 over 3,047 m: 8
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 9
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 8
  914 to 1,523 m: 7
  under 914 m: 3 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 4 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
  under 914 m: 3 (2000 est.)

Heliports:
  3 (2000 est.)

§8. Taiwan Military

Military branches:
  Army, Navy (includes Marines), Air Force, Coastal Patrol and Defense
  Command, Armed Forces Reserve Command, Combined Service Forces

Military manpower - military age:
  19 years of age

Military manpower - availability:
  males age 15-49: 6,575,689 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
  males age 15-49: 5,025,856 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
  males: 198,766 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $8.042 billion (FY98/99)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  2.8% (FY98/99)

§9. Taiwan Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  involved in complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia,
  Philippines, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; Paracel Islands occupied by
  China, but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; claims Japanese-administered
  Senkaku-shoto (Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu Tai), as does China

Illicit drugs:
  transit point for heroin and methamphetamine; major problem with domestic
  consumption of methamphetamine and heroin
