United Kingdom

§1. United Kingdom Introduction

Background:
  Great Britain, the dominant industrial and maritime power of the 19th
  century, played a leading role in developing parliamentary democracy and in
  advancing literature and science. At its zenith, the British Empire
  stretched over one-fourth of the earth's surface. The first half of the
  20th century saw the UK's strength seriously depleted in two World Wars.
  The second half witnessed the dismantling of the Empire and the UK
  rebuilding itself into a modern and prosperous European nation. As one of
  five permanent members of the UN Security Council, a founding member of
  NATO, and of the Commonwealth, the UK pursues a global approach to foreign
  policy; it currently is weighing the degree of its integration with
  continental Europe. A member of the EU, it chose to remain outside of the
  European Monetary Union for the time being. Constitutional reform is also a
  significant issue in the UK. Regional assemblies with varying degrees of
  power opened in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland in 1999.

§2. United Kingdom Geography

Location:
  Western Europe, islands including the northern one-sixth of the island of
  Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea, northwest of
  France

Geographic coordinates:
  54 00 N, 2 00 W

Map references:
  Europe

Area:
  total: 244,820 kmē
  land: 241,590 kmē
  water: 3,230 kmē
  note: includes Rockall and Shetland Islands

Area - comparative:
  slightly smaller than Oregon

Land boundaries:
  total: 360 km border countries: Ireland 360 km

Coastline:
  12,429 km

Maritime claims:
  continental shelf: as defined in continental shelf orders or in accordance
    with agreed upon boundaries
  exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM
  territorial sea: 12 NM

Climate:
  temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic
  Current; more than one-half of the days are overcast

Terrain:
  mostly rugged hills and low mountains; level to rolling plains in east and
  southeast

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Fenland -4 m highest point: Ben Nevis 1,343 m

Natural resources:
  coal, petroleum, natural gas, tin, limestone, iron ore, salt, clay, chalk,
  gypsum, lead, silica, arable land

Land use:
  arable land: 25%
  permanent crops: 0%
  permanent pastures: 46%
  forests and woodland: 10%
  other: 19% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land:
  1,080 kmē (1993 est.)

Natural hazards:
  NA

Environment - current issues:
  continues to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (has meet Kyoto Protocol
  target of a 12.5% reduction from 1990 levels and hopes to reduce even
  more); small particulate emissions, largely from vehicular traffic, remain
  a problem; solid waste continues to rise and recycling is very limited

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
    Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
    Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources,
    Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
    Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification,
    Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life
    Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
    Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
  signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants,
    Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Geography - note:
  lies near vital North Atlantic sea lanes; only 35 km from France and now
  linked by tunnel under the English Channel; because of heavily indented
  coastline, no location is more than 125 km from tidal waters

§3. United Kingdom People

Population:
  59,647,790 (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 18.89% (male 5,778,415; female 5,486,114)
  15-64 years: 65.41% (male 19,712,932; female 19,304,771)
  65 years and over: 15.7% (male 3,895,921; female 5,469,637) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:
  0.23% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:
  11.54 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:
  10.35 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:
  1.07 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  5.54 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 77.82 years male: 75.13 years
  female: 80.66 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  1.73 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  0.11% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  31,000 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  450 (1999 est.)

Nationality:
  noun: Briton(s), British (collective plural)
  adjective: British

Ethnic groups:
  English 81.5%, Scottish 9.6%, Irish 2.4%, Welsh 1.9%, Ulster 1.8%, West
  Indian, Indian, Pakistani, and other 2.8%

Religions:
  Anglican 27 million, Roman Catholic 9 million, Muslim 1 million,
  Presbyterian 800,000, Methodist 760,000, Sikh 400,000, Hindu 350,000,
  Jewish 300,000 (1991 est.)

Languages:
  English, Welsh (about 26% of the population of Wales), Scottish form of
  Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland)

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over has completed five or more years of schooling
  total population: 99% (1978 est.)
  male: NA%
  female: NA%

§4. United Kingdom Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
    Ireland
  conventional short form: United Kingdom
  abbreviation: UK

Government type:
  constitutional monarchy

Capital:
  London

Administrative divisions:
  England - 47 boroughs, 36 counties*, 29 London boroughs**, 12 cities and
  boroughs***, 10 districts****, 12 cities*****, 3 royal boroughs******;
  Barking and Dagenham**, Barnet**, Barnsley, Bath and North East
  Somerset****, Bedfordshire*, Bexley**, Birmingham***, Blackburn with
  Darwen, Blackpool, Bolton, Bournemouth, Bracknell Forest, Bradford***,
  Brent**, Brighton and Hove, City of Bristol*****, Bromley**,
  Buckinghamshire*, Bury, Calderdale, Cambridgeshire*, Camden**, Cheshire*,
  Cornwall*, Coventry***, Croydon**, Cumbria*, Darlington, Derby*****,
  Derbyshire*, Devon*, Doncaster, Dorset*, Dudley, Durham*, Ealing**, East
  Riding of Yorkshire****, East Sussex*, Enfield**, Essex*, Gateshead,
  Gloucestershire*, Greenwich**, Hackney**, Halton, Hammersmith and Fulham**,
  Hampshire*, Haringey**, Harrow**, Hartlepool, Havering**, Herefordshire*,
  Hertfordshire*, Hillingdon**, Hounslow**, Isle of Wight*, Islington**,
  Kensington and Chelsea******, Kent*, City of Kingston upon Hull*****,
  Kingston upon Thames******, Kirklees, Knowsley, Lambeth**, Lancashire*,
  Leeds***, Leicester*****, Leicestershire*, Lewisham**, Lincolnshire*,
  Liverpool***, City of London*****, Luton, Manchester***, Medway, Merton**,
  Middlesbrough, Milton Keynes, Newcastle upon Tyne***, Newham**, Norfolk*,
  Northamptonshire*, North East Lincolnshire****, North Lincolnshire****,
  North Somerset****, North Tyneside, Northumberland*, North Yorkshire*,
  Nottingham*****, Nottinghamshire*, Oldham, Oxfordshire*, Peterborough*****,
  Plymouth*****, Poole, Portsmouth*****, Reading, Redbridge**, Redcar and
  Cleveland, Richmond upon Thames**, Rochdale, Rotherham, Rutland****,
  Salford***, Shropshire*, Sandwell, Sefton, Sheffield***, Slough, Solihull,
  Somerset*, Southampton*****, Southend-on-Sea, South Gloucestershire****,
  South Tyneside, Southwark**, Staffordshire*, St. Helens, Stockport,
  Stockton-on-Tees, Stoke-on-Trent*****, Suffolk*, Sunderland***, Surrey*,
  Sutton**, Swindon, Tameside, Telford and Wrekin****, Thurrock, Torbay,
  Tower Hamlets**, Trafford, Wakefield***, Walsall, Waltham Forest**,
  Wandsworth**, Warrington, Warwickshire*, West Berkshire****,
  Westminster***, West Sussex*, Wigan, Wiltshire*, Windsor and
  Maidenhead******, Wirral, Wokingham****, Wolverhampton, Worcestershire*,
  York*****; Northern Ireland - 24 districts, 2 cities*; Antrim, Ards,
  Armagh, Ballymena, Ballymoney, Banbridge, Belfast*, Carrickfergus,
  Castlereagh, Coleraine, Cookstown, Craigavon, Down, Dungannon, Fermanagh,
  Larne, Limavady, Lisburn, Derry*, Magherafelt, Moyle, Newry and Mourne,
  Newtownabbey, North Down, Omagh, Strabane; Scotland - 32 council areas;
  Aberdeen City, Aberdeenshire, Angus, Argyll and Bute, The Scottish Borders,
  Clackmannanshire, Dumfries and Galloway, Dundee City, East Ayrshire, East
  Dunbartonshire, East Lothian, East Renfrewshire, City of Edinburgh,
  Falkirk, Fife, Glasgow City, Highland, Inverclyde, Midlothian, Moray, North
  Ayrshire, North Lanarkshire, Orkney Islands, Perth and Kinross,
  Renfrewshire, Shetland Islands, South Ayrshire, South Lanarkshire,
  Stirling, West Dunbartonshire, Eilean Siar (Western Isles), West Lothian;
  Wales - 11 county boroughs, 9 counties*, 2 cities and counties**; Isle of
  Anglesey*, Blaenau Gwent, Bridgend, Caerphilly, Cardiff**, Ceredigion*,
  Carmarthenshire*, Conwy, Denbighshire*, Flintshire*, Gwynedd, Merthyr
  Tydfil, Monmouthshire*, Neath Port Talbot, Newport, Pembrokeshire*, Powys*,
  Rhondda Cynon Taff, Swansea**, Torfaen, The Vale of Glamorgan*, Wrexham

Dependent areas:
  Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands,
  Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Jersey, Isle of Man,
  Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, South Georgia and the South
  Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands

Independence:
  England has existed as a unified entity since the 10th century; the union
  between England and Wales was enacted under the Statute of Rhuddlan in
  1284; in the Act of Union of 1707, England and Scotland agreed to permanent
  union as Great Britain; the legislative union of Great Britain and Ireland
  was implemented in 1801, with the adoption of the name the United Kingdom
  of Great Britain and Ireland; the Anglo-Irish treaty of 1921 formalized a
  partition of Ireland; six northern Irish counties remained part of the
  United Kingdom as Northern Ireland and the current name of the country, the
  United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, was adopted in 1927

National holiday:
  Birthday of Queen ELIZABETH II, celebrated on the second Saturday in June
  (1926)

Constitution:
  unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice

Legal system:
  common law tradition with early Roman and modern continental influences; no
  judicial review of Acts of Parliament; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction,
  with reservations; British courts and legislation are increasingly subject
  to review by European Union courts

Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
  chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952); Heir Apparent
    Prince CHARLES (son of the queen, born 14 November 1948)
  head of government: Prime Minister Anthony C. L. (Tony) BLAIR (since 2 May
    1997)
  cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
  elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; the prime minister is the
    leader of the majority party in the House of Commons (assuming there is
    no majority party, a prime minister would have a majority coalition or at
    least a coalition that was not rejected by the majority)

Legislative branch:
  bicameral Parliament comprised of House of Lords (consists of approximately
  500 life peers, 92 hereditary peers and 26 clergy) and House of Commons
  (659 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms
  unless the House is dissolved earlier)
  elections: House of Lords - no elections (some proposals for further reform
    include elections); House of Commons - last held 7 June 2001 (next to be
    held by NA May 2006)
  election results: House of Commons - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats
    by party - Labor 412, Conservative and Unionist 166, Liberal Democrat 52,
    other 29
  note: in 1998 elections were held for a Northern Ireland Parliament
    (because of unresolved disputes among existing parties, the transfer of
    power from London to Northern Ireland came only at the end of 1999 and
    was rescinded in February 2000); in 1999 there were elections for a new
    Scottish Parliament and a new Welsh Assembly

Judicial branch:
  House of Lords (highest court of appeal; several Lords of Appeal in
  Ordinary are appointed by the monarch for life); Supreme Courts of England,
  Wales, and Northern Ireland (comprising the Courts of Appeal, the High
  Courts of Justice, and the Crown Courts); Scotland's Court of Session and
  Court of the Justiciary

Political parties and leaders:
  Conservative and Unionist Party [William HAGUE]; Democratic Unionist Party
  (Northern Ireland) [Rev. Ian PAISLEY]; Labor Party [Anthony (Tony) Blair];
  Liberal Democrats [Charles KENNEDY]; Party of Wales (Plaid Cymru) [Ieuan
  Wyn JONES]; Scottish National Party or SNP [John SWINNEY]; Sinn Fein
  (Northern Ireland) [Gerry ADAMS]; Social Democratic and Labor Party or SDLP
  (Northern Ireland) [John HUME]; Ulster Unionist Party (Northern Ireland)
  [David TRIMBLE]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament; Confederation of British Industry;
  National Farmers' Union; Trades Union Congress

International organization participation:
  AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, C, CCC, CDB (non-regional), CE, CERN,
  EAPC, EBRD, ECA (associate), ECE, ECLAC, EIB, ESA, ESCAP, EU, FAO, G- 5, G-
  7, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC,
  IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM
  (observer), ISO, ITU, MONUC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer),
  OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SPC, UN, UN Security Council, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD,
  UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNOMIG, UNRWA,
  UNTAET, UNU, UPU, WCL, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Sir Christopher J. R. MEYER chancery: 3100
    Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
  telephone: [1] (202) 588-6500
  FAX: [1] (202) 588-7870
  consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Houston, Los
    Angeles, New York, and San Francisco
  consulate(s): Dallas, Denver, Miami, Orlando (reports to Atlanta), San
    Juan, and Seattle

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Philip LADER embassy: 24/31 Grosvenor Square,
    London, W1A1AE
  mailing address: PSC 801, Box 40, FPO AE 09498-4040
  telephone: [44] (0) 207499-9000 (switchboard)
  FAX: [44] (171) 409-1637
  consulate(s) general: Belfast, Edinburgh

Flag description:
  blue with the red cross of Saint George (patron saint of England) edged in
  white superimposed on the diagonal red cross of Saint Patrick (patron saint
  of Ireland) and which is superimposed on the diagonal white cross of Saint
  Andrew (patron saint of Scotland); known as the Union Flag or Union Jack;
  the design and colors (especially the Blue Ensign) have been the basis for
  a number of other flags including other Commonwealth countries and their
  constituent states or provinces, as well as British overseas territories

§5. United Kingdom Economy

Economy - overview:
  The UK, a leading trading power and financial center, deploys an
  essentially capitalistic economy, one of the quartet of trillion dollar
  economies of Western Europe. Over the past two decades the government has
  greatly reduced public ownership and contained the growth of social welfare
  programs. Agriculture is intensive, highly mechanized, and efficient by
  European standards, producing about 60% of food needs with only 1% of the
  labor force. The UK has large coal, natural gas, and oil reserves; primary
  energy production accounts for 10% of GDP, one of the highest shares of any
  industrial nation. Services, particularly banking, insurance, and business
  services, account by far for the largest proportion of GDP while industry
  continues to decline in importance. The economy has grown steadily, at just
  above or below 3%, for the last several years. The BLAIR government has put
  off the question of participation in the euro system until after the next
  election, in June of 2001; Chancellor of the Exchequer BROWN has identified
  some key economic tests to determine whether the UK should join the common
  currency system, but it will largely be a political decision. A serious
  short-term problem is foot-and-mouth disease, which by early 2001 had
  broken out in nearly 600 farms and slaughterhouses and had resulted in the
  killing of 400,000 animals.

GDP:
  purchasing power parity - $1.36 trillion (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  3% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:
  purchasing power parity - $22,800 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 1.7% industry: 24.9%
  services: 73.4% (1999)

Population below poverty line:
  17%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 2.6% highest 10%: 27.3% (1991)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  2.4% (2000 est.)

Labor force:
  29.2 million (1999)

Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture 1%, industry 19%, services 80% (1996 est.)

Unemployment rate:
  5.5% (2000 est.)

Budget:
  revenues: $555.2 billion
  expenditures: $510.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $37.7
    billion (FY00)

Industries:
  machine tools, electric power equipment, automation equipment, railroad
  equipment, shipbuilding, aircraft, motor vehicles and parts, electronics
  and communications equipment, metals, chemicals, coal, petroleum, paper and
  paper products, food processing, textiles, clothing, and other consumer
  goods

Industrial production growth rate:
  2% (2000)

Electricity - production:
  342.771 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:
  fossil fuel: 69.38% hydro: 1.55%
  nuclear: 26.68%
  other: 2.39% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:
  333.012 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:
  265 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:
  14.5 billion kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products:
  cereals, oilseed, potatoes, vegetables; cattle, sheep, poultry; fish

Exports:
  $282 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Exports - commodities:
  manufactured goods, fuels, chemicals; food, beverages, tobacco

Exports - partners:
  EU 58% (Germany 12%, France 10%, Netherlands 8%), US 15% (1999)

Imports:
  $324 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Imports - commodities:
  manufactured goods, machinery, fuels; foodstuffs

Imports - partners:
  EU 53% (Germany 14%, France 9%, Netherlands 7%), US 13%, Japan 5% (1999)

Debt - external:
  $NA

Economic aid - donor:
  ODA, $3.4 billion (1997)

Currency:
  British pound (GBP)

Currency code:
  GBP

Exchange rates:
  British pounds per US dollar - 0.6764 (January 2001), 0.6596 (2000), 0.6180
  (1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997), 0.6403 (1996)

Fiscal year:
  1 April - 31 March

§6. United Kingdom Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  34.878 million (1997)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  13 million (yearend 1998)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: technologically advanced domestic and international
    system
  domestic: equal mix of buried cables, microwave radio relay, and
    fiber-optic systems
  international: 40 coaxial submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 10
    Intelsat (7 Atlantic Ocean and 3 Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic
    Ocean region), and 1 Eutelsat; at least 8 large international switching
    centers

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 219, FM 431, shortwave 3 (1998)

Radios:
  84.5 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
  228 (plus 3,523 repeaters) (1995)

Televisions:
  30.5 million (1997)

Internet country code:
  .uk

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
  245 (2000)

Internet users:
  19.47 million (2000)

§7. United Kingdom Transportation

Railways:
  total: 16,878 km
  broad gauge: 342 km 1.600-m gauge (190 km double track); note - all 1.600-m
    gauge track, of which 342 km is in common carrier use, and is in Northern
    Ireland
  standard gauge: 16,536 km 1.435-m gauge (4,928 km electrified; 12,591 km
    double or multiple track) (1996)

Highways:
  total: 371,603 km
  paved: 371,603 km (including 3,303 km of expressways)
  unpaved: 0 km (1998 est.)

Waterways:
  3,200 km

Pipelines:
  crude oil (almost all insignificant) 933 km; petroleum products 2,993 km;
  natural gas 12,800 km

Ports and harbors:
  Aberdeen, Belfast, Bristol, Cardiff, Dover, Falmouth, Felixstowe, Glasgow,
  Grangemouth, Hull, Leith, Liverpool, London, Manchester, Peterhead,
  Plymouth, Portsmouth, Scapa Flow, Southampton, Sullom Voe, Tees, Tyne

Merchant marine:
  total: 200 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,934,776 GRT/3,760,240 DWT
  ships by type: bulk 4, cargo 31, chemical tanker 11, combination ore/oil 1,
    container 47, liquefied gas 3, passenger 14, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum
    tanker 52, refrigerated cargo 4, roll on/roll off 19, short-sea passenger
    10, specialized tanker 1, vehicle carrier 2
  note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of
    convenience: Denmark 1 (2000 est.)

Airports:
  489 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 349 over 3,047 m: 10
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 33
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 162
  914 to 1,523 m: 89
  under 914 m: 55 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 140 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
  914 to 1,523 m: 23
  under 914 m: 116 (2000 est.)

Heliports:
  11 (2000 est.)

§8. United Kingdom Military

Military branches:
  Army, Royal Navy (includes Royal Marines), Royal Air Force

Military manpower - availability:
  males age 15-49: 14,599,199 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
  males age 15-49: 12,139,930 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $36.884 billion (FY97)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  2.7% (FY97)

§9. United Kingdom Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  Northern Ireland issue with Ireland (historic peace agreement signed 10
  April 1998); Gibraltar issue with Spain; Argentina claims Falkland Islands
  (Islas Malvinas); Argentina claims South Georgia and the South Sandwich
  Islands; Mauritius and the Seychelles claim Chagos Archipelago
  (UK-administered British Indian Ocean Territory); Rockall continental shelf
  dispute involving Denmark and Iceland; territorial claim in Antarctica
  (British Antarctic Territory) overlaps Argentine claim and partially
  overlaps Chilean claim; disputes with Iceland, Denmark, and Ireland over
  the Faroe Islands continental shelf boundary outside 200 NM

Illicit drugs:
  gateway country for Latin American cocaine entering the European market;
  major consumer of synthetic drugs, producer of limited amounts of synthetic
  drugs and synthetic precursor chemicals; major consumer of Southwest Asian
  heroin; money-laundering center
