Yemen

§1. Yemen Introduction

Background:
  North Yemen became independent of the Ottoman Empire in 1918. The British,
  who had set up a protectorate area around the southern port of Aden in the
  19th century, withdrew in 1967 from what became South Yemen. Three years
  later, the southern government adopted a Marxist orientation. The massive
  exodus of hundreds of thousands of Yemenis from the south to the north
  contributed to two decades of hostility between the states. The two
  countries were formally unified as the Republic of Yemen in 1990. A
  southern secessionist movement in 1994 was quickly subdued. In 2000, Saudi
  Arabia and Yemen agreed to a delimitation of their border.

§2. Yemen Geography

Location:
  Middle East, bordering the Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, and Red Sea, between
  Oman and Saudi Arabia

Geographic coordinates:
  15 00 N, 48 00 E

Map references:
  Middle East

Area:
  total: 527,970 kmē
  land: 527,970 kmē
  water: 0 kmē
  note: includes Perim, Socotra, the former Yemen Arab Republic (YAR or North
    Yemen), and the former People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY or
    South Yemen)

Area - comparative:
  slightly larger than twice the size of Wyoming

Land boundaries:
  total: 1,746 km border countries: Oman 288 km, Saudi Arabia 1,458 km

Coastline:
  1,906 km

Maritime claims:
  contiguous zone: 24 NM continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the
    continental margin
  exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
  territorial sea: 12 NM

Climate:
  mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western
  mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh
  desert in east

Terrain:
  narrow coastal plain backed by flat-topped hills and rugged mountains;
  dissected upland desert plains in center slope into the desert interior of
  the Arabian Peninsula

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Arabian Sea 0 m highest point: Jabal an Nabi Shu'ayb 3,760 m

Natural resources:
  petroleum, fish, rock salt, marble, small deposits of coal, gold, lead,
  nickel, and copper, fertile soil in west

Land use:
  arable land: 3%
  permanent crops: 13%
  permanent pastures: 33.5%
  forests and woodland: 4%
  other: 46.5% (1999)

Irrigated land:
  5,674 kmē (1999)

Natural hazards:
  sandstorms and dust storms in summer

Environment - current issues:
  very limited natural fresh water resources; inadequate supplies of potable
  water; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
    Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
    Ozone Layer Protection
  signed, but not ratified: Nuclear Test Ban

Geography - note:
  strategic location on Bab el Mandeb, the strait linking the Red Sea and the
  Gulf of Aden, one of world's most active shipping lanes

§3. Yemen People

Population:
  18,078,035 (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 47.21% (male 4,340,436; female 4,195,076)
  15-64 years: 49.79% (male 4,598,301; female 4,402,402)
  65 years and over: 3% (male 274,202; female 267,618) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:
  3.38% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:
  43.36 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:
  9.58 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 1.02 male(s)/female
  total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  68.53 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 60.21 years male: 58.45 years
  female: 62.05 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  6.97 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  0.01% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  NA

Nationality:
  noun: Yemeni(s)
  adjective: Yemeni

Ethnic groups:
  predominantly Arab; but also Afro-Arab, South Asians, Europeans

Religions:
  Muslim including Shaf'i (Sunni) and Zaydi (Shi'a), small numbers of Jewish,
  Christian, and Hindu

Languages:
  Arabic

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 38%
  male: 53%
  female: 26% (1990 est.)

§4. Yemen Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: Republic of Yemen
  conventional short form: Yemen
  local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Yamaniyah
  local short form: Al Yaman

Government type:
  republic

Capital:
  Sanaa

Administrative divisions:
  17 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Abyan, 'Adan, Al Bayda',
  Al Hudaydah, Al Jawf, Al Mahrah, Al Mahwit, 'Ataq, Dhamar, Hadhramawt,
  Hajjah, Ibb, Lahij, Ma'rib, Sa'dah, San'a', Ta'izz
  note: there may be three more governorates: Al Daleh, Shabwah, and the
    capital city of Sana'a

Independence:
  22 May 1990, Republic of Yemen was established with the merger of the Yemen
  Arab Republic [Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen] and the Marxist-dominated
  People's Democratic Republic of Yemen [Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen];
  previously North Yemen had become independent on NA November 1918 (from the
  Ottoman Empire) and South Yemen had become independent on 30 November 1967
  (from the UK)

National holiday:
  Unification Day, 22 May (1990)

Constitution:
  16 May 1991; amended 29 September 1994 and February 2001

Legal system:
  based on Islamic law, Turkish law, English common law, and local tribal
  customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Field Marshall Ali Abdallah SALIH (since 22 May
    1990, the former president of North Yemen, assumed office upon the merger
    of North and South Yemen); Vice President Maj. Gen. Abd al-Rab Mansur
    al-HADI (since 3 October 1994)
  head of government: Prime Minister Abd al-Qadir BA JAMAL (since 4 April
    2001)
  cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the advice of
    the prime minister
  elections: president elected by direct, popular vote for a five-year term
    (a new constitution amendment extends the term by two years to a
    seven-year term); election last held 23 September 1999 (next to be held
    NA 2006); vice president appointed by the president; prime minister and
    deputy prime ministers appointed by the president
  election results: Ali Abdallah SALIH elected president; percent of vote:
    Ali Abdallah SALIH 96.3%, Najeeb Qahtan AL-SHAABI 3.7%

Legislative branch:
  a new constitutional amendment ratified on 20 February 2001 created a
  bicameral legislature consisting of a Shura Council (111 seats; members
  appointed by the president) and a House of Representatives (301 seats;
  members elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms)
  elections: last held 27 April 1997 (next to be held 27 April 2003)
  election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - GPC 189,
    Islah 52, Nasserite Unionist Party 3, National Arab Socialist Baath Party
    2, independents 54, election pending 1; latest seats by party: GPC 223,
    Islah 64, Nasserite Unionist Party 3, National Arab Socialist Baath Party
    2, YSP 2, independents 7

Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court

Political parties and leaders:
  there are over 12 political parties active in Yemen, some of the more
    prominent are: General People's Congress or GPC [President Ali Abdallah
    SALIH]; Islamic Reform Grouping or Islah [Shaykh Abdallah bin Husayn
    al-AHMAR]; National Arab Socialist Baath Party [Dr. Qassim SALAAM];
    Nasserite Unionist Party [Abdel Malik al-MAKHLAFI]; Yemeni Socialist
    Party or YSP [Ali Salih MUQBIL]
  note: President SALIH's General People's Congress or GPC won a landslide
    victory in the April 1997 legislative election and no longer governs in
    coalition with Shaykh Abdallah bin Husayn al-AHMAR's Islamic Reform
    Grouping or Islah - the two parties had been in coalition since the end
    of the civil war in 1994; the YSP, a loyal opposition party, boycotted
    the April 1997 legislative election, but announced that it would
    participate in Yemen's first local elections to be held in February 2001;
    these local elections aim to decentralize political power and are a key
    element of the government's political reform program

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  NA

International organization participation:
  ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM,
  IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM,
  ITU, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU,
  WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Abd al-Wahhab Abdallah al-HAJRI chancery:
    Suite 705, 2600 Virginia Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037
  telephone: [1] (202) 965-4760
  FAX: [1] (202) 337-2017

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Barbara K. BODINE embassy: Dhahar Himyar Zone,
    Sheraton Hotel District, Sanaa
  mailing address: P. O. Box 22347, Sanaa
  telephone: [967] (1) 303-161
  FAX: [967] (1) 303-182

Flag description:
  three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; similar to the
  flag of Syria which has two green stars and of Iraq which has three green
  stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line centered in the
  white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt which has a heraldic eagle
  centered in the white band

§5. Yemen Economy

Economy - overview:
  Yemen, one of the poorest countries in the Arab world, reported strong
  growth in the mid-1990s with the onset of oil production, but was harmed by
  low oil prices in 1998. Yemen has embarked on an IMF-supported structural
  adjustment program designed to modernize and streamline the economy, which
  has led to foreign debt relief and restructuring. Aided by higher oil
  prices in 1999-2000, Yemen worked to maintain tight control over spending
  and implement additional components of the IMF program. A high population
  growth rate of nearly 3.4% and internal political dissension complicate the
  government's task.

GDP:
  purchasing power parity - $14.4 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  6% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:
  purchasing power parity - $820 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 20% industry: 42%
  services: 38% (1998)

Population below poverty line:
  19% (1992 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 2.3% highest 10%: 30.8% (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  10% (2000 est.)

Labor force:
  NA

Labor force - by occupation:
  most people are employed in agriculture and herding; services,
  construction, industry, and commerce account for less than one-fourth of
  the labor force

Unemployment rate:
  30% (1995 est.)

Budget:
  revenues: $3 billion
  expenditures: $3.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2001
    est.)

Industries:
  crude oil production and petroleum refining; small-scale production of
  cotton textiles and leather goods; food processing; handicrafts; small
  aluminum products factory; cement

Industrial production growth rate:
  NA%

Electricity - production:
  2.4 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:
  fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0%
  nuclear: 0%
  other: 0% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:
  2.232 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products:
  grain, fruits, vegetables, pulses, qat (mildly narcotic shrub), coffee,
  cotton; dairy products, livestock (sheep, goats, cattle, camels), poultry;
  fish

Exports:
  $4.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Exports - commodities:
  crude oil, coffee, dried and salted fish

Exports - partners:
  Thailand 34%, China 26%, South Korea 14%, Japan 3% (1999)

Imports:
  $2.7 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Imports - commodities:
  food and live animals, machinery and equipment

Imports - partners:
  Saudi Arabia 10%, UAE 8%, US 7%, France 7%, Italy 6% (1999)

Debt - external:
  $4.4 billion (2000)

Economic aid - recipient:
  $176.1 million (1995)

Currency:
  Yemeni rial (YER)

Currency code:
  YER

Exchange rates:
  Yemeni rials per US dollar - 164.590 (October 2000), 160.683 (2000),
  155.718 (1999), 135.882 (1998), 129.281 (1997), 94.157 (1996)

Fiscal year:
  calendar year

§6. Yemen Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  291,359 (1999)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  32,042 (2000)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: since unification in 1990, efforts have been made to
    create a national telecommunications network
  domestic: the national network consists of microwave radio relay, cable,
    tropospheric scatter, and GSM cellular mobile telephone systems
  international: satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Indian Ocean and 1
    Atlantic Ocean), 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region), and 2 Arabsat;
    microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia and Djibouti

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 6, FM 1, shortwave 2 (1998)

Radios:
  1.05 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
  7 (plus several low-power repeaters) (1997)

Televisions:
  470,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
  .ye

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
  1 (2000)

Internet users:
  12,000 (2000)

§7. Yemen Transportation

Railways:
  0 km

Highways:
  total: 69,263 km
  paved: 9,963 km
  unpaved: 59,300 km (1999)

Waterways:
  none

Pipelines:
  crude oil 644 km; petroleum products 32 km

Ports and harbors:
  Aden, Al Hudaydah, Al Mukalla, As Salif, Mocha, Nishtun

Merchant marine:
  total: 4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 15,075 GRT/23,562 DWT
  ships by type: cargo 1, petroleum tanker 3 (2000 est.)

Airports:
  50 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 13 over 3,047 m: 2
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 8
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
  914 to 1,523 m: 1
  under 914 m: 1 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 37 over 3,047 m: 2
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 9
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 8
  914 to 1,523 m: 13
  under 914 m: 5 (2000 est.)

§8. Yemen Military

Military branches:
  Army, Navy, Coast Guard, Air Force, Air Defense Forces, Presidential
  Guards, paramilitary (includes Police)

Military manpower - military age:
  14 years of age

Military manpower - availability:
  males age 15-49: 4,103,093 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
  males age 15-49: 2,303,257 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
  males: 238,690 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $414 million (FY99)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  7.6% (FY99)

§9. Yemen Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  a June 2000 treaty delimited the boundary with Saudi Arabia, but final
  demarcation requires adjustments based on tribal considerations
