Western Sahara

§1. Western Sahara Introduction

Background:
  Morocco virtually annexed the northern two-thirds of Western Sahara
  (formerly Spanish Sahara) in 1976, and the rest of the territory in 1979,
  following Mauritania's withdrawal. A guerrilla war with the Polisario Front
  contesting Rabat's sovereignty ended in a 1991 cease-fire; a referendum on
  final status has been repeatedly postponed and is not expected to occur
  until at least 2002.

§2. Western Sahara Geography

Location:
  Northern Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Mauritania and
  Morocco

Geographic coordinates:
  24 30 N, 13 00 W

Map references:
  Africa

Area:
  total: 266,000 kmē
  land: 266,000 kmē
  water: 0 kmē

Area - comparative:
  about the size of Colorado

Land boundaries:
  total: 2,046 km border countries: Algeria 42 km, Mauritania 1,561 km,
    Morocco 443 km

Coastline:
  1,110 km

Maritime claims:
  contingent upon resolution of sovereignty issue

Climate:
  hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air currents produce fog and
  heavy dew

Terrain:
  mostly low, flat desert with large areas of rocky or sandy surfaces rising
  to small mountains in south and northeast

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Sebjet Tah -55 m highest point: unnamed location 463 m

Natural resources:
  phosphates, iron ore

Land use:
  arable land: 0%
  permanent crops: 0%
  permanent pastures: 19%
  forests and woodland: 0%
  other: 81%

Irrigated land:
  NA kmē

Natural hazards:
  hot, dry, dust/sand-laden sirocco wind can occur during winter and spring;
  widespread harmattan haze exists 60% of time, often severely restricting
  visibility

Environment - current issues:
  sparse water and lack of arable land

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: none of the selected agreements signed, but not ratified: none of
    the selected agreements

§3. Western Sahara People

Population:
  250,559 (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: NA%
  15-64 years: NA%
  65 years and over: NA%

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  NA%

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  NA

Nationality:
  noun: Sahrawi(s), Sahraoui(s)
  adjective: Sahrawian, Sahraouian

Ethnic groups:
  Arab, Berber

Religions:
  Muslim

Languages:
  Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic

Literacy:
  definition: NA
  total population: NA%
  male: NA%
  female: NA%

§4. Western Sahara Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: none
  conventional short form: Western Sahara
  former: Spanish Sahara

Government type:
  legal status of territory and question of sovereignty unresolved; territory
  contested by Morocco and Polisario Front (Popular Front for the Liberation
  of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio de Oro), which in February 1976 formally
  proclaimed a government-in-exile of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
  (SADR); territory partitioned between Morocco and Mauritania in April 1976,
  with Morocco acquiring northern two-thirds; Mauritania, under pressure from
  Polisario guerrillas, abandoned all claims to its portion in August 1979;
  Morocco moved to occupy that sector shortly thereafter and has since
  asserted administrative control; the Polisario's government-in-exile was
  seated as an OAU member in 1984; guerrilla activities continued
  sporadically, until a UN-monitored cease-fire was implemented 6 September
  1991

Capital:
  none

Administrative divisions:
  none (under de facto control of Morocco)

Suffrage:
  none; a UN-sponsored voter identification campaign has yet to be completed

Executive branch:
  none

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  none

International organization participation:
  none

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  none

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  none

§5. Western Sahara Economy

Economy - overview:
  Western Sahara, a territory poor in natural resources and lacking
  sufficient rainfall, depends on pastoral nomadism, fishing, and phosphate
  mining as the principal sources of income for the population. Most of the
  food for the urban population must be imported. All trade and other
  economic activities are controlled by the Moroccan Government. Incomes and
  standards of living are substantially below the Moroccan level.

GDP:
  purchasing power parity - $NA

GDP - real growth rate:
  NA%

GDP - per capita:
  purchasing power parity - $NA

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: NA% industry: NA%
  services: 40%-45% (1996 est.)

Population below poverty line:
  NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  NA%

Labor force:
  12,000

Labor force - by occupation:
  animal husbandry and subsistence farming 50%

Unemployment rate:
  NA%

Budget:
  revenues: $NA
  expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Industries:
  phosphate mining, handicrafts

Industrial production growth rate:
  NA%

Electricity - production:
  90 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:
  fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0%
  nuclear: 0%
  other: 0% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:
  83.7 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products:
  fruits and vegetables (grown in the few oases); camels, sheep, goats (kept
  by nomads)

Exports:
  $NA

Exports - commodities:
  phosphates 62%

Exports - partners:
  Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so trade partners are
  included in overall Moroccan accounts

Imports:
  $NA

Imports - commodities:
  fuel for fishing fleet, foodstuffs

Imports - partners:
  Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, so trade partners are
  included in overall Moroccan accounts

Debt - external:
  $NA

Economic aid - recipient:
  $NA

Currency:
  Moroccan dirham (MAD)

Currency code:
  MAD

Exchange rates:
  Moroccan dirhams per US dollar - 10.590 (January 2001), 10.626 (2000),
  9.804 (1999), 9.604 (1998), 9.527 (1997), 8.716 (1996)

Fiscal year:
  calendar year

§6. Western Sahara Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  about 2,000 (1999 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  0 (1999)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: sparse and limited system domestic: NA
  international: tied into Morocco's system by microwave radio relay,
    tropospheric scatter, and satellite; satellite earth stations - 2
    Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) linked to Rabat, Morocco

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 2, FM 0, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
  56,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
  NA

Televisions:
  6,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
  .eh

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
  1 (2000)

Internet users:
  NA

§7. Western Sahara Transportation

Railways:
  0 km

Highways:
  total: 6,200 km
  paved: 1,350 km
  unpaved: 4,850 km (1991 est.)

Waterways:
  none

Ports and harbors:
  Ad Dakhla, Cabo Bojador, Laayoune (El Aaiun)

Airports:
  11 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 8 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
  914 to 1,523 m: 4
  under 914 m: 3 (2000 est.)

Heliports:
  1 (2000 est.)

§8. Western Sahara Military

Military branches:
  NA

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $NA

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  NA%

§9. Western Sahara Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  claimed and administered by Morocco, but sovereignty is unresolved and the
  UN is attempting to hold a referendum on the issue; the UN-administered
  cease-fire has been in effect since September 1991
