Portugal

§1. Portugal Introduction

Background:
  Following its heyday as a world power during the 15th and 16th centuries,
  Portugal lost much of its wealth and status with the destruction of Lisbon
  in a 1755 earthquake, occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, and the
  independence in 1822 of Brazil as a colony. A 1910 revolution deposed the
  monarchy; for most of the next six decades repressive governments ran the
  country. In 1974, a left-wing military coup installed broad democratic
  reforms. The following year Portugal granted independence to all of its
  African colonies. Portugal entered the EC in 1985.

§2. Portugal Geography

Location:
  Southwestern Europe, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, west of Spain

Geographic coordinates:
  39 30 N, 8 00 W

Map references:
  Europe

Area:
  total: 92,391 kmē
  land: 91,951 kmē
  water: 440 kmē
  note: includes Azores and Madeira Islands

Area - comparative:
  slightly smaller than Indiana

Land boundaries:
  total: 1,214 km border countries: Spain 1,214 km

Coastline:
  1,793 km

Maritime claims:
  contiguous zone: 24 NM continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of
    exploitation
  exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
  territorial sea: 12 NM

Climate:
  maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south

Terrain:
  mountainous north of the Tagus River, rolling plains in south

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Ponta do Pico (Pico or Pico
    Alto) on Ilha do Pico in the Azores 2,351 m

Natural resources:
  fish, forests (cork), tungsten, iron ore, uranium ore, marble, arable land,
  hydro power

Land use:
  arable land: 26%
  permanent crops: 9%
  permanent pastures: 9%
  forests and woodland: 36%
  other: 20% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land:
  6,300 kmē (1993 est.)

Natural hazards:
  Azores subject to severe earthquakes

Environment - current issues:
  soil erosion; air pollution caused by industrial and vehicle emissions;
  water pollution, especially in coastal areas

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
    Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping,
    Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
    Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air
    Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
    Environmental Modification, Nuclear Test Ban

Geography - note:
  Azores and Madeira Islands occupy strategic locations along western sea
  approaches to Strait of Gibraltar

§3. Portugal People

Population:
  10,066,253 (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 16.96% (male 877,379; female 830,242)
  15-64 years: 67.42% (male 3,321,473; female 3,465,481)
  65 years and over: 15.62% (male 637,207; female 934,471) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:
  0.18% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:
  11.51 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:
  10.21 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:
  0.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.92 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  5.94 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 75.94 years male: 72.44 years
  female: 79.68 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  1.48 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  0.74% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  36,000 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  280 (1999 est.)

Nationality:
  noun: Portuguese (singular and plural)
  adjective: Portuguese

Ethnic groups:
  homogeneous Mediterranean stock; citizens of black African descent who
  immigrated to mainland during decolonization number less than 100,000

Religions:
  Roman Catholic 94%, Protestant (1995)

Languages:
  Portuguese

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 87.4%
  male: NA%
  female: NA%

§4. Portugal Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: Portuguese Republic
  conventional short form: Portugal
  local long form: Republica Portuguesa
  local short form: Portugal

Government type:
  parliamentary democracy

Capital:
  Lisbon

Administrative divisions:
  18 districts (distritos, singular - distrito) and 2 autonomous regions*
  (regioes autonomas, singular - regiao autonoma); Aveiro, Acores (Azores)*,
  Beja, Braga, Braganca, Castelo Branco, Coimbra, Evora, Faro, Guarda,
  Leiria, Lisboa, Madeira*, Portalegre, Porto, Santarem, Setubal, Viana do
  Castelo, Vila Real, Viseu

Independence:
  1140 (independent republic proclaimed 5 October 1910)

National holiday:
  Portugal Day, 10 June (1580)

Constitution:
  25 April 1976, revised 30 October 1982, 1 June 1989, 5 November 1992, and 3
  September 1997

Legal system:
  civil law system; the Constitutional Tribunal reviews the constitutionality
  of legislation; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Jorge SAMPAIO (since 9 March 1996)
  head of government: Prime Minister Antonio Manuel de Oliviera GUTERRES
    (since 28 October 1995)
  cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
    recommendation of the prime minister
  note: there is also a Council of State that acts as a consultative body to
    the president
  elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election
    last held 14 January 2001 (next to be held NA January 2006); following
    legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a
    majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the president
  election results: Jorge SAMPAIO re-elected president; percent of vote -
    Jorge SAMPAIO (Socialist) 55.8%, Joaquim FERREIRA Do Amaral (Social
    Democrat) 34.5%, Antonio ABREU (Communist) 5.1%

Legislative branch:
  unicameral Assembly of the Republic or Assembleia da Republica (230 seats;
  members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
  elections: last held 10 October 1999 (next to be held by NA October 2003)
  election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PS 115,
    PSD 81, PCP 15, PP 15, PEV 2, The Left Bloc 2

Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court or Supremo Tribunal de Justica (judges appointed for life by
  the Conselho Superior da Magistratura)

Political parties and leaders:
  The Greens or PEV [leader NA]; Popular Party or PP [Paulo PORTAS];
  Portuguese Communist Party/United Democratic Coalition or PCP/CDU [Carlos
  CARVALHAS]; Portuguese Socialist Party or PS [Antonio GUTERRES]; Social
  Democratic Party or PSD [leader vacant]; The Left Bloc [no leader]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  NA

International organization participation:
  AfDB, Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, ECLAC, EIB,
  EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA,
  IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC,
  IOM, ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), MINURSO, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS
  (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIBH,
  UNMIK, UNMOP, UNTAET, UPU, WCL, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Joao Alberto Bacelar ROCHA PARIS chancery:
    2125 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008
  telephone: [1] (202) 328-8610
  FAX: [1] (202) 462-3726
  consulate(s) general: Boston, New York, Newark (New Jersey), and San
    Francisco
  consulate(s): Los Angeles, New Bedford (Massachusetts), Providence (Rhode
    Island)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Gerald S. MCGOWAN embassy: Avenida das Forcas
    Armadas, 1600 Lisbon
  mailing address: PSC 83, APO AE 09726
  telephone: [351] (21) 727-3300
  FAX: [351] (21) 726-9109
  consulate(s): Ponta Delgada (Azores)

Flag description:
  two vertical bands of green (hoist side, two-fifths) and red (three-fifths)
  with the Portuguese coat of arms centered on the dividing line

§5. Portugal Economy

Economy - overview:
  Portugal is an upcoming capitalist economy with a per capita GDP two-thirds
  that of the four big West European economies. The country qualified for the
  European Monetary Union (EMU) in 1998 and joined with 10 other European
  countries in launching the euro on 1 January 1999. The year 2000 was marked
  by moderation in growth, inflation, and unemployment. The country continues
  to run a sizable trade deficit. The government is working to reform the tax
  system, to modernize capital plant, and to increase the country's
  competitiveness in the increasingly integrated world markets. Growth is
  expected to fall off slightly in 2001. Improvement in the education sector
  is critical to the long-run catch-up process.

GDP:
  purchasing power parity - $159 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  2.7% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:
  purchasing power parity - $15,800 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 4% industry: 36%
  services: 60% (1999 est.)

Population below poverty line:
  NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 3.1% highest 10%: 28.4% (1995 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  2.8% (2000 est.)

Labor force:
  5 million (1999)

Labor force - by occupation:
  services 60%, industry 30%, agriculture 10% (1999 est.)

Unemployment rate:
  4.3% (2000 est.)

Budget:
  revenues: $48.6 billion
  expenditures: $50.7 billion, including capital expenditures of $7.7 billion
    (2000 est.)

Industries:
  textiles and footwear; wood pulp, paper, and cork; metalworking; oil
  refining; chemicals; fish canning; wine; tourism

Industrial production growth rate:
  2.9% (1999 est.)

Electricity - production:
  41.696 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:
  fossil fuel: 79.97% hydro: 17.25%
  nuclear: 0%
  other: 2.78% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:
  37.915 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:
  4.49 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:
  3.628 billion kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products:
  grain, potatoes, olives, grapes; sheep, cattle, goats, poultry, beef, dairy
  products

Exports:
  $26.1 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Exports - commodities:
  clothing and footwear, machinery, chemicals, cork and paper products, hides

Exports - partners:
  EU 83% (Germany 20%, Spain 18%, France 14%, UK 12%, Netherlands 5%, Benelux
  5%, Italy), US 5% (1999)

Imports:
  $41 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Imports - commodities:
  machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, petroleum, textiles,
  agricultural products

Imports - partners:
  EU 78% (Spain 25%, Germany 15%, France 11%, Italy 8%, UK 7%, Netherlands
  5%), US 3%, Japan 3% (1998)

Debt - external:
  $13.1 billion (1997 est.)

Economic aid - donor:
  ODA, $271 million (1995)

Currency:
  Portuguese escudo (PTE); euro (EUR)
  note: on 1 January 1999, the EU introduced the euro as a common currency
    that is now being used by financial institutions in Portugal at a fixed
    rate of 200.482 Portuguese escudos per euro and will replace the local
    currency for all transactions in 2002

Currency code:
  PTE; EUR

Exchange rates:
  euros per US dollar - 1.0659 (January 2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999);
  Portuguese escudos per US dollar - 180.10 (1998), 175.31 (1997), 154.24
  (1996)

Fiscal year:
  calendar year

§6. Portugal Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  5.3 million (end 1998)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  3,074,194 (1999)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: undergoing rapid development in recent years,
    Portugal's telephone system, by the end of 1998, achieved a
    state-of-the-art network with broadband, high-speed capabilities and a
    main line telephone density of 53%
  domestic: integrated network of coaxial cables, open wire, microwave radio
    relay, and domestic satellite earth stations
  international: 6 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2
    Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), NA Eutelsat; tropospheric scatter to
    Azores; note - an earth station for Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region) is
    planned

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 47, FM 172 (many are repeaters), shortwave 2 (1998)

Radios:
  3.02 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
  62 (plus 166 repeaters) note: includes Azores and Madeira Islands (1995)

Televisions:
  3.31 million (1997)

Internet country code:
  .pt

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
  16 (2000)

Internet users:
  700,000 (2000)

§7. Portugal Transportation

Railways:
  total: 2,850 km
  broad gauge: 2,576 km 1.668-m gauge (623 km electrified; 426 km double
    track)
  narrow gauge: 274 km 1.000-m gauge (1998)

Highways:
  total: 68,732 km
  paved: 59,110 km (including 797 km of expressways)
  unpaved: 9,622 km (1999)

Waterways:
  820 km
  note: relatively unimportant to national economy, used by shallow-draft
    craft limited to 300 metric-ton or less cargo capacity

Pipelines:
  crude oil 22 km; petroleum products 58 km; natural gas 700 km
  note: the secondary lines for the natural gas pipeline that will be 300 km
    long have not yet been built

Ports and harbors:
  Aveiro, Funchal (Madeira Islands), Horta (Azores), Leixoes, Lisbon, Porto,
  Ponta Delgada (Azores), Praia da Vitoria (Azores), Setubal, Viana do
  Castelo

Merchant marine:
  total: 158 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,053,586 GRT/1,611,238 DWT
  ships by type: bulk 14, cargo 84, chemical tanker 16, container 10,
    liquefied gas 7, multi-functional large-load carrier 1, petroleum tanker
    11, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 6, short-sea passenger 4,
    vehicle carrier 4
  note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of
    convenience: Spain 1 (2000 est.)

Airports:
  66 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 40 over 3,047 m: 5
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 9
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
  914 to 1,523 m: 17
  under 914 m: 5 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 26 914 to 1,523 m: 1
  under 914 m: 25 (2000 est.)

§8. Portugal Military

Military branches:
  Army, Navy (includes Marines), Air Force, National Republican Guard

Military manpower - military age:
  20 years of age

Military manpower - availability:
  males age 15-49: 2,530,466 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
  males age 15-49: 2,030,759 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
  males: 71,404 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $2.458 billion (FY97)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  2.6% (FY97)

§9. Portugal Transnational Issues

Illicit drugs:
  important gateway country for Latin American cocaine and Southwest Asian
  heroin entering the European market; transshipment point for hashish from
  North Africa to Europe; consumer of Southwest Asian heroin
