Somalia

§1. Somalia Introduction

Background:
  A SIAD BARRE regime was ousted in January 1991; turmoil, factional
  fighting, and anarchy followed for nine years. In May of 1991, northern
  clans declared an independent Republic of Somaliland which now includes the
  administrative regions of Awdal, Woqooyi Galbeed, Togdheer, Sanaag, and
  Sool. Although not recognized by any government, this entity has maintained
  a stable existence, aided by the overwhelming dominance of the ruling clan
  and economic infrastructure left behind by British, Russian, and American
  military assistance programs. The regions of Bari and Nugaal comprise a
  neighboring self-declared Republic of Puntland, which has also made strides
  towards reconstructing legitimate, representative government. Beginning in
  1993, a two-year UN humanitarian effort (primarily in the south) was able
  to alleviate famine conditions, but when the UN withdrew in 1995, having
  suffered significant casualties, order still had not been restored. A
  Transitional National Government (TNG) was created in October 2000 in Arta,
  Djibouti which was attended by a broad representation of Somali clans. The
  TNG has a three-year mandate to create a permanent national Somali
  government. The TNG does not recognize Somaliland or Puntland as
  independent republics but so far has been unable to reunite them with the
  unstable regions in the south; numerous warlords and factions are still
  fighting for control of Mogadishu and the other southern regions.

§2. Somalia Geography

Location:
  Eastern Africa, bordering the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean, east of
  Ethiopia

Geographic coordinates:
  10 00 N, 49 00 E

Map references:
  Africa

Area:
  total: 637,657 kmē
  land: 627,337 kmē
  water: 10,320 kmē

Area - comparative:
  slightly smaller than Texas

Land boundaries:
  total: 2,366 km border countries: Djibouti 58 km, Ethiopia 1,626 km, Kenya
    682 km

Coastline:
  3,025 km

Maritime claims:
  territorial sea: 200 NM

Climate:
  principally desert; December to February - northeast monsoon, moderate
  temperatures in north and very hot in south; May to October - southwest
  monsoon, torrid in the north and hot in the south, irregular rainfall, hot
  and humid periods (tangambili) between monsoons

Terrain:
  mostly flat to undulating plateau rising to hills in north

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Shimbiris 2,416 m

Natural resources:
  uranium and largely unexploited reserves of iron ore, tin, gypsum, bauxite,
  copper, salt

Land use:
  arable land: 2%
  permanent crops: 0%
  permanent pastures: 69%
  forests and woodland: 26%
  other: 3% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land:
  1,800 kmē (1993 est.)

Natural hazards:
  recurring droughts; frequent dust storms over eastern plains in summer;
  floods during rainy season

Environment - current issues:
  famine; use of contaminated water contributes to human health problems;
  deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Endangered Species, Law of the Sea signed, but not ratified:
    Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban

Geography - note:
  strategic location on Horn of Africa along southern approaches to Bab el
  Mandeb and route through Red Sea and Suez Canal

§3. Somalia People

Population:
  7,488,773
  note: this estimate was derived from an official census taken in 1975 by
    the Somali Government; population counting in Somalia is complicated by
    the large number of nomads and by refugee movements in response to famine
    and clan warfare (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 44.54% (male 1,670,320; female 1,665,329)
  15-64 years: 52.69% (male 1,993,750; female 1,952,437)
  65 years and over: 2.77% (male 91,511; female 115,426) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:
  3.48% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:
  47.23 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:
  18.35 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:
  5.96 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female
  total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  123.97 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 46.6 years male: 44.99 years
  female: 48.25 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  7.11 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  NA%

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  NA

Nationality:
  noun: Somali(s)
  adjective: Somali

Ethnic groups:
  Somali 85%, Bantu, Arabs 30,000

Religions:
  Sunni Muslim

Languages:
  Somali (official), Arabic, Italian, English

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 24%
  male: 36%
  female: 14% (1990 est.)

§4. Somalia Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: none
  conventional short form: Somalia
  former: Somali Republic, Somali Democratic Republic

Government type:
  parliamentary

Capital:
  Mogadishu

Administrative divisions:
  18 regions (plural - NA, singular - gobolka); Awdal, Bakool, Banaadir,
  Bari, Bay, Galguduud, Gedo, Hiiraan, Jubbada Dhexe, Jubbada Hoose, Mudug,
  Nugaal, Sanaag, Shabeellaha Dhexe, Shabeellaha Hoose, Sool, Togdheer,
  Woqooyi Galbeed

Independence:
  1 July 1960 (from a merger of British Somaliland, which became independent
  from the UK on 26 June 1960, and Italian Somaliland, which became
  independent from the Italian-administered UN trusteeship on 1 July 1960, to
  form the Somali Republic)

National holiday:
  Foundation of the Somali Republic, 1 July (1960)

Constitution:
  25 August 1979, presidential approval 23 September 1979
  note: the Transitional National Government formed in October 2000 has a
    mandate to create a new constitution and hold elections within three
    years

Legal system:
  NA

Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
  chief of state: ABDIKASSIM Salad Hassan (since 26 August 2000); note -
    Interim President ABDIKASSIM was chosen for a three-year term by a
    245-member National Assembly serving as a transitional government; the
    present political situation is still unstable, particularly in the south,
    with interclan fighting and random banditry
  head of government: ALI Khalifa Galaydh, appointed by the president 8
    October 2000
  cabinet: appointed by the prime minister and sworn in on 20 October 2000
  election results: ABDIKASSIM Salad Hassan was elected president of an
    interim government at the Djibouti-sponsored Arta Peace Conference on 26
    August 2000 by a broad representation of Somali clans that comprised a
    transitional National Assembly.

Legislative branch:
  unicameral People's Assembly or Golaha Shacbiga note: fledgling parliament;
    a transitional 245-member National Assembly began to meet on 13 August
    2000 in the town of Arta, Djibouti and is now based in Mogadishu

Judicial branch:
  following the breakdown of national government, most regions have reverted
  to Islamic (Shari'a) law with a provision for appeal of all sentences

Political parties and leaders:
  none

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  numerous clan and subclan factions are currently vying for power

International organization participation:
  ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA,
  IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM
  (observer), ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU,
  WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  Somalia does not have an embassy in the US (ceased operations on 8 May
  1991)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  the US does not have an embassy in Somalia; US interests are represented by
    the US Embassy in Nairobi at Moi Avenue and Haile Selassie Avenue; mail
    address: P. O. Box 30137, Unit 64100, Nairobi; APO AE 09831; telephone:
    [254] (2) 334141; FAX [254] (2) 340838

Flag description:
  light blue with a large white five-pointed star in the center; design based
  on the flag of the UN (Italian Somaliland was a UN trust territory)

Government - note:
  An interim Transitional National Government - with a president, prime
  minister, and 245-member National Assembly - was formed in October 2000.
  However, other governing bodies continue to exist and control various
  cities and regions of the country, including Somaliland, Puntland, and
  traditional clan and faction strongholds.

§5. Somalia Economy

Economy - overview:
  One of the world's poorest and least developed countries, Somalia has few
  resources. Moreover, much of the economy has been devastated by the civil
  war. Agriculture is the most important sector, with livestock accounting
  for about 40% of GDP and about 65% of export earnings. Nomads and
  semi-nomads, who are dependent upon livestock for their livelihood, make up
  a large portion of the population. Livestock and bananas are the principal
  exports; sugar, sorghum, corn, fish, and qat are products for the domestic
  market. The small industrial sector, based on the processing of
  agricultural products, accounts for 10% of GDP; most facilities have been
  shut down because of the civil strife. Moreover, ongoing civil disturbances
  in Mogadishu and outlying areas have interfered with any substantial
  economic advance and with international aid arrangements. Due to the civil
  strife, economic data is susceptible to an exceptionally wide margin of
  error.

GDP:
  purchasing power parity - $4.3 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  NA%

GDP - per capita:
  purchasing power parity - $600 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 60% industry: 10% (largely shut down in 2000)
  services: 30% (2000 est.)

Population below poverty line:
  NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  over 100% (businesses print their own money) (2000 est.)

Labor force:
  3.7 million (very few are skilled laborers) (1993 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture (mostly pastoral nomadism) 71%, industry and services 29%

Unemployment rate:
  NA%

Budget:
  revenues: $NA
  expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Industries:
  a few small industries, including sugar refining, textiles, petroleum
  refining (mostly shut down), wireless communication

Industrial production growth rate:
  NA%

Electricity - production:
  260 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:
  fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0%
  nuclear: 0%
  other: 0% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:
  241.8 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products:
  cattle, sheep, goats; bananas, sorghum, corn, sugarcane, mangoes, sesame
  seeds, beans; fish

Exports:
  $186 million (f.o.b., 1999 est.)

Exports - commodities:
  livestock, bananas, hides, fish (1999)

Exports - partners:
  Saudi Arabia 53%, Yemen 19%, UAE 14%, Italy 5%, Pakistan 2% (1999)

Imports:
  $314 million (f.o.b., 1999 est.)

Imports - commodities:
  manufactures, petroleum products, foodstuffs, construction materials (1995)

Imports - partners:
  Djibouti 24%, Kenya 14%, Brazil 13%, Saudi Arabia 10%, India 9% (1999)

Debt - external:
  $2.6 billion (1999 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
  $191.5 million (1995)

Currency:
  Somali shilling (SOS)

Currency code:
  SOS

Exchange rates:
  Somali shillings per US dollar - 11,000 (November 2000), 2,620 (January
  1999), 7,500 (November 1997 est.), 7,000 (January 1996 est.), 5,000 (1
  January 1995), 2,616 (1 July 1993)
  note: the Republic of Somaliland, a self-declared independent country not
    recognized by any foreign government, issues its own currency, the
    Somaliland shilling

Fiscal year:
  NA

§6. Somalia Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  NA

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  NA

Telephone system:
  general assessment: the public telecommunications system was completely
    destroyed or dismantled by the civil war factions; all relief
    organizations depend on their own private systems
  domestic: recently, local cellular telephone systems have been established
    in Mogadishu and in several other population centers
  international: international connections are available from Mogadishu by
    satellite

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 0, FM 0, shortwave 4 (1988)

Radios:
  470,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
  1 (1997)

Televisions:
  135,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
  .so

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
  1 (2000)

Internet users:
  200 (2000)

§7. Somalia Transportation

Railways:
  0 km

Highways:
  total: 22,100 km
  paved: 2,608 km
  unpaved: 19,492 km (1996)

Waterways:
  none

Pipelines:
  crude oil 15 km

Ports and harbors:
  Bender Cassim (Boosaaso), Berbera, Chisimayu (Kismaayo), Merca, Mogadishu

Merchant marine:
  none (2000 est.)

Airports:
  62 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 5 over 3,047 m: 4
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 57 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 13
  914 to 1,523 m: 29
  under 914 m: 11 (2000 est.)

§8. Somalia Military

Military branches:
  A Somali National Army is being reformed under the interim government;
  numerous factions and clans maintain independent militias, and the
  Somaliland and Puntland regional governments maintain their own security
  and police forces

Military manpower - availability:
  males age 15-49: 1,825,302 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
  males age 15-49: 1,011,400 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $NA

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  NA%

§9. Somalia Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  most of the southern half of the boundary with Ethiopia is a Provisional
  Administrative Line; territorial dispute with Ethiopia over the Ogaden
