Chad

§1. Chad Introduction

Background:
  Chad, part of France's African holdings until 1960, endured three decades
  of ethnic warfare as well as invasions by Libya before a semblance of peace
  was finally restored in 1990. The government eventually suppressed or came
  to terms with most political-military groups, settled a territorial dispute
  with Libya on terms favorable to Chad, drafted a democratic constitution,
  and held multiparty presidential and National Assembly elections in 1996
  and 1997 respectively. In 1998 a new rebellion broke out in northern Chad,
  which continued to escalate throughout 2000. Despite movement toward
  democratic reform, power remains in the hands of a northern ethnic
  oligarchy.

§2. Chad Geography

Location:
  Central Africa, south of Libya

Geographic coordinates:
  15 00 N, 19 00 E

Map references:
  Africa

Area:
  total: 1.284 million kmē
  land: 1,259,200 kmē
  water: 24,800 kmē

Area - comparative:
  slightly more than three times the size of California

Land boundaries:
  total: 5,968 km border countries: Cameroon 1,094 km, Central African
    Republic 1,197 km, Libya 1,055 km, Niger 1,175 km, Nigeria 87 km, Sudan
    1,360 km

Coastline:
  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
  none (landlocked)

Climate:
  tropical in south, desert in north

Terrain:
  broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in northwest,
  lowlands in south

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Djourab Depression 160 m highest point: Emi Koussi 3,415 m

Natural resources:
  petroleum (unexploited but exploration under way), uranium, natron, kaolin,
  fish (Lake Chad)

Land use:
  arable land: 3%
  permanent crops: 0%
  permanent pastures: 36%
  forests and woodland: 26%
  other: 35% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land:
  140 kmē (1993 est.)

Natural hazards:
  hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; periodic droughts; locust
  plagues

Environment - current issues:
  inadequate supplies of potable water; improper waste disposal in rural
  areas contributes to soil and water pollution; desertification

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
    Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping

Geography - note:
  landlocked; Lake Chad is the most significant water body in the Sahel

§3. Chad People

Population:
  8,707,078 (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 47.73% (male 2,091,724; female 2,064,514)
  15-64 years: 49.46% (male 2,035,099; female 2,271,389)
  65 years and over: 2.81% (male 101,579; female 142,773) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:
  3.29% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:
  48.28 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:
  15.4 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 0.9 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.71 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  95.06 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 50.88 years male: 48.86 years
  female: 52.98 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  6.56 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  2.69% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  92,000 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  10,000 (1999 est.)

Nationality:
  noun: Chadian(s)
  adjective: Chadian

Ethnic groups:
  Muslims, commonly referred to as "northerners" or "gorane" (Arabs, Toubou,
  Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Kanembou, Baguirmi, Boulala, Zaghawa, and Maba);
  non-Muslims, commonly referred to as "southerners" (Sara, Ngambaye, Mbaye,
  Goulaye, Moundang, Moussei, Massa) including nonindigenous 150,000 (of whom
  1,000 are French)
  note: ethnicity and regional background more commonly used to identify
    Chadians than religious affiliation

Religions:
  Muslim 50%, Christian 25%, indigenous beliefs (mostly animism) 25%

Languages:
  French (official), Arabic (official), Sara and Sango (in south), more than
  100 different languages and dialects

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write French or Arabic
  total population: 48.1%
  male: 62.1%
  female: 34.7% (1995 est.)

§4. Chad Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: Republic of Chad
  conventional short form: Chad
  local long form: Republique du Tchad
  local short form: Tchad

Government type:
  republic

Capital:
  N'Djamena

Administrative divisions:
  14 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture); Batha, Biltine,
  Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti, Chari-Baguirmi, Guera, Kanem, Lac, Logone
  Occidental, Logone Oriental, Mayo-Kebbi, Moyen-Chari, Ouaddai, Salamat,
  Tandjile

Independence:
  11 August 1960 (from France)

National holiday:
  Independence Day, 11 August (1960)

Constitution:
  passed by referendum 31 March 1995

Legal system:
  based on French civil law system and Chadian customary law; has not
  accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY (since 4 December 1990)
  head of government: Prime Minister Nagoum YAMASSOUM (since 13 December
    1999)
  cabinet: Council of State, members appointed by the president on the
    recommendation of the prime minister
  elections: president elected by popular vote to serve five-year term; if no
    candidate receives at least 50% of the total vote, the two candidates
    receiving the most votes must stand for a second round of voting; last
    held 20 May 2001 (next to be held NA 2006); prime minister appointed by
    the president
  election results: Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY elected president; percent of vote -
    Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY 63%, Ngarlegy YORONGAR 16%, Saleh KEBZABO 7%
  note: government coalition - MPS, UNDR, and URD

Legislative branch:
  unicameral National Assembly (125 seats; members elected by popular vote to
  serve four-year terms); replaces the Higher Transitional Council or the
  Conseil Superieur de Transition
  elections: National Assembly - last held in two rounds on 5 January and 23
    February 1997 (next to be held in late 2001); in the first round of
    voting some candidates won clear victories by receiving 50% or more of
    the vote; where that did not happen, the two highest scoring candidates
    stood for a second round of voting
  election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - MPS 65,
    URD 29, UNDR 15, RDP 3, others 13

Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court; Court of Appeal; Criminal Courts; Magistrate Courts

Political parties and leaders:
  National Union for Development and Renewal or UNDR [Saleh KEBZABO];
  Patriotic Salvation Movement or MPS [Mahamat Saleh AHMAT, chairman]
  (originally in opposition but now the party in power and the party of the
  president); Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Lal Mahamat CHOUA];
  Union for Renewal and Democracy or URD [Gen. Wadal Abdelkader KAMOUGUE]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  NA

International organization participation:
  ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CEEAC, CEMAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO,
  ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC,
  ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO,
  WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Hassaballah Abdelhadi Ahmat SOUBIANE chancery:
    2002 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
  telephone: [1] (202) 462-4009
  FAX: [1] (202) 265-1937

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Christopher E. GOLDTHWAIT embassy: Avenue
    Felix Eboue, N'Djamena
  mailing address: B. P. 413, N'Djamena
  telephone: [235] (51) 70-09, (51) 90-52, (51) 92-33
  FAX: [235] (51) 56-54

Flag description:
  three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; similar
  to the flag of Romania; also similar to the flags of Andorra and Moldova,
  both of which have a national coat of arms centered in the yellow band;
  design was based on the flag of France

§5. Chad Economy

Economy - overview:
  Landlocked Chad's economic development suffers from its geographic
  remoteness, drought, lack of infrastructure, and political turmoil. About
  85% of the population depends on agriculture, including the herding of
  livestock. Of Africa's Francophone countries, Chad benefited least from the
  50% devaluation of their currencies in January 1994. Financial aid from the
  World Bank, the African Development Fund, and other sources is directed
  largely at the improvement of agriculture, especially livestock production.
  The World Bank's decision to back the Doba oil field development and the
  Chad-Cameroon pipeline will add Chad to the group of already booming West
  African oil exporters. However, the rank and file may not benefit much from
  the oil development projects.

GDP:
  purchasing power parity - $8.1 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  4% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:
  purchasing power parity - $1,000 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 40% industry: 14%
  services: 46% (1998)

Population below poverty line:
  64% (1995 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  3% (2000 est.)

Labor force:
  NA

Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture 85% (subsistence farming, herding, and fishing)

Unemployment rate:
  NA%

Budget:
  revenues: $198 million
  expenditures: $218 million, including capital expenditures of $146 million
    (1998 est.)

Industries:
  cotton textiles, meatpacking, beer brewing, natron (sodium carbonate),
  soap, cigarettes, construction materials

Industrial production growth rate:
  5% (1995)

Electricity - production:
  90 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:
  fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0%
  nuclear: 0%
  other: 0% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:
  83.7 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products:
  cotton, sorghum, millet, peanuts, rice, potatoes, manioc (tapioca); cattle,
  sheep, goats, camels

Exports:
  $172 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Exports - commodities:
  cotton, cattle, textiles

Exports - partners:
  Portugal 38%, Germany 12%, Thailand, Costa Rica, South Africa, France
  (1999)

Imports:
  $223 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Imports - commodities:
  machinery and transportation equipment, industrial goods, petroleum
  products, foodstuffs, textiles

Imports - partners:
  France 40%, Cameroon 13%, Nigeria 12%, India 5% (1999)

Debt - external:
  $1 billion (1999 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
  $238.3 million (1995); note - $125 million committed by Taiwan (August
  1997); $30 million committed by African Development Bank

Currency:
  Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority
  is the Bank of the Central African States

Currency code:
  XAF

Exchange rates:
  Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar - 699.21
  (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997),
  511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XAF is pegged to the euro at
  a rate of 655.957 XAF per euro

Fiscal year:
  calendar year

§6. Chad Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  7,000 (1997)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  NA

Telephone system:
  general assessment: primitive system domestic: fair system of
    radiotelephone communication stations
  international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 2, FM 3, shortwave 5 (1998)

Radios:
  1.67 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
  1 (1997)

Televisions:
  10,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
  .td

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
  1 (2000)

Internet users:
  1,000 (2000)

§7. Chad Transportation

Railways:
  0 km

Highways:
  total: 33,400 km
  paved: 267 km
  unpaved: 33,133 km (1996)

Waterways:
  2,000 km

Ports and harbors:
  none

Airports:
  50 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 7 over 3,047 m: 2
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
  under 914 m: 1 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 43 1,524 to 2,437 m: 12
  914 to 1,523 m: 20
  under 914 m: 11 (2000 est.)

§8. Chad Military

Military branches:
  Armed Forces (includes Ground Force, Air Force, and Gendarmerie),
  Republican Guard, Rapid Intervention Force, Police, Rural and Nomadic Guard
  (GNNT)

Military manpower - military age:
  20 years of age

Military manpower - availability:
  males age 15-49: 1,814,578 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
  males age 15-49: 949,997 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
  males: 82,003 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $39 million (FY96)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  3.5% (FY96)

§9. Chad Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  delimitation of international boundaries in the vicinity of Lake Chad, the
  lack of which led to border incidents in the past, has been completed and
  awaits ratification by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria
