Namibia

§1. Namibia Introduction

Background:
  South Africa occupied the German colony of Sud-West Afrika during World War
  I and administered it as a mandate until after World War II when it annexed
  the territory. In 1966 the Marxist South-West Africa People's Organization
  (SWAPO) guerrilla group launched a war of independence for the area that
  was soon named Namibia, but it was not until 1988 that South Africa agreed
  to end its administration in accordance with a UN peace plan for the entire
  region. Independence came in 1990.

§2. Namibia Geography

Location:
  Southern Africa, bordering the South Atlantic Ocean, between Angola and
  South Africa

Geographic coordinates:
  22 00 S, 17 00 E

Map references:
  Africa

Area:
  total: 825,418 kmē
  land: 825,418 kmē
  water: 0 kmē

Area - comparative:
  slightly more than half the size of Alaska

Land boundaries:
  total: 3,824 km border countries: Angola 1,376 km, Botswana 1,360 km, South
    Africa 855 km, Zambia 233 km

Coastline:
  1,572 km

Maritime claims:
  contiguous zone: 24 NM exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
  territorial sea: 12 NM

Climate:
  desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic

Terrain:
  mostly high plateau; Namib Desert along coast; Kalahari Desert in east

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Konigstein 2,606 m

Natural resources:
  diamonds, copper, uranium, gold, lead, tin, lithium, cadmium, zinc, salt,
  vanadium, natural gas, hydropower, fish
  note: suspected deposits of oil, coal, and iron ore

Land use:
  arable land: 1%
  permanent crops: 0%
  permanent pastures: 46%
  forests and woodland: 22%
  other: 31% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land:
  60 kmē (1993 est.)

Natural hazards:
  prolonged periods of drought

Environment - current issues:
  very limited natural fresh water resources; desertification

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
    Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
    Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

§3. Namibia People

Population:
  1,797,677
  note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects
    of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life
    expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and
    growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and
    sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 42.74% (male 389,028; female 379,229)
  15-64 years: 53.54% (male 480,075; female 482,375)
  65 years and over: 3.72% (male 29,109; female 37,861) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:
  1.38% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:
  34.71 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:
  20.9 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
  total population: 1 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  71.66 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 40.62 years male: 42.48 years
  female: 38.71 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  4.83 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  19.54% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  160,000 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  18,000 (1999 est.)

Nationality:
  noun: Namibian(s)
  adjective: Namibian

Ethnic groups:
  black 87.5%, white 6%, mixed 6.5%
  note: about 50% of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9% to the
    Kavangos tribe; other ethnic groups are: Herero 7%, Damara 7%, Nama 5%,
    Caprivian 4%, Bushmen 3%, Baster 2%, Tswana 0.5%

Religions:
  Christian 80% to 90% (Lutheran 50% at least), indigenous beliefs 10% to 20%

Languages:
  English 7% (official), Afrikaans common language of most of the population
    and about 60% of the white population, German 32%, indigenous languages:
    Oshivambo, Herero, Nama

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 38%
  male: 45%
  female: 31% (1960 est.)

§4. Namibia Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: Republic of Namibia
  conventional short form: Namibia
  former: German Southwest Africa, South-West Africa

Government type:
  republic

Capital:
  Windhoek

Administrative divisions:
  13 regions; Caprivi, Erongo, Hardap, Karas, Khomas, Kunene, Ohangwena,
  Okavango, Omaheke, Omusati, Oshana, Oshikoto, Otjozondjupa

Independence:
  21 March 1990 (from South African mandate)

National holiday:
  Independence Day, 21 March (1990)

Constitution:
  ratified 9 February 1990; effective 12 March 1990

Legal system:
  based on Roman-Dutch law and 1990 constitution

Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Sam Shafishuna NUJOMA (since 21 March 1990); note
    - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
  head of government: President Sam Shafishuna NUJOMA (since 21 March 1990);
    note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
  cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members of the
    National Assembly
  elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election
    last held 30 November-1 December 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)
  election results: Sam Shafishuna NUJOMA elected president; percent of vote
    - Sam Shafishuna NUJOMA 77%

Legislative branch:
  bicameral legislature consists of the National Council (26 seats; two
  members are chosen from each regional council to serve six-year terms) and
  the National Assembly (72 seats; members are elected by popular vote to
  serve five-year terms)
  elections: National Council - elections for regional councils, to determine
    members of the National Council, held 30 November-1 December 1998 (next
    to be held by December 2004); National Assembly - last held 30 November-1
    December 1999 (next to be held by December 2004)
  election results: National Council - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats
    by party - SWAPO 21, DTA 4, UDF 1; National Assembly - percent of vote by
    party - SWAPO 76%, COD 10%, DTA 9%, UDF 3%, MAG 1%, other 1%; seats by
    party - SWAPO 55, COD 7, DTA 7, UDF 2, MAG 1,
  note: the National Council is primarily an advisory body

Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court (judges appointed by the president on the recommendation of
  the Judicial Service Commission)

Political parties and leaders:
  Congress of Democrats or COD [Ben ULENGA]; Democratic Turnhalle Alliance of
  Namibia or DTA [Katuutire KAURA, president]; Monitor Action Group or MAG
  [Kosie PRETORIUS]; South West Africa People's Organization or SWAPO [Sam
  NUJOMA]; United Democratic Front or UDF [Justus GAROEB]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  NA

International organization participation:
  AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS,
  ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO
  (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OAU, OPCW, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO,
  UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNTAET, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Leonard Nangolo IIPUMBU chancery: 1605 New
    Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009
  telephone: [1] (202) 986-0540
  FAX: [1] (202) 986-0443

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Jeffrey A. BADER embassy: Ausplan Building, 14
    Lossen Street, Private Bag 12029 Ausspannplatz, Windhoek
  mailing address: use embassy street address
  telephone: [264] (61) 221601
  FAX: [264] (61) 229792

Flag description:
  a large blue triangle with a yellow sunburst fills the upper left section
  and an equal green triangle (solid) fills the lower right section; the
  triangles are separated by a red stripe that is contrasted by two narrow
  white-edge borders

§5. Namibia Economy

Economy - overview:
  The economy is heavily dependent on the extraction and processing of
  minerals for export. Mining accounts for 20% of GDP. Namibia is the
  fourth-largest exporter of nonfuel minerals in Africa and the world's
  fifth-largest producer of uranium. Rich alluvial diamond deposits make
  Namibia a primary source for gem-quality diamonds. Namibia also produces
  large quantities of lead, zinc, tin, silver, and tungsten. Half of the
  population depends on agriculture (largely subsistence agriculture) for its
  livelihood. Namibia must import some of its food. Although per capita GDP
  is four times the per capita GDP of Africa's poorer countries, the majority
  of Namibia's people live in pronounced poverty because of large-scale
  unemployment, the great inequality of income distribution, and the large
  amount of wealth going to foreigners. The Namibian economy has close links
  to South Africa. GDP growth in 2000 was led by gains in the diamond and
  fish sectors. Agreement has been reached on the privatization of several
  more enterprises in coming years, which should stimulate long-run foreign
  investment. Growth in 2001 could be 5.5% provided the world economy remains
  stable.

GDP:
  purchasing power parity - $7.6 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  4% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:
  purchasing power parity - $4,300 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 12% industry: 25%
  services: 63% (1999 est.)

Population below poverty line:
  NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  9.1% (2000)

Labor force:
  500,000

Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture 47%, industry 20%, services 33% (1999 est.)

Unemployment rate:
  30% to 40%, including underemployment (1997 est.)

Budget:
  revenues: $883 million
  expenditures: $950 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998)

Industries:
  meatpacking, fish processing, dairy products; mining (diamond, lead, zinc,
  tin, silver, tungsten, uranium, copper)

Industrial production growth rate:
  NA

Electricity - production:
  1.198 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:
  fossil fuel: 2% hydro: 98%
  nuclear: 0%
  other: 0% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:
  1.948 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:
  56 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:
  890 million kWh note: supplied by South Africa (1999)

Agriculture - products:
  millet, sorghum, peanuts; livestock; fish

Exports:
  $1.4 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Exports - commodities:
  diamonds, copper, gold, zinc, lead, uranium; cattle, processed fish,
  karakul skins

Exports - partners:
  UK 43%, South Africa 26%, Spain 14%, France 8%, Japan (1998 est.)

Imports:
  $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Imports - commodities:
  foodstuffs; petroleum products and fuel, machinery and equipment, chemicals

Imports - partners:
  South Africa 81%, US 4%, Germany 2% (1997 est.)

Debt - external:
  $217 million (2000 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
  $127 million (1998)

Currency:
  Namibian dollar (NAD); South African rand (ZAR)

Currency code:
  NAD; ZAR

Exchange rates:
  Namibian dollars per US dollar - 7.78307 (January 2001), 6.93983 (2000),
  6.10948 (1999), 5.52828 (1998), 4.60796 (1997), 4.29935 (1996)

Fiscal year:
  1 April - 31 March

§6. Namibia Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  100,848 (1997)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  NA

Telephone system:
  general assessment: good system; about 6 telephones for each 100 persons
  domestic: good urban services; fair rural service; microwave radio relay
    links major towns; connections to other populated places are by open
    wire; 100% digital
  international: fiber-optic cable to South Africa, microwave radio relay
    link to Botswana, direct links to other neighboring countries; connected
    to Africa ONE and South African Far East (SAFE) submarine cables through
    South Africa; satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 2, FM 34, shortwave 5 (1998)

Radios:
  232,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
  8 (plus about 20 low-power repeaters) (1997)

Televisions:
  60,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
  .na

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
  2 (2000)

Internet users:
  9,000 (1999)

§7. Namibia Transportation

Railways:
  total: 2,382 km
  narrow gauge: 2,382 km 1.067-m gauge; single track (1995)

Highways:
  total: 63,258 km
  paved: 5,250 km
  unpaved: 58,008 km (1997 est.)

Waterways:
  none

Ports and harbors:
  Luderitz, Walvis Bay

Merchant marine:
  none (2000 est.)

Airports:
  131 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 21 over 3,047 m: 2
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 13
  914 to 1,523 m: 4 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 110 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 21
  914 to 1,523 m: 69
  under 914 m: 18 (2000 est.)

§8. Namibia Military

Military branches:
  National Defense Force (Army), Police

Military manpower - availability:
  males age 15-49: 427,067 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
  males age 15-49: 255,016 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $104.4 million (2001)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  2.6% (FY97/98)

§9. Namibia Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  none
