Maldives

§1. Maldives Introduction

Background:
  The Maldives were long a sultanate, first under Dutch and then under
  British protection. They became a republic in 1968, three years after
  independence. Tourism and fishing are being developed on the archipelago.

§2. Maldives Geography

Location:
  Southern Asia, group of atolls in the Indian Ocean, south-southwest of
  India

Geographic coordinates:
  3 15 N, 73 00 E

Map references:
  Asia

Area:
  total: 300 kmē
  land: 300 kmē
  water: 0 kmē

Area - comparative:
  about 1.7 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
  0 km

Coastline:
  644 km

Maritime claims:
  measured from claimed archipelagic baselines contiguous zone: 24 NM
  exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
  territorial sea: 12 NM

Climate:
  tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March); rainy,
  southwest monsoon (June to August)

Terrain:
  flat, with white sandy beaches

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed location on Wilingili
    island in the Addu Atoll 2.4 m

Natural resources:
  fish

Land use:
  arable land: 10%
  permanent crops: 0%
  permanent pastures: 3%
  forests and woodland: 3%
  other: 84% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land:
  NA kmē

Natural hazards:
  low level of islands makes them very sensitive to sea level rise

Environment - current issues:
  depletion of freshwater aquifers threatens water supplies; global warming
  and sea level rise; coral reef bleaching

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
    Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
  signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
  1,190 coral islands grouped into 26 atolls (200 inhabited islands, plus 80
  islands with tourist resorts); archipelago of strategic location astride
  and along major sea lanes in Indian Ocean

§3. Maldives People

Population:
  310,764 (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 45.63% (male 72,920; female 68,895)
  15-64 years: 51.37% (male 81,506; female 78,149)
  65 years and over: 3% (male 4,806; female 4,488) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:
  3.01% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:
  38.15 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:
  8.09 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 1.07 male(s)/female
  total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  63.72 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 62.56 years male: 61.39 years
  female: 63.8 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  5.5 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  0.05% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  NA

Nationality:
  noun: Maldivian(s)
  adjective: Maldivian

Ethnic groups:
  South Indians, Sinhalese, Arabs

Religions:
  Sunni Muslim

Languages:
  Maldivian Dhivehi (dialect of Sinhala, script derived from Arabic), English
  spoken by most government officials

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 93.2%
  male: 93.3%
  female: 93% (1995 est.)

§4. Maldives Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: Republic of Maldives
  conventional short form: Maldives
  local long form: Dhivehi Raajjeyge Jumhooriyyaa
  local short form: Dhivehi Raajje

Government type:
  republic

Capital:
  Male

Administrative divisions:
  19 atolls (atholhu, singular and plural) and 1 other first-order
  administrative division*; Alifu, Baa, Dhaalu, Faafu, Gaafu Alifu, Gaafu
  Dhaalu, Gnaviyani, Haa Alifu, Haa Dhaalu, Kaafu, Laamu, Lhaviyani, Maale*,
  Meemu, Noonu, Raa, Seenu, Shaviyani, Thaa, Vaavu

Independence:
  26 July 1965 (from UK)

National holiday:
  Independence Day, 26 July (1965)

Constitution:
  adopted January 1998

Legal system:
  based on Islamic law with admixtures of English common law primarily in
  commercial matters; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
  21 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM (since 11 November 1978);
    note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
  head of government: President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM (since 11 November
    1978); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
    government
  cabinet: appointed by the president; note - need not be members of Majlis
  elections: president nominated by the Majlis and then that nomination must
    be ratified by a national referendum (at least a 51% approval margin is
    required); president elected for a five-year term; election last held 16
    October 1998 (next to be held NA October 2003)
  election results: President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM reelected; percent of
    popular vote - Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM 90.9%

Legislative branch:
  unicameral People's Council or Majlis (50 seats; 42 elected by popular
  vote, 8 appointed by the president; members serve five-year terms)
  elections: last held 20 November 1999 (next to be held NA November 2004)
  election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 42

Judicial branch:
  High Court

Political parties and leaders:
  although political parties are not banned, none exist

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  none

International organization participation:
  AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IMF,
  IMO, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, ITU, NAM, OIC, OPCW,
  SAARC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  Maldives does not have an embassy in the US, but does have a Permanent
  Mission to the UN in New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  the US does not have an embassy in Maldives; the US Ambassador to Sri Lanka
  is accredited to Maldives and makes periodic visits there

Flag description:
  red with a large green rectangle in the center bearing a vertical white
  crescent; the closed side of the crescent is on the hoist side of the flag

§5. Maldives Economy

Economy - overview:
  Tourism, Maldives largest industry, accounts for 20% of GDP and more than
  60% of the Maldives' foreign exchange receipts. Over 90% of government tax
  revenue comes from import duties and tourism-related taxes. Almost 400,000
  tourists visited the islands in 1998. Fishing is a second leading sector.
  The Maldivian Government began an economic reform program in 1989 initially
  by lifting import quotas and opening some exports to the private sector.
  Subsequently, it has liberalized regulations to allow more foreign
  investment. Agriculture and manufacturing continue to play a minor role in
  the economy, constrained by the limited availability of cultivable land and
  the shortage of domestic labor. Most staple foods must be imported.
  Industry, which consists mainly of garment production, boat building, and
  handicrafts, accounts for about 18% of GDP. Maldivian authorities worry
  about the impact of erosion and possible global warming on their low-lying
  country; 80% of the area is one meter or less above sea level.

GDP:
  purchasing power parity - $594 million (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  7.6% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:
  purchasing power parity - $2,000 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 20% industry: 18%
  services: 62% (2000 est.)

Population below poverty line:
  NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  3% (2000 est.)

Labor force:
  67,000 (1995)

Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture 22%, industry 18%, services 60% (1995)

Unemployment rate:
  NEGL%

Budget:
  revenues: $166 million (excluding foreign grants)
  expenditures: $192 million, including capital expenditures of $80 million
    (1999 est.)

Industries:
  fish processing, tourism, shipping, boat building, coconut processing,
  garments, woven mats, rope, handicrafts, coral and sand mining

Industrial production growth rate:
  4.4% (1996 est.)

Electricity - production:
  101 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:
  fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0%
  nuclear: 0%
  other: 0% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:
  93.9 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products:
  coconuts, corn, sweet potatoes; fish

Exports:
  $88 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Exports - commodities:
  fish, clothing

Exports - partners:
  US, UK, Sri Lanka, Japan

Imports:
  $372 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Imports - commodities:
  consumer goods, intermediate and capital goods, petroleum products

Imports - partners:
  Singapore, India, Sri Lanka, Japan, Canada

Debt - external:
  $237 million (2000 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
  $NA

Currency:
  rufiyaa (MVR)

Currency code:
  MVR

Exchange rates:
  rufiyaa per US dollar - 11.770 (fixed rate since 1995)

Fiscal year:
  calendar year

§6. Maldives Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  21,000 (1999)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  1,290 (1997)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: minimal domestic and international facilities
  domestic: interatoll communication through microwave links; all inhabited
    islands are connected with telephone and fax service
  international: satellite earth station - 3 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios:
  35,000 (1999)

Television broadcast stations:
  1 (1997)

Televisions:
  10,000 (1999)

Internet country code:
  .mv

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
  1 (2000)

Internet users:
  2,000 (2000)

§7. Maldives Transportation

Railways:
  0 km

Highways:
  total: NA km
  paved: NA km
  unpaved: NA km; note - Male has 9.6 km of coral highways within the city
    (1988 est.)

Waterways:
  none

Ports and harbors:
  Gan, Male

Merchant marine:
  total: 17 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 58,604 GRT/81,451 DWT
  ships by type: cargo 16, short-sea passenger 1 (2000 est.)

Airports:
  5 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 2 over 3,047 m: 1
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2000 est.)

§8. Maldives Military

Military branches:
  National Security Service

Military manpower - availability:
  males age 15-49: 71,856 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
  males age 15-49: 40,006 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $NA

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  NA%

§9. Maldives Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  none
