Malawi

§1. Malawi Introduction

Background:
  Established in 1891, the British protectorate of Nyasaland became the
  independent nation of Malawi in 1964. After three decades of one-party
  rule, the country held multiparty elections in 1994 under a provisional
  constitution, which took full effect the following year. National
  multiparty elections were held again in 1999.

§2. Malawi Geography

Location:
  Southern Africa, east of Zambia

Geographic coordinates:
  13 30 S, 34 00 E

Map references:
  Africa

Area:
  total: 118,480 kmē
  land: 94,080 kmē
  water: 24,400 kmē

Area - comparative:
  slightly smaller than Pennsylvania

Land boundaries:
  total: 2,881 km border countries: Mozambique 1,569 km, Tanzania 475 km,
    Zambia 837 km

Coastline:
  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
  none (landlocked)

Climate:
  sub-tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to November)

Terrain:
  narrow elongated plateau with rolling plains, rounded hills, some mountains

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: junction of the Shire River and international boundary with
    Mozambique 37 m
  highest point: Sapitwa 3,002 m

Natural resources:
  limestone, arable land, hydropower, unexploited deposits of uranium, coal,
  and bauxite

Land use:
  arable land: 34%
  permanent crops: 0%
  permanent pastures: 20%
  forests and woodland: 39%
  other: 7% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land:
  280 kmē (1993 est.)

Natural hazards:
  NA

Environment - current issues:
  deforestation; land degradation; water pollution from agricultural runoff,
  sewage, industrial wastes; siltation of spawning grounds endangers fish
  populations

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
    Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life
    Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea

Geography - note:
  landlocked

§3. Malawi People

Population:
  10,548,250
  note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects
    of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life
    expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and
    growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and
    sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 44.43% (male 2,348,940; female 2,337,290)
  15-64 years: 52.78% (male 2,741,622; female 2,825,966)
  65 years and over: 2.79% (male 119,283; female 175,149) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:
  1.5% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:
  37.8 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:
  22.81 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  121.12 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 37.08 years male: 36.61 years
  female: 37.55 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  5.18 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  15.96% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  800,000 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  70,000 (1999 est.)

Nationality:
  noun: Malawian(s)
  adjective: Malawian

Ethnic groups:
  Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuko, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni, Ngonde, Asian,
  European

Religions:
  Protestant 55%, Roman Catholic 20%, Muslim 20%, indigenous beliefs

Languages:
  English (official), Chichewa (official), other languages important
  regionally

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 58%
  male: 72.8%
  female: 43.4% (1999 est.)

§4. Malawi Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: Republic of Malawi
  conventional short form: Malawi
  former: British Central African Protectorate, Nyasaland Protectorate,
    Nyasaland

Government type:
  multiparty democracy

Capital:
  Lilongwe

Administrative divisions:
  24 districts; Blantyre, Chikwawa, Chiradzulu, Chitipa, Dedza, Dowa,
  Karonga, Kasungu, Lilongwe, Machinga (Kasupe), Mangochi, Mchinji, Mulanje,
  Mwanza, Mzimba, Ntcheu, Nkhata Bay, Nkhotakota, Nsanje, Ntchisi, Rumphi,
  Salima, Thyolo, Zomba; note - there may be three new districts named
  Balaka, Likoma, and Phalombe

Independence:
  6 July 1964 (from UK)

National holiday:
  Independence Day, 6 July (1964)

Constitution:
  18 May 1994

Legal system:
  based on English common law and customary law; judicial review of
  legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Appeal; has not accepted
  compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Bakili MULUZI (since 21 May 1994); note - the
    president is both the chief of state and head of government
  head of government: President Bakili MULUZI (since 21 May 1994); note - the
    president is both the chief of state and head of government
  cabinet: 36-member Cabinet named by the president
  elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election
    last held 15 June 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)
  election results: Bakili MULUZI reelected president; percent of vote -
    Bakili MULUZI (UDF) 51.4%, Gwandaguluwe CHAKUAMBA (MCP-AFORD) 44.3%

Legislative branch:
  unicameral National Assembly (193 seats; members elected by popular vote to
  serve five-year terms)
  elections: last held 15 June 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)
  election results: percent of vote by party - UDF 48%, MCP 34%, AFORD 15%,
    others 3%; seats by party - UDF 94, MCP 66, AFORD 29, others 4

Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court of Appeal; High Court (chief justice appointed by the
  president, puisne judges appointed on the advice of the Judicial Service
  Commission); magistrate's courts

Political parties and leaders:
  Alliance for Democracy or AFORD [Chakufwa CHIHANA, president]; Malawi
  Congress Party or MCP [Gwanda CHAKUAMBA, president, John TEMBO, vice
  president]; Malawi Democratic Party or MDP [Kampelo KALUA, president];
  National Independence Party; Social Democratic Party or SDP [Eston KAKHOME,
  president]; United Democratic Front or UDF [Bakili MULUZI] - governing
  party

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  NA

International organization participation:
  ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
  IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU,
  NAM, OAU, OPCW, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIK, UPU, WFTU, WHO,
  WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Paul Tony Steven KANDIERO chancery: 2408
    Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
  telephone: [1] (202) 797-1007

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Roger A. MEECE embassy: Area 40, Plot 24,
    Kenyatta Road
  mailing address: P. O. Box 30016, Lilongwe 3, Malawi
  telephone: [265] 773 166
  FAX: [265] 770 471

Flag description:
  three equal horizontal bands of black (top), red, and green with a radiant,
  rising, red sun centered in the black band

Government - note:
  the executive exerts considerable influence over the legislature

§5. Malawi Economy

Economy - overview:
  Landlocked Malawi ranks among the world's least developed countries. The
  economy is predominately agricultural, with about 90% of the population
  living in rural areas. Agriculture accounts for 37% of GDP and 85% of
  export revenues. The economy depends on substantial inflows of economic
  assistance from the IMF, the World Bank, and individual donor nations. In
  late 2000, Malawi was approved for relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor
  Countries (HIPC) program. The government faces strong challenges, e.g., to
  fully develop a market economy, to improve educational facilities, to face
  up to environmental problems, and to deal with the rapidly growing problem
  of HIV/AIDS.

GDP:
  purchasing power parity - $9.4 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  3% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:
  purchasing power parity - $900 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 37% industry: 29%
  services: 34% (1998 est.)

Population below poverty line:
  54% (FY90/91 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  29.5% (2000)

Labor force:
  3.5 million

Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture 86% (1997 est.)

Unemployment rate:
  NA%

Budget:
  revenues: $490 million
  expenditures: $523 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (FY99/00
    est.)

Industries:
  tobacco, tea, sugar, sawmill products, cement, consumer goods

Industrial production growth rate:
  NA%

Electricity - production:
  1.025 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:
  fossil fuel: 2.44% hydro: 97.56%
  nuclear: 0%
  other: 0% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:
  950 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:
  3 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products:
  tobacco, sugarcane, cotton, tea, corn, potatoes, cassava (tapioca),
  sorghum, pulses; cattle, goats

Exports:
  $416 million (f.o.b., 2000)

Exports - commodities:
  tobacco, tea, sugar, cotton, coffee, peanuts, wood products

Exports - partners:
  South Africa 16%, Germany 16%, US 15%, Netherlands 7%, Japan (1999)

Imports:
  $435 million (f.o.b., 2000)

Imports - commodities:
  food, petroleum products, semimanufactures, consumer goods, transportation
  equipment

Imports - partners:
  South Africa 43%, Zimbabwe 14%, UK 5%, Germany 5%, Zambia, Japan, US (1999)

Debt - external:
  $2.9 billion (2000 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
  $427 million (1999)

Currency:
  Malawian kwacha (MWK)

Currency code:
  MWK

Exchange rates:
  Malawian kwachas per US dollar - 80.0946 (December 2000), 59.5438 (2000),
  44.0881 (1999), 31.0727 (1998), 16.4442 (1997), 15.3085 (1996)

Fiscal year:
  1 July - 30 June

§6. Malawi Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  37,000 (1997)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  7,000 (1997)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: NA domestic: fair system of open-wire lines, microwave
    radio relay links, and radiotelephone communications stations
  international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1
    Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 9, FM 4 (plus 15 repeater stations), shortwave 3 (1998)

Radios:
  2.6 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
  1 (1999)

Televisions:
  0 (1999)

Internet country code:
  .mw

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
  8 (2001)

Internet users:
  10,000 (2000)

§7. Malawi Transportation

Railways:
  total: 789 km
  narrow gauge: 789 km 1.067-m gauge

Highways:
  total: 16,451 km
  paved: 3,126 km
  unpaved: 13,325 km (1997)

Waterways:
  144 km
  note: on Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) and Shire Riverall

Ports and harbors:
  Chipoka, Monkey Bay, Nkhata Bay, Nkhotakota, Chilumba

Airports:
  44 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 6 over 3,047 m: 1
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
  914 to 1,523 m: 4 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 38 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
  914 to 1,523 m: 14
  under 914 m: 23 (2000 est.)

§8. Malawi Military

Military branches:
  Army (includes Air Wing and Naval Detachment), Police (includes
  paramilitary Mobile Force Unit)

Military manpower - availability:
  males age 15-49: 2,466,708 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
  males age 15-49: 1,265,893 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $9.5 million (FY00/01)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  0.76% (FY00/01)

§9. Malawi Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  dispute with Tanzania over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi)
