Nigeria

§1. Nigeria Introduction

Background:
  Following nearly 16 years of military rule, a new constitution was adopted
  in 1999 and a peaceful transition to civilian government completed. The new
  president faces the daunting task of rebuilding a petroleum-based economy,
  whose revenues have been squandered through corruption and mismanagement,
  and institutionalizing democracy. In addition, the OBASANJO administration
  must defuse longstanding ethnic and religious tensions, if it is to build a
  sound foundation for economic growth and political stability.

§2. Nigeria Geography

Location:
  Western Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Benin and Cameroon

Geographic coordinates:
  10 00 N, 8 00 E

Map references:
  Africa

Area:
  total: 923,768 kmē
  land: 910,768 kmē
  water: 13,000 kmē

Area - comparative:
  slightly more than twice the size of California

Land boundaries:
  total: 4,047 km border countries: Benin 773 km, Cameroon 1,690 km, Chad 87
    km, Niger 1,497 km

Coastline:
  853 km

Maritime claims:
  continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
  exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
  territorial sea: 12 NM

Climate:
  varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north

Terrain:
  southern lowlands merge into central hills and plateaus; mountains in
  southeast, plains in north

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Chappal Waddi 2,419 m

Natural resources:
  natural gas, petroleum, tin, columbite, iron ore, coal, limestone, lead,
  zinc, arable land

Land use:
  arable land: 33%
  permanent crops: 3%
  permanent pastures: 44%
  forests and woodland: 12%
  other: 8% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land:
  9,570 kmē (1993 est.)

Natural hazards:
  periodic droughts

Environment - current issues:
  soil degradation; rapid deforestation; desertification

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
    Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life
    Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

§3. Nigeria People

Population:
  126,635,626
  note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects
    of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life
    expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and
    growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and
    sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 43.71% (male 27,842,225; female 27,514,197)
  15-64 years: 53.47% (male 34,456,738; female 33,259,194)
  65 years and over: 2.82% (male 1,780,862; female 1,782,410) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:
  2.61% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:
  39.69 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:
  13.91 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:
  0.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 1 male(s)/female
  total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  73.34 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 51.07 years male: 51.07 years
  female: 51.07 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  5.57 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  5.06% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  2.7 million (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  250,000 (1999 est.)

Nationality:
  noun: Nigerian(s)
  adjective: Nigerian

Ethnic groups:
  Nigeria, which is Africa's most populous country, is composed of more than
    250 ethnic groups; the following are the most populous and politically
    influential: Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba 21%, Igbo (Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%,
    Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5%

Religions:
  Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10%

Languages:
  English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo), Fulani

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 57.1%
  male: 67.3%
  female: 47.3% (1995 est.)

§4. Nigeria Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: Federal Republic of Nigeria
  conventional short form: Nigeria

Government type:
  republic transitioning from military to civilian rule

Capital:
  Abuja; note - on 12 December 1991 the capital was officially transferred
  from Lagos to Abuja; most federal government offices have now made the move
  to Abuja

Administrative divisions:
  36 states and 1 territory*; Abia, Abuja Federal Capital Territory*,
  Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bayelsa, Benue, Borno, Cross River,
  Delta, Ebonyi, Edo, Ekiti, Enugu, Gombe, Imo, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano,
  Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Nassarawa, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, Osun,
  Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe, Zamfara

Independence:
  1 October 1960 (from UK)

National holiday:
  Independence Day, 1 October (1960)

Constitution:
  NA 1999 new constitution adopted

Legal system:
  based on English common law, Islamic Shariah law (only in some northern
  states), and traditional law

Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Olusegun OBASANJO (since 29 May 1999); note - the
    president is both the chief of state and head of government
  head of government: President Olusegun OBASANJO (since 29 May 1999); note -
    the president is both the chief of state and head of government
  cabinet: Federal Executive Council
  elections: president is elected by popular vote for no more than two
    four-year terms; election last held 27 February 1999 (next to be held NA
    2003)
  election results: Olusegun OBASANJO elected president; percent of vote -
    Olusegun OBASANJO (PDP) 62.8%, Olu FALAE (APP-AD) 37.2%

Legislative branch:
  bicameral National Assembly consists of Senate (109 seats, three from each
  state and one from the Federal Capital Territory; members elected by
  popular vote to serve four-year terms) and House of Representatives (360
  seats, members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
  elections: Senate - last held 20-24 February 1999 (next to be held NA
    2003); House of Representatives - last held 20-24 February 1999 (next to
    be held NA 2003)
  election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - PDP 58%, APP 23%, AD
    19%; seats by party - PDP 67, APP 23, AD 19; House of Representatives -
    percent of vote by party - PDP 58%, APP 30%, AD 12%; seats by party - PDP
    221, APP 70, AD 69

Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court (judges appointed by the Provisional Ruling Council); Federal
  Court of Appeal (judges are appointed by the federal government on the
  advice of the Advisory Judicial Committee)

Political parties and leaders:
  All People's Party or APP [Alhaji Yusuf ALI]; Alliance for Democracy or AD
  [contested between Yusuf MAMMAN and Alhasi Adamu ABDULKADIR]; People's
  Democratic Party or PDP [Barnabas GEMADE]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  NA

International organization participation:
  ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD,
  ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
  Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OAU, OIC,
  OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNMEE,
  UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOP, UNMOT, UNTAET, UNU, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO,
  WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Jibril AMINU chancery: 1333 16th Street NW,
    Washington, DC 20036
  telephone: [1] (202) 986-8400
  FAX: [1] (202) 775-1385
  consulate(s) general: Atlanta and New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Howard Franklin JETER embassy: 8 Mambilla
    Drive, Abuja
  mailing address: P. O. Box 554, Lagos
  telephone: [234] (1) 261-0050, -0078
  FAX: [234] (1) 261-0257

Flag description:
  three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), white, and green

§5. Nigeria Economy

Economy - overview:
  The oil-rich Nigerian economy, long hobbled by political instability,
  corruption, and poor macroeconomic management, is undergoing substantial
  economic reform under the new civilian administration. Nigeria's former
  military rulers failed to diversify the economy away from overdependence on
  the capital-intensive oil sector, which provides 20% of GDP, 95% of foreign
  exchange earnings, and about 65% of budgetary revenues. The largely
  subsistence agricultural sector has failed to keep up with rapid population
  growth, and Nigeria, once a large net exporter of food, now must import
  food. Following the signing of an IMF stand-by agreement in August 2000,
  Nigeria received a debt-restructuring deal from the Paris Club and a $1
  billion loan from the IMF, both contingent on economic reforms. Increases
  in foreign investment and oil production combined with high world oil
  prices should push growth over 4% in 2001-02.

GDP:
  purchasing power parity - $117 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  3.5% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:
  purchasing power parity - $950 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 40% industry: 40%
  services: 20% (1999 est.)

Population below poverty line:
  45% (2000 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 1.6% highest 10%: 40.8% (1996-97)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  6.5% (2000 est.)

Labor force:
  66 million (1999 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture 70%, industry 10%, services 20% (1999 est.)

Unemployment rate:
  28% (1992 est.)

Budget:
  revenues: $3.4 billion
  expenditures: $3.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000
    est.)

Industries:
  crude oil, coal, tin, columbite, palm oil, peanuts, cotton, rubber, wood,
  hides and skins, textiles, cement and other construction materials, food
  products, footwear, chemicals, fertilizer, printing, ceramics, steel

Industrial production growth rate:
  1.5% (2000 est.)

Electricity - production:
  18.7 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:
  fossil fuel: 52.94% hydro: 47.06%
  nuclear: 0%
  other: 0% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:
  17.372 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:
  19 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products:
  cocoa, peanuts, palm oil, corn, rice, sorghum, millet, cassava (tapioca),
  yams, rubber; cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; timber; fish

Exports:
  $22.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Exports - commodities:
  petroleum and petroleum products 95%, cocoa, rubber

Exports - partners:
  US 36%, India 9%, Spain 8%, Brazil 6%, France 6%, (1999)

Imports:
  $10.7 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Imports - commodities:
  machinery, chemicals, transport equipment, manufactured goods, food and
  live animals

Imports - partners:
  UK 11%, Germany 10%, US 9%, France 8%, China 6% (1999)

Debt - external:
  $32 billion (2000 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
  ODA $250 million (1998)

Currency:
  naira (NGN)

Currency code:
  NGN

Exchange rates:
  nairas per US dollar - 110.005 (January 2001), 101.697 (2000), 92.338
  (1999), 21.886 (1998), 21.886 (1997), 21.884 (1996)

Fiscal year:
  calendar year

§6. Nigeria Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  500,000 (2000)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  26,700 (1997)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: an inadequate system, further limited by poor
    maintenance; major expansion is required and a start has been made
  domestic: intercity traffic is carried by coaxial cable, microwave radio
    relay, a domestic communications satellite system with 19 earth stations,
    and a coastal submarine cable; mobile cellular facilities and the
    Internet are available
  international: satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and
    1 Indian Ocean); coaxial submarine cable SAFE (South African Far East)

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 82, FM 35, shortwave 11 (1998)

Radios:
  23.5 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
  2 government-controlled; note - in addition, in 1993, 14 licenses to
  operate private television stations were granted (1999)

Televisions:
  6.9 million (1997)

Internet country code:
  .ng

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
  11 (2000)

Internet users:
  100,000 (2000)

§7. Nigeria Transportation

Railways:
  total: 3,557 km
  narrow gauge: 3,505 km 1.067-m gauge
  standard gauge: 52 km 1.435-m gauge
  note: years of neglect of both the rolling stock and the right-of-way have
    seriously reduced the capacity and utility of the system; a project to
    restore Nigeria's railways is now underway

Highways:
  total: 194,394 km
  paved: 60,068 km (including 1,194 km of expressways)
  unpaved: 134,326 km
  note: many of the roads reported as paved may be graveled; because of poor
    maintenance and years of heavy freight traffic - in part the result of
    the failure of the railroad system - much of the road system is barely
    usable (1997)

Waterways:
  8,575 km
  note: consisting of the Niger and Benue rivers and smaller rivers and
    creeks

Pipelines:
  crude oil 2,042 km; petroleum products 3,000 km; natural gas 500 km

Ports and harbors:
  Calabar, Lagos, Onne, Port Harcourt, Sapele, Warri

Merchant marine:
  total: 41 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 357,372 GRT/636,254 DWT
  ships by type: bulk 1, cargo 10, chemical tanker 4, petroleum tanker 24,
    roll on/roll off 1, specialized tanker 1 (2000 est.)

Airports:
  70 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 36 over 3,047 m: 7
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 10
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 10
  914 to 1,523 m: 7
  under 914 m: 2 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 34 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
  914 to 1,523 m: 14
  under 914 m: 18 (2000 est.)

Heliports:
  1 (2000 est.)

§8. Nigeria Military

Military branches:
  Army, Navy, Air Force

Military manpower - military age:
  18 years of age

Military manpower - availability:
  males age 15-49: 29,940,922 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
  males age 15-49: 17,201,367 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
  males: 1,375,112 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $360 million (FY00)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  10% (FY00)

§9. Nigeria Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  delimitation of international boundaries in the vicinity of Lake Chad, the
  lack of which led to border incidents in the past, has been completed and
  awaits ratification by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria; dispute with
  Cameroon over land and maritime boundaries around the Bakasi Peninsula is
  currently before the ICJ; tripartite maritime boundary and economic zone
  dispute with Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon is currently before the ICJ

Illicit drugs:
  facilitates movement of heroin en route from Southeast and Southwest Asia
  to Western Europe and North America; increasingly a transit route for
  cocaine from South America intended for European, East Asian, and North
  American markets
