Sri Lanka

§1. Sri Lanka Introduction

Background:
  Occupied by the Portuguese in the 16th century and the Dutch in the 17th
  century, the island was ceded to the British in 1802. As Ceylon it became
  independent in 1948; its name was changed in 1972. Tensions between the
  Sinhalese majority and Tamil separatists erupted in violence in the
  mid-1980s. Tens of thousands have died in an ethnic war that continues to
  fester.

§2. Sri Lanka Geography

Location:
  Southern Asia, island in the Indian Ocean, south of India

Geographic coordinates:
  7 00 N, 81 00 E

Map references:
  Asia

Area:
  total: 65,610 kmē
  land: 64,740 kmē
  water: 870 kmē

Area - comparative:
  slightly larger than West Virginia

Land boundaries:
  0 km

Coastline:
  1,340 km

Maritime claims:
  contiguous zone: 24 NM continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the
    continental margin
  exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
  territorial sea: 12 NM

Climate:
  tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest monsoon
  (June to October)

Terrain:
  mostly low, flat to rolling plain; mountains in south-central interior

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Pidurutalagala 2,524 m

Natural resources:
  limestone, graphite, mineral sands, gems, phosphates, clay, hydropower

Land use:
  arable land: 14%
  permanent crops: 15%
  permanent pastures: 7%
  forests and woodland: 32%
  other: 32% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land:
  5,500 kmē (1993 est.)

Natural hazards:
  occasional cyclones and tornadoes

Environment - current issues:
  deforestation; soil erosion; wildlife populations threatened by poaching
  and urbanization; coastal degradation from mining activities and increased
  pollution; freshwater resources being polluted by industrial wastes and
  sewage runoff; waste disposal; air pollution in Colombo

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
    Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
    Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Geography - note:
  strategic location near major Indian Ocean sea lanes

§3. Sri Lanka People

Population:
  19,408,635 (July 2001 est.)
  note: since the outbreak of hostilities between the government and armed
    Tamil separatists in the mid-1980s, several hundred thousand Tamil
    civilians have fled the island; as of mid-1999, approximately 66,000 were
    housed in 133 refugee camps in south India, another 40,000 lived outside
    the Indian camps, and more than 200,000 Tamils have sought refuge in the
    West

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 25.99% (male 2,578,618; female 2,464,928)
  15-64 years: 67.39% (male 6,369,881; female 6,708,852)
  65 years and over: 6.62% (male 615,253; female 671,103) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:
  0.87% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:
  16.58 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:
  6.43 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:
  -1.43 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.92 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  16.08 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 72.09 years male: 69.58 years
  female: 74.73 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  1.95 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  0.07% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  7,500 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  490 (1999 est.)

Nationality:
  noun: Sri Lankan(s)
  adjective: Sri Lankan

Ethnic groups:
  Sinhalese 74%, Tamil 18%, Moor 7%, Burgher, Malay, and Vedda 1%

Religions:
  Buddhist 70%, Hindu 15%, Christian 8%, Muslim 7% (1999)

Languages:
  Sinhala (official and national language) 74%, Tamil (national language)
  18%, other 8%
  note: English is commonly used in government and is spoken competently by
    about 10% of the population

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 90.2%
  male: 93.4%
  female: 87.2% (1995 est.)

§4. Sri Lanka Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka
  conventional short form: Sri Lanka
  former: Serendib, Ceylon

Government type:
  republic

Capital:
  Colombo; note - Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte is the legislative capital

Administrative divisions:
  8 provinces; Central, North Central, North Eastern, North Western,
  Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Uva, Western; note - North Eastern province may
  have been divided in two - Northern and Eastern

Independence:
  4 February 1948 (from UK)

National holiday:
  Independence Day, 4 February (1948)

Constitution:
  adopted 16 August 1978

Legal system:
  a highly complex mixture of English common law, Roman-Dutch, Muslim,
  Sinhalese, and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA (since 12
    November 1994); note - Ratnasiri WICKRAMANAYAKE (since 10 August 2000) is
    the prime minister; in Sri Lanka the president is considered to be both
    the chief of state and the head of the government, this is in contrast to
    the more common practice of dividing the roles between the president and
    the prime minister when both offices exist
  head of government: President Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA (since 12
    November 1994); note - Ratnasiri WICKRAMANAYAKE (since 10 August 2000) is
    the prime minister; in Sri Lanka the president is considered to be both
    the chief of state and the head of the government, this is in contrast to
    the more common practice of dividing the roles between the president and
    the prime minister when both offices exist
  cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president in consultation with the prime
    minister
  elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term; election
    last held 21 December 1999 (next to be held NA December 2005)
  election results: Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA reelected president;
    percent of vote - Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA (PA) 51%, Ranil
    WICKREMASINGHE (UNP) 42%, other 7%

Legislative branch:
  unicameral Parliament (225 seats; members elected by popular vote on the
  basis of a modified proportional representation system by district to serve
  six-year terms)
  elections: last held 10 October 2000 (next to be held NA October 2006)
  election results: percent of vote by party - PA 45.11%, UNP 40.22%, JVP 6%,
    NUA 2.29%, SU 1.48%, TULF 1.23%, other 3.67%; seats by party - PA 107,
    UNP 89, JVP 10, TULF 5, EPDP 4, NUA 4, TELO 3, ACTC 1, SU 1, independent
    1

Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court; Court of Appeals; judges for both courts are appointed by
  the president

Political parties and leaders:
  All Ceylon Tamil Congress or ACTC [Nalliah GURUPAUAN]; Ceylon Workers
  Congress or CLDC [Arumugam THONDAMAN]; Communist Party [Raja COLLURE];
  Democratic United National (Lalith) Front or DUNLF [Srimani
  ATHULATHMUDALI]; Eelam People's Democratic Party or EPDP [Douglas
  DEVANANDA]; Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front or EPRLF [Suresh
  PREMACHANDRA]; Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna or JVP [Tilvan SILVA]; National
  Unity Alliance or NUA [leader NA]; People's Alliance or PA [Chandrika
  Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA]; People's Liberation Organization of Tamil Eelam
  or PLOTE [D. SIDDATHAN]; Sihala Urumaya or SU [leader NA]; Sri Lanka
  Freedom Party or SLFP [Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA]; Sri Lanka
  Muslim Congress or SLMC [Rauff HAKEEM and Ferial ASHRAFF]; Sri Lanka
  Progressive Front or SLPF [leader NA]; Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization
  or TELO [SUBRAMANIUM]; Tamil United Liberation Front or TULF [R.
  SAMPATHAN]; United National Party or UNP [Ranil WICKREMASINGHE]; Upcountry
  People's Front or UPF [P. CHANDRASEKARAN]; several ethnic Tamil and Muslim
  parties, represented in either parliament or provincial councils

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  Buddhist clergy; labor unions; Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam or LTTE
  (insurgent group fighting for a separate state); radical chauvinist
  Sinhalese groups such as the National Movement Against Terrorism; Sinhalese
  Buddhist lay groups

International organization participation:
  AsDB, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU,
  ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat,
  Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS (observer), OPCW, PCA, SAARC, UN,
  UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNTAET, UNU, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO,
  WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Warnasena RASAPUTRAM chancery: 2148 Wyoming
    Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
  telephone: [1] (202) 483-4025 (through 4028)
  FAX: [1] (202) 232-7181
  consulate(s) general: Los Angeles
  consulate(s): New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador E. Ashley WILLS embassy: 210 Galle Road,
    Colombo 3
  mailing address: P. O. Box 106, Colombo
  telephone: [94] (1) 448007
  FAX: [94] (1) 437345

Flag description:
  yellow with two panels; the smaller hoist-side panel has two equal vertical
  bands of green (hoist side) and orange; the other panel is a large dark red
  rectangle with a yellow lion holding a sword, and there is a yellow bo leaf
  in each corner; the yellow field appears as a border that goes around the
  entire flag and extends between the two panels

§5. Sri Lanka Economy

Economy - overview:
  In 1977, Colombo abandoned statist economic policies and its import
  substitution trade policy for market-oriented policies and export-oriented
  trade. Sri Lanka's most dynamic sectors now are food processing, textiles
  and apparel, food and beverages, telecommunications, and insurance and
  banking. By 1996 plantation crops made up only 20% of exports (compared
  with 93% in 1970), while textiles and garments accounted for 63%. GDP grew
  at an annual average rate of 5.5% throughout the 1990s until a drought and
  a deteriorating security situation lowered growth to 3.8% in 1996. The
  economy rebounded in 1997-98 with growth of 6.4% and 4.7% - but slowed to
  4.3% in 1999. Growth increased to 5.6% in 2000, with growth in tourism and
  exports leading the way. But a resurgence of civil war between the
  Sinhalese and the minority Tamils and a possible slowdown in tourism dampen
  prospects for 2001. For the next round of reforms, the central bank of Sri
  Lanka recommends that Colombo expand market mechanisms in nonplantation
  agriculture, dismantle the government's monopoly on wheat imports, and
  promote more competition in the financial sector.

GDP:
  purchasing power parity - $62.7 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  5.6% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:
  purchasing power parity - $3,250 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 21% industry: 19%
  services: 60% (1998)

Population below poverty line:
  22% (1997 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 1.8% highest 10%: 39.7% (1995-96 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  8.5% (2000 est.)

Labor force:
  6.6 million (1998)

Labor force - by occupation:
  services 45%, agriculture 38%, industry 17% (1998 est.)

Unemployment rate:
  8.8% (1999 est.)

Budget:
  revenues: $3 billion
  expenditures: $3 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)

Industries:
  processing of rubber, tea, coconuts, and other agricultural commodities;
  clothing, cement, petroleum refining, textiles, tobacco

Industrial production growth rate:
  4% (1999)

Electricity - production:
  6.026 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:
  fossil fuel: 29.9% hydro: 70.1%
  nuclear: 0%
  other: 0% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:
  5.604 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products:
  rice, sugarcane, grains, pulses, oilseed, spices, tea, rubber, coconuts;
  milk, eggs, hides, beef

Exports:
  $5.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Exports - commodities:
  textiles and apparel, tea, diamonds, coconut products, petroleum products

Exports - partners:
  US 39%, UK 13%, Middle East 8%, Germany 5%, Japan 4% (1999)

Imports:
  $6.1 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Imports - commodities:
  machinery and equipment, textiles, petroleum, foodstuffs

Imports - partners:
  Japan 10%, India 9%, Hong Kong 8%, Singapore 8%, South Korea 6% (1999)

Debt - external:
  $9.9 billion (2000)

Economic aid - recipient:
  $577 million (1998)

Currency:
  Sri Lankan rupee (LKR)

Currency code:
  LKR

Exchange rates:
  Sri Lankan rupees per US dollar - 83.506 (January 2001), 77.005 (2000),
  70.635 (1999), 64.450 (1998), 58.995 (1997), 55.271 (1996)

Fiscal year:
  calendar year

§6. Sri Lanka Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  494,509 (1998)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  228,604 (1999)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: very inadequate domestic service, particularly in rural
    areas; some hope for improvement with privatization of national telephone
    company and encouragement to private investment; good international
    service (1999)
  domestic: national trunk network consists mostly of digital microwave radio
    relay; fiber-optic links now in use in Colombo area and two fixed
    wireless local loops have been installed; competition is strong in mobile
    cellular systems; telephone density remains low at 2.6 main lines per 100
    persons (1999)
  international: submarine cables to Indonesia and Djibouti; satellite earth
    stations - 2 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) (1999)

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 26, FM 45, shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios:
  3.85 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
  21 (1997)

Televisions:
  1.53 million (1997)

Internet country code:
  .lk

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
  5 (2000)

Internet users:
  65,000 (2000)

§7. Sri Lanka Transportation

Railways:
  total: 1,463 km
  broad gauge: 1,404 km 1.676-m gauge
  narrow gauge: 59 km 0.762-m gauge (1996)

Highways:
  total: 11,285 km
  paved: 10,721 km
  unpaved: 564 km (1998 est.)

Waterways:
  430 km (navigable by shallow-draft craft)

Pipelines:
  crude oil and petroleum products 62 km (1987)

Ports and harbors:
  Colombo, Galle, Jaffna, Trincomalee

Merchant marine:
  total: 20 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 149,902 GRT/247,852 DWT
  ships by type: bulk 1, cargo 16, container 1, petroleum tanker 1,
    refrigerated cargo 1 (2000 est.)

Airports:
  14 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 12 over 3,047 m: 1
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
  914 to 1,523 m: 6 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
  under 914 m: 1 (2000 est.)

§8. Sri Lanka Military

Military branches:
  Army, Navy, Air Force, Police Force

Military manpower - military age:
  18 years of age

Military manpower - availability:
  males age 15-49: 5,304,323 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
  males age 15-49: 4,119,511 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
  males: 193,522 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $719 million (FY98)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  4.2% (FY98)

§9. Sri Lanka Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  none
