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The World Factbook 2002
| Liechtenstein |

Introduction | Liechtenstein

Background:

The Principality of Liechtenstein was established within the Holy Roman Empire in 1719; it became a sovereign state in 1806. Until the end of World War I, it was closely tied to Austria, but the economic devastation caused by that conflict forced Liechtenstein to conclude a customs and monetary union with Switzerland. Since World War II (in which Liechtenstein remained neutral) the country's low taxes have spurred outstanding economic growth. However, shortcomings in banking regulatory oversight have resulted in concerns about the use of the financial institutions for money laundering.

Geography | Liechtenstein

Location: | Central Europe, between Austria and Switzerland
Geographic coordinates: | 47 10 N, 9 32 E
Map references: | Europe
Area: | total: 160 sq km water: 0 sq km land: 160 sq km
Area - comparative: | about 0.9 times the size of Washington, DC
Land boundaries: | total: 76 km border countries: Austria 35 km, Switzerland 41 km
Coastline: | 0 km (doubly landlocked)
Maritime claims: | none (landlocked)
Climate: | continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain; cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers
Terrain: | mostly mountainous (Alps) with Rhine Valley in western third
Elevation extremes: | lowest point: Ruggeller Riet 430 m highest point: Grauspitz 2,599 m
Natural resources: | hydroelectric potential, arable land
Land use: | arable land: 25% permanent crops: 0% other: 75% (1998 est.)
Irrigated land: | NA sq km
Natural hazards: | NA
Environment - current issues: | NA

Environment - international agreements:

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Law of the Sea

Geography - note: | along with Uzbekistan, one of only two doubly landlocked countries in the world; variety of microclimatic variations based on elevation

People | Liechtenstein

Population: | 32,842 (July 2002 est.)
Age structure: | 0-14 years: 18.3% (male 3,003; female 3,001) 15-64 years: 70.5% (male 11,530; female 11,639) 65 years and over: 11.2% (male 1,494; female 2,175) (2002 est.)
Population growth rate: | 0.94% (2002 est.)
Birth rate: | 11.24 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Death rate: | 6.76 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Net migration rate: | 4.93 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.01 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Infant mortality rate: | 4.92 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 79.1 years female: 82.74 years (2002 est.) male: 75.47 years
Total fertility rate: | 1.5 children born/woman (2002 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: | NA%
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: | NA
HIV/AIDS - deaths: | NA
Nationality: | noun: Liechtensteiner(s) adjective: Liechtenstein
Ethnic groups: | Alemannic 87.5%, Italian, Turkish, and other 12.5%
Religions: | Roman Catholic 80%, Protestant 7.4%, unknown 7.7%, other 4.9% (1996)
Languages: | German (official), Alemannic dialect
Literacy: | definition: age 10 and over can read and write total population: 100% male: 100% female: 100% (1981 est.)

Government | Liechtenstein

Country name: | conventional long form: Principality of Liechtenstein conventional short form: Liechtenstein local short form: Liechtenstein local long form: Fuerstentum Liechtenstein
Government type: | hereditary constitutional monarchy
Capital: | Vaduz
Administrative divisions: | 11 communes (Gemeinden, singular - Gemeinde); Balzers, Eschen, Gamprin, Mauren, Planken, Ruggell, Schaan, Schellenberg, Triesen, Triesenberg, Vaduz
Independence: | 23 January 1719 Imperial Principality of Liechtenstein established; 12 July 1806 established independence from the Holy Roman Empire
National holiday: | Assumption Day, 15 August
Constitution: | 5 October 1921
Legal system: | local civil and penal codes; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Suffrage: | 20 years of age; universal

Executive branch:

chief of state: Prince HANS ADAM II (since 13 November 1989, assumed executive powers 26 August 1984); Heir Apparent Prince ALOIS, son of the monarch (born 11 June 1968)
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party in the Diet is usually appointed the head of government by the monarch and the leader of the largest minority party in the Diet is usually appointed the deputy head of government by the monarch
cabinet: Cabinet elected by the Diet, confirmed by the monarch
head of government: Head of Government Otmar HASLER (since 5 April 2001) and Deputy Head of Government Rita KIEBER-BECK (since 5 April 2001)

Legislative branch: | unicameral Diet or Landtag (25 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote under proportional representation to serve four-year terms) election results: percent of vote by party - FBP 49.90%, VU 41.35%, FL 8.71%; seats by party - FBP 13, VU 11, FL 1 elections: last held 11 February 2001 (next to be held by NA 2005)
Judicial branch: | Supreme Court or Oberster Gerichtshof; Superior Court or Obergericht
Political parties and leaders: | Fatherland Union or VU [Heinz FROMMELT]; Progressive Citizens' Party or FBP [Johannes MATT]; The Free List or FL [Dr. Pepo FRICK, Karin JENNY, Rene HASLER]
Political pressure groups and leaders: | NA
International organization participation: | CE, EBRD, ECE, EFTA, IAEA, ICRM, IFRCS, Interpol, IOC, ITU, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UPU, WCL, WHO (observer), WIPO, WTrO
Diplomatic representation in the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Claudia FRITSCHE chancery: 633 Third Avenue, 27th floor, New York, NY 10017 telephone: [1] (212) 599-0220 FAX: [1] (212) 599-0064
Diplomatic representation from the US: | the US does not have an embassy in Liechtenstein, but the US Ambassador to Switzerland is also accredited to Liechtenstein
Flag description: | two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a gold crown on the hoist side of the blue band

Economy | Liechtenstein

Economy - overview:

Despite its small size and limited natural resources, Liechtenstein has developed into a prosperous, highly industrialized, free-enterprise economy with a vital financial service sector and living standards on a par with the urban areas of its large European neighbors. Low business taxes - the maximum tax rate is 18% - and easy incorporation rules have induced 73,700 holding or so-called letter box companies to establish nominal offices in Liechtenstein, providing 30% of state revenues. The country participates in a customs union with Switzerland and uses the Swiss franc as its national currency. It imports more than 90% of its energy requirements. Liechtenstein has been a member of the European Economic Area (an organization serving as a bridge between European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and EU) since May 1995. The government is working to harmonize its economic policies with those of an integrated Europe.

GDP: | purchasing power parity - $730 million (1998 est.)
GDP - real growth rate: | NA%
GDP - per capita: | purchasing power parity - $23,000 (1998 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: | agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%
Population below poverty line: | NA%
Household income or consumption by percentage share: | lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): | 1% (2001)
Labor force: | 22,891 of which 13,847 are foreigners; 8,231 commute from Austria and Switzerland to work each day
Labor force - by occupation: | industry, trade, and building 45%, services 53%, agriculture, fishing, forestry, and horticulture 2% (1997 est.)
Unemployment rate: | 1.8% (February 1999)
Budget: | revenues: $424.2 million expenditures: $414.1 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)
Industries: | electronics, metal manufacturing, textiles, ceramics, pharmaceuticals, food products, precision instruments, tourism
Industrial production growth rate: | NA%
Electricity - production by source: | fossil fuel: NA% other: NA% hydro: NA% nuclear: NA%
Electricity - consumption: | NA kWh
Electricity - exports: | NA kWh
Electricity - imports: | NA kWh
Agriculture - products: | wheat, barley, corn, potatoes; livestock, dairy products
Exports: | $2.47 billion (1996)
Exports - commodities: | small specialty machinery, dental products, stamps, hardware, pottery
Exports - partners: | EU and EFTA countries 60.57% (Switzerland 15.7%) (1995)
Imports: | $917.3 million (1996)
Imports - commodities: | machinery, metal goods, textiles, foodstuffs, motor vehicles
Imports - partners: | EU countries, Switzerland (1996)
Debt - external: | $0 (1996)
Economic aid - recipient: | none
Currency: | Swiss franc (CHF)
Currency code: | CHF
Exchange rates: | Swiss francs per US dollar - 1.6668 (January 2002), 1.6876 (2001), 1.6888 (2000), 1.5022 (1999), 1.4498 (1998), 1.4513 (1997)
Fiscal year: | calendar year

Communications | Liechtenstein

Telephones - main lines in use: | 20,000 (1997)
Telephones - mobile cellular: | NA
Telephone system: | general assessment: automatic telephone system domestic: NA international: linked to Swiss networks by cable and microwave radio relay
Radio broadcast stations: | AM 0, FM 4, shortwave 0 (1998)
Radios: | 21,000 (1997)
Television broadcast stations: | NA (linked to Swiss networks) (1997)
Televisions: | 12,000 (1997)
Internet country code: | .li
Internet Service Providers (ISPs): | 44 (Liechtenstein and Switzerland) (2000)
Internet users: | NA

Transportation | Liechtenstein

Railways: | total: 18.5 km standard gauge: 18.5 km 1.435-m gauge (electrified) note: owned, operated, and included in statistics of Austrian Federal Railways (2001)
Highways: | total: 250 km paved: 250 km unpaved: 0 km
Waterways: | none
Ports and harbors: | none
Airports: | none (2001)

Military | Liechtenstein

Military - note: | defense is the responsibility of Switzerland

Transnational Issues | Liechtenstein

Disputes - international: | Liechtenstein's royal family claims restitution for 1,600 sq km of land in the Czech Republic confiscated in 1918

Illicit drugs:

multilateral organizations engaged in issuing international guidelines for financial sector oversight found gaps in Liechtenstein's financial services controls that made it vulnerable to money laundering, but Liechtenstein has become less attractive as a haven for illicit funds, based on implementation in 2001 of new anti-money-laundering legislation and improved mutual legal assistance cooperation with other countries

This page was last updated on 1 January 2002