Togo

§1. Togo Introduction

Background:
  French Togoland became Togo in 1960. General Gnassingbe EYADEMA, installed
  as military ruler in 1967, is Africa's longest-serving head of state.
  Despite the facade of multiparty elections that resulted in EYADEMA's
  victory in 1993, the government continues to be dominated by the military.
  In addition, Togo has come under fire from international organizations for
  human rights abuses and is plagued by political unrest. Most bilateral and
  multilateral aid to Togo remains frozen.

§2. Togo Geography

Location:
  Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Benin, between Benin and Ghana

Geographic coordinates:
  8 00 N, 1 10 E

Map references:
  Africa

Area:
  total: 56,785 kmē
  land: 54,385 kmē
  water: 2,400 kmē

Area - comparative:
  slightly smaller than West Virginia

Land boundaries:
  total: 1,647 km border countries: Benin 644 km, Burkina Faso 126 km, Ghana
    877 km

Coastline:
  56 km

Maritime claims:
  exclusive economic zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 30 NM

Climate:
  tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north

Terrain:
  gently rolling savanna in north; central hills; southern plateau; low
  coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Mont Agou 986 m

Natural resources:
  phosphates, limestone, marble, arable land

Land use:
  arable land: 38%
  permanent crops: 7%
  permanent pastures: 4%
  forests and woodland: 17%
  other: 34% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land:
  70 kmē (1993 est.)

Natural hazards:
  hot, dry harmattan wind can reduce visibility in north during winter;
  periodic droughts

Environment - current issues:
  deforestation attributable to slash-and-burn agriculture and the use of
  wood for fuel; water pollution presents health hazards and hinders the
  fishing industry; air pollution increasing in urban areas

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
    Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
    Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

§3. Togo People

Population:
  5,153,088
  note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects
    of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life
    expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and
    growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and
    sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 45.63% (male 1,179,650; female 1,171,748)
  15-64 years: 51.92% (male 1,302,197; female 1,373,247)
  65 years and over: 2.45% (male 54,651; female 71,595) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:
  2.6% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:
  37.04 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:
  11.24 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:
  0.15 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  70.43 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 54.35 years male: 52.38 years
  female: 56.38 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  5.32 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  5.98% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  130,000 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  14,000 (1999 est.)

Nationality:
  noun: Togolese (singular and plural)
  adjective: Togolese

Ethnic groups:
  native African (37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and
  Kabre) 99%, European and Syrian-Lebanese less than 1%

Religions:
  indigenous beliefs 59%, Christian 29%, Muslim 12%

Languages:
  French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe and Mina (the two major
  African languages in the south), Kabye (sometimes spelled Kabiye) and
  Dagomba (the two major African languages in the north)

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 51.7%
  male: 67%
  female: 37% (1995 est.)

§4. Togo Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: Togolese Republic
  conventional short form: Togo
  local long form: Republique Togolaise
  local short form: none
  former: French Togoland

Government type:
  republic under transition to multiparty democratic rule

Capital:
  Lome

Administrative divisions:
  5 regions (regions, singular - region); De La Kara, Des Plateaux, Des
  Savanes, Du Centre, Maritime

Independence:
  27 April 1960 (from French-administered UN trusteeship)

National holiday:
  Independence Day, 27 April (1960)

Constitution:
  multiparty draft constitution approved by High Council of the Republic 1
  July 1992; adopted by public referendum 27 September 1992

Legal system:
  French-based court system

Suffrage:
  NA years of age; universal adult

Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA (since 14 April 1967)
  head of government: Prime Minister Agbeyome KODJO (since 29 August 2000)
  cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president and the prime
    minister
  elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election
    last held 21 June 1998 (next to be held NA 2003); prime minister
    appointed by the president
  election results: Gnassingbe EYADEMA reelected president; percent of vote -
    Gnassingbe EYADEMA 52.13%, Gilchrist OLYMPIO 34.12%, other 13.75%

Legislative branch:
  unicameral National Assembly (81 seats; members are elected by popular vote
  to serve five-year terms)
  elections: last held 21 March 1999 (next due to be held NA October 2001)
  election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - RPT 79,
    independents 2
  note: Togo's main opposition parties boycotted the election because of
    EYADEMA's alleged manipulation of 1998 presidential polling; in March of
    1999, opposition parties entered into negotiations with the president
    over the establishment of an independent electoral commission and a new
    round of legislative elections, now scheduled for October 2001

Judicial branch:
  Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; Supreme Court or Cour Supreme

Political parties and leaders:
  Action Committee for Renewal or CAR [Yawovi AGBOYIBO]; Coordination des
  Forces Nouvelles or CFN [Joseph KOFFIGOH]; Democratic Convention of African
  Peoples or CDPA [Leopold GNININVI]; Party for Democracy and Renewal or PDR
  [Zarifou AYEVA]; Patriotic Pan-African Convergence or CPP [Edem KODJO];
  Rally of the Togolese People or RPT [President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA];
  Union of Forces for Change or UFC [Gilchrist OLYMPIO (in exile),
  Jeane-Pierre FABRE, general secretary in Togo]; Union of Independent
  Liberals or ULI [Jacques AMOUZO]
  note: Rally of the Togolese People or RPT, led by President EYADEMA, was
    the only party until the formation of multiple parties was legalized 12
    April 1991

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  NA

International organization participation:
  ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
  ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol,
  IOC, ITU, MIPONUH, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,
  WADB, WAEMU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Akoussoulelov BODJONA chancery: 2208
    Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
  telephone: [1] (202) 234-4212
  FAX: [1] (202) 232-3190

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Karl HOFMANN embassy: Angle Rue Kouenou and
    Rue 15 Beniglato, Lome
  mailing address: B. P. 852, Lome
  telephone: [228] 21 29 91 through 21 29 94
  FAX: [228] 21 79 52

Flag description:
  five equal horizontal bands of green (top and bottom) alternating with
  yellow; there is a white five-pointed star on a red square in the upper
  hoist-side corner; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia

§5. Togo Economy

Economy - overview:
  This small sub-Saharan economy is heavily dependent on both commercial and
  subsistence agriculture, which provides employment for 65% of the labor
  force. Some basic foodstuffs must still be imported. Together, cocoa,
  coffee, and cotton generate some 40% of export earnings, with cotton being
  the most significant cash crop despite falling prices on the world market.
  In the industrial sector, phosphate mining is by far the most important
  activity. Togo is the world's fourth largest producer, and geological
  advantages keep production costs low. The recently privatized mining
  operation, Office Togolais des Phosphates (OTP), is slowly recovering from
  a steep fall in prices in the early 1990's, but continues to face the
  challenge of tough foreign competition, exacerbated by weakening demand.
  Togo serves as a regional commercial and trade center. It continues to
  expand its duty-free export-processing zone (EPZ), launched in 1989, which
  has attracted enterprises from France, Italy, Scandinavia, the US, India,
  and China and created jobs for Togolese nationals. The government's
  decade-long effort, supported by the World Bank and the IMF, to implement
  economic reform measures, encourage foreign investment, and bring revenues
  in line with expenditures has stalled. Progress depends on following
  through on privatization, increased openness in government financial
  operations, progress towards legislative elections, and possible downsizing
  of the military, on which the regime has depended to stay in place. Lack of
  foreign aid, deterioration of the financial sector, energy shortages, and
  depressed commodity prices continue to constrain economic growth; however,
  Togo did realize a 3% gain in GDP in 1999. The takeover of the national
  power company by a Franco-Canadian consortium in 2000 should ease the
  energy crisis and if successful legislative elections pave the way for
  increased aid, growth should rise to 5% a year in 2001-02.

GDP:
  purchasing power parity - $7.3 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  3.4% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:
  purchasing power parity - $1,500 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 42% industry: 21%
  services: 37% (1997)

Population below poverty line:
  32% (1989 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  2.5% (2000 est.)

Labor force:
  1.74 million (1996)

Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture 65%, industry 5%, services 30% (1998 est.)

Unemployment rate:
  NA%

Budget:
  revenues: $232 million
  expenditures: $252 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1997
    est.)

Industries:
  phosphate mining, agricultural processing, cement; handicrafts, textiles,
  beverages

Industrial production growth rate:
  NA%

Electricity - production:
  92 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:
  fossil fuel: 97.83% hydro: 2.17%
  nuclear: 0%
  other: 0% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:
  511.6 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:
  426 million kWh note: electricity supplied by Ghana (1999)

Agriculture - products:
  coffee, cocoa, cotton, yams, cassava (tapioca), corn, beans, rice, millet,
  sorghum; livestock; fish

Exports:
  $336 million (f.o.b., 2000)

Exports - commodities:
  cotton, phosphates, coffee, cocoa

Exports - partners:
  Nigeria, Brazil, Canada, Philippines (1999)

Imports:
  $452 million (f.o.b., 2000)

Imports - commodities:
  machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products

Imports - partners:
  Ghana, China, France, Cote d'Ivoire (1999)

Debt - external:
  $1.5 billion (1999)

Economic aid - recipient:
  $201.1 million (1995)

Currency:
  Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority
  is the Central Bank of the West African States

Currency code:
  XOF

Exchange rates:
  Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 699.21
  (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997),
  511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XOF is pegged to the euro at
  a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro

Fiscal year:
  calendar year

§6. Togo Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  25,000 (1997)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  2,995 (1997)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: fair system based on a network of microwave radio relay
    routes supplemented by open-wire lines and a mobile cellular system
  domestic: microwave radio relay and open-wire lines for conventional
    system; cellular system has capacity of 10,000 telephones
  international: satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1
    Symphonie

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 2, FM 9, shortwave 4 (1998)

Radios:
  940,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
  3 (plus two repeaters) (1997)

Televisions:
  73,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
  .tg

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
  3 (2000)

Internet users:
  10,000 (2000)

§7. Togo Transportation

Railways:
  total: 525 km (1995)
  narrow gauge: 525 km 1.000-m gauge

Highways:
  total: 7,520 km
  paved: 2,376 km
  unpaved: 5,144 km (1996)

Waterways:
  50 km (Mono river)

Ports and harbors:
  Kpeme, Lome

Merchant marine:
  total: 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,603 GRT/2,800 DWT
  ships by type: specialized tanker 1 (2000 est.)

Airports:
  9 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 7 914 to 1,523 m: 5
  under 914 m: 2 (2000 est.)

§8. Togo Military

Military branches:
  Army, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie

Military manpower - availability:
  males age 15-49: 1,175,528 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
  males age 15-49: 616,622 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $27 million (FY96)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  2% (FY96)

§9. Togo Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  none

Illicit drugs:
  transit hub for Nigerian heroin and cocaine traffickers
