Philippines

§1. Philippines Introduction

Background:
  The Philippines were ceded by Spain to the US in 1898 following the
  Spanish-American War. They attained their independence in 1946 after being
  occupied by the Japanese in World War II. The 21-year rule of Ferdinand
  MARCOS ended in 1986 when a widespread popular rebellion forced him into
  exile. In 1992, the US closed down its last military bases on the islands.
  The Philippines has had two electoral presidential transitions since
  Marcos' removal by "people power." In January 2001, the Supreme Court
  declared Joseph ESTRADA unable to rule in view of mass resignations from
  his government and administered the oath of office to Vice President Gloria
  MACAPAGAL-ARROYO as his constitutional successor. The government continues
  to struggle with ongoing Muslim insurgencies in the south.

§2. Philippines Geography

Location:
  Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Philippine Sea and the South
  China Sea, east of Vietnam

Geographic coordinates:
  13 00 N, 122 00 E

Map references:
  Southeast Asia

Area:
  total: 300,000 kmē
  land: 298,170 kmē
  water: 1,830 kmē

Area - comparative:
  slightly larger than Arizona

Land boundaries:
  0 km

Coastline:
  36,289 km

Maritime claims:
  continental shelf: to depth of exploitation exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
  territorial sea: irregular polygon extending up to 100 NM from coastline as
    defined by 1898 treaty; since late 1970s has also claimed
    polygonal-shaped area in South China Sea up to 285 NM in breadth

Climate:
  tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon
  (May to October)

Terrain:
  mostly mountains with narrow to extensive coastal lowlands

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Philippine Sea 0 m highest point: Mount Apo 2,954 m

Natural resources:
  timber, petroleum, nickel, cobalt, silver, gold, salt, copper

Land use:
  arable land: 19%
  permanent crops: 12%
  permanent pastures: 4%
  forests and woodland: 46%
  other: 19% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land:
  15,800 kmē (1993 est.)

Natural hazards:
  astride typhoon belt, usually affected by 15 and struck by five to six
  cyclonic storms per year; landslides; active volcanoes; destructive
  earthquakes; tsunamis

Environment - current issues:
  uncontrolled deforestation in watershed areas; soil erosion; air and water
  pollution in Manila; increasing pollution of coastal mangrove swamps which
  are important fish breeding grounds

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
    Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test
    Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
    Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

§3. Philippines People

Population:
  82,841,518 (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 36.87% (male 15,547,712; female 14,997,544)
  15-64 years: 59.45% (male 24,374,849; female 24,873,595)
  65 years and over: 3.68% (male 1,355,046; female 1,692,772) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:
  2.03% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:
  27.37 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:
  6.04 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:
  -1.01 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  28.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 67.8 years male: 64.96 years
  female: 70.79 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  3.42 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  0.07% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  28,000 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  1,200 (1999 est.)

Nationality:
  noun: Filipino(s)
  adjective: Philippine

Ethnic groups:
  Christian Malay 91.5%, Muslim Malay 4%, Chinese 1.5%, other 3%

Religions:
  Roman Catholic 83%, Protestant 9%, Muslim 5%, Buddhist and other 3%

Languages:
  two official languages - Filipino (based on Tagalog) and English, eight
  major dialects - Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocan, Hiligaynon or Ilonggo, Bicol,
  Waray, Pampango, and Pangasinense

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 94.6%
  male: 95%
  female: 94.3% (1995 est.)

§4. Philippines Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: Republic of the Philippines
  conventional short form: Philippines
  local long form: Republika ng Pilipinas
  local short form: Pilipinas

Government type:
  republic

Capital:
  Manila

Administrative divisions:
  73 provinces and 61 chartered cities*; Abra, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del
  Sur, Aklan, Albay, Angeles*, Antique, Aurora, Bacolod*, Bago*, Baguio*,
  Bais*, Basilan, Basilan City*, Bataan, Batanes, Batangas, Batangas City*,
  Benguet, Bohol, Bukidnon, Bulacan, Butuan*, Cabanatuan*, Cadiz*, Cagayan,
  Cagayan de Oro*, Calbayog*, Caloocan*, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur,
  Camiguin, Canlaon*, Capiz, Catanduanes, Cavite, Cavite City*, Cebu, Cebu
  City*, Cotabato*, Dagupan*, Danao*, Dapitan*, Davao City* Davao, Davao del
  Sur, Davao Oriental, Dipolog*, Dumaguete*, Eastern Samar, General Santos*,
  Gingoog*, Ifugao, Iligan*, Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Iloilo, Iloilo City*,
  Iriga*, Isabela, Kalinga-Apayao, La Carlota*, Laguna, Lanao del Norte,
  Lanao del Sur, Laoag*, Lapu-Lapu*, La Union, Legaspi*, Leyte, Lipa*,
  Lucena*, Maguindanao, Mandaue*, Manila*, Marawi*, Marinduque, Masbate,
  Mindoro Occidental, Mindoro Oriental, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental,
  Mountain, Naga*, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, North Cotabato,
  Northern Samar, Nueva Ecija, Nueva Vizcaya, Olongapo*, Ormoc*, Oroquieta*,
  Ozamis*, Pagadian*, Palawan, Palayan*, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Pasay*, Puerto
  Princesa*, Quezon, Quezon City*, Quirino, Rizal, Romblon, Roxas*, Samar,
  San Carlos* (in Negros Occidental), San Carlos* (in Pangasinan), San Jose*,
  San Pablo*, Silay*, Siquijor, Sorsogon, South Cotabato, Southern Leyte,
  Sultan Kudarat, Sulu, Surigao*, Surigao del Norte, Surigao del Sur,
  Tacloban*, Tagaytay*, Tagbilaran*, Tangub*, Tarlac, Tawitawi, Toledo*,
  Trece Martires*, Zambales, Zamboanga*, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del
  Sur

Independence:
  4 July 1946 (from US)

National holiday:
  Independence Day (from Spain), 12 June (1898); note - 12 June 1898 is the
  date of independence from Spain, 4 July 1946 is the date of independence
  from the US

Constitution:
  2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987

Legal system:
  based on Spanish and Anglo-American law; accepts compulsory ICJ
  jurisdiction, with reservations

Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO (since 20 January 2001);
    note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
  head of government: President Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO (since 20 January
    2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
    government
  cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president with the consent of the
    Commission of Appointments
  elections: president and vice president elected on separate tickets by
    popular vote for six-year terms; election last held 11 May 1998 (next to
    be held 16 May 2004)
  election results: results of the last presidential election - Joseph
    Ejercito ESTRADA elected president; percent of vote - approximately 40%;
    Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO elected vice president; percent of vote - NA%;
    note - on 20 January 2001, Vice President Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO was
    sworn in as the constitutional successor to President Joseph ESTRADA
    after the Supreme Court declared that President ESTRADA was unable to
    rule in view of the mass resignations from his government; according to
    the Constitution, only in cases of death, permanent disability, removal
    from office, or resignation of the president, can the vice president
    serve for the unexpired term

Legislative branch:
  bicameral Congress or Kongreso consists of the Senate or Senado (24 seats -
  one-half elected every three years; members elected by popular vote to
  serve six-year terms) and the House of Representatives or Kapulungan Ng Mga
  Kinatawan (204 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve three-year
  terms; note - additional members may be appointed by the president but the
  Constitution prohibits the House of Representatives from having more than
  250 members)
  elections: Senate - last held 11 May 1998 (next to be held 14 May 2001);
    House of Representatives - elections last held 11 May 1998 (next to be
    held 14 May 2001)
  election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -
    LAMP 12, Lakas 5, PRP 2, LP 1, other 3; note - the Senate now has only 22
    members with one seat vacated when Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO became vice
    president and another seat vacated upon a senator's death; the two seats
    can only be filled by election and will remain open until the next
    regular election in May 2001; House of Representatives - percent of vote
    by party - NA%; seats by party - LAMP 135, Lakas 37, LP 13, Aksyon
    Demokratiko 1, other 35

Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court (justices are appointed for four-year terms by the president
  on the recommendation of the Judicial and Bar Council)

Political parties and leaders:
  People Power Coalition or PPC includes: Aksyon Demokratiko or Democratic
    Action [Raul ROCO], Lakas-NUCD [Gloria MACAPAGAL-ARROYO, titular head,
    Teofisto GUINGONA, party president], Liberal Party or LP [Florencio
    ABAD], Probinsiya Muna Development Initiative or Promdi [Lito OSMENA],
    and Reporma Party [Renato DE VILLA]; Puwersa ng Masa (Force of the
    Masses) includes: Laban Ng Demokratikong Pilipino (Struggle of Filipino
    Democrats) or LDP [Eduardo ANGARA], Laban Ng Masang Pilipino or LAMP
    (Struggle of the Filipino Masses) [Joseph ESTRADA], and People's Reform
    Party or PRP [Miriam DEFENSOR-SANTIAGO]; Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (New
    Society Movement) [Imelda MARCOS]; Nacionalista Party [Jose OLIVEROS];
    National People's Coalition or NPC [Eduardo COJUANGCO]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  NA

International organization participation:
  APEC, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
  ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat,
  Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAS (observer), OPCW, UN,
  UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNTAET, UNU, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO,
  WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Acting Ambassador Ariel ABADILLA
    chancery: 1600 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
  telephone: [1] (202) 467-9300
  FAX: [1] (202) 467-9317
  consulate(s) general: Chicago, Honolulu, Los Angeles, New York, San
    Francisco
  consulate(s): San Diego

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affairs Michael E.
    MALINOWSKI embassy: 1201 Roxas Boulevard, Ermita 1000 Manila
  mailing address: FPO 96515
  telephone: [63] (2) 523-1001
  FAX: [63] (2) 522-4361

Flag description:
  two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a white equilateral
  triangle based on the hoist side; in the center of the triangle is a yellow
  sun with eight primary rays (each containing three individual rays) and in
  each corner of the triangle is a small yellow five-pointed star

§5. Philippines Economy

Economy - overview:
  In 1998 the Philippine economy - a mixture of agriculture, light industry,
  and supporting services - deteriorated as a result of spillover from the
  Asian financial crisis and poor weather conditions. Growth fell to about
  -0.5% in 1998 from 5% in 1997, but recovered to about 3% in 1999 and 3.6%
  in 2000. The government has promised to continue its economic reforms to
  help the Philippines match the pace of development in the newly
  industrialized countries of East Asia. The strategy includes improving
  infrastructure, overhauling the tax system to bolster government revenues,
  moving toward further deregulation and privatization of the economy, and
  increasing trade integration with the region.

GDP:
  purchasing power parity - $310 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  3.6% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:
  purchasing power parity - $3,800 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 20% industry: 32%
  services: 48% (1997 est.)

Population below poverty line:
  41% (1997 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 1.5% highest 10%: 39.3% (1998)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  5% (2000 est.)

Labor force:
  48.1 million (2000 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture 39.8%, government and social services 19.4%, services 17.7%,
  manufacturing 9.8%, construction 5.8%, other 7.5% (1998 est.)

Unemployment rate:
  10% (2000)

Budget:
  revenues: $14.5 billion
  expenditures: $12.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998
    est.)

Industries:
  textiles, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, wood products, food processing,
  electronics assembly, petroleum refining, fishing

Industrial production growth rate:
  4% (2000 est.)

Electricity - production:
  40.745 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:
  fossil fuel: 61.03% hydro: 18.68%
  nuclear: 0%
  other: 20.29% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:
  37.893 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products:
  rice, coconuts, corn, sugarcane, bananas, pineapples, mangoes; pork, eggs,
  beef; fish

Exports:
  $38 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Exports - commodities:
  electronic equipment, machinery and transport equipment, garments, coconut
  products

Exports - partners:
  US 34%, Japan 14%, Netherlands 8%, Singapore 6%, UK 6%, Hong Kong 4% (1998)

Imports:
  $35 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Imports - commodities:
  raw materials and intermediate goods, capital goods, consumer goods, fuels

Imports - partners:
  US 22%, Japan 20%, South Korea 8%, Singapore 6%, Taiwan 5%, Hong Kong 4%
  (1998 est.)

Debt - external:
  $52 billion (1999)

Economic aid - recipient:
  ODA, $1.1 billion (1998)

Currency:
  Philippine peso (PHP)

Currency code:
  PHP

Exchange rates:
  Philippine pesos per US dollar - 50.969 (January 2001), 44.192 (2000),
  39.089 (1999), 40.893 (1998), 29.471 (1997), 26.216 (1996)

Fiscal year:
  calendar year

§6. Philippines Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  1.9 million (1997)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  1.959 million (1998)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: good international radiotelephone and submarine cable
    services; domestic and interisland service adequate
  domestic: domestic satellite system with 11 earth stations
  international: 9 international gateways; satellite earth stations - 3
    Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 2 Pacific Ocean); submarine cables to Hong
    Kong, Guam, Singapore, Taiwan, and Japan

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 366, FM 290, shortwave 3 (1999)

Radios:
  11.5 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
  31 (1997)

Televisions:
  3.7 million (1997)

Internet country code:
  .ph

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
  33 (2000)

Internet users:
  500,000 (2000)

§7. Philippines Transportation

Railways:
  total: 492 km (an additional 405 km are not in operation)
  narrow gauge: 492 km 1.067-m gauge (1996)

Highways:
  total: 199,950 km
  paved: 39,590 km
  unpaved: 160,360 km (1998 est.)

Waterways:
  3,219 km
  note: limited to vessels with a draft of less than 1.5 m

Pipelines:
  petroleum products 357 km

Ports and harbors:
  Batangas, Cagayan de Oro, Cebu, Davao, Guimaras Island, Iligan, Iloilo,
  Jolo, Legaspi, Manila, Masao, Puerto Princesa, San Fernando, Subic Bay,
  Zamboanga

Merchant marine:
  total: 459 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,653,062 GRT/8,512,326 DWT
  ships by type: bulk 149, cargo 123, chemical tanker 4, combination bulk 10,
    container 5, liquefied gas 13, livestock carrier 10, passenger 4,
    passenger/cargo 12, petroleum tanker 42, refrigerated cargo 21, roll
    on/roll off 17, short-sea passenger 31, specialized tanker 2, vehicle
    carrier 16
  note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of
    convenience: Cyprus 1, Denmark 1, Hong Kong 5, Japan 14, Netherlands 1,
    Singapore 1, UK 1 (2000 est.)

Airports:
  288 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 76 over 3,047 m: 4
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 5
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 28
  914 to 1,523 m: 28
  under 914 m: 11 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 212 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
  914 to 1,523 m: 81
  under 914 m: 129 (2000 est.)

Heliports:
  1 (2000 est.)

§8. Philippines Military

Military branches:
  Army, Navy (includes Coast Guard and Marine Corps), Air Force

Military manpower - military age:
  20 years of age

Military manpower - availability:
  males age 15-49: 21,220,191 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
  males age 15-49: 14,942,363 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
  males: 848,181 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $995 million (FY98)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  1.5% (FY98)

§9. Philippines Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China,
  Malaysia, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; claim to Malaysia's Sabah
  State has not been fully revoked

Illicit drugs:
  exports locally produced marijuana and hashish to East Asia, the US, and
  other Western markets; serves as a transit point for heroin and crystal
  methamphetamine
