Suriname

§1. Suriname Introduction

Background:
  Independence from the Netherlands was granted in 1975. Five years later the
  civilian government was replaced by a military regime that soon declared a
  socialist republic. It continued to rule through a succession of nominally
  civilian administrations until 1987, when international pressure finally
  brought about a democratic election. In 1989, the military overthrew the
  civilian government, but a democratically elected government returned to
  power in 1991.

§2. Suriname Geography

Location:
  Northern South America, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between French
  Guiana and Guyana

Geographic coordinates:
  4 00 N, 56 00 W

Map references:
  South America

Area:
  total: 163,270 kmē
  land: 161,470 kmē
  water: 1,800 kmē

Area - comparative:
  slightly larger than Georgia

Land boundaries:
  total: 1,707 km border countries: Brazil 597 km, French Guiana 510 km,
    Guyana 600 km

Coastline:
  386 km

Maritime claims:
  exclusive economic zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 12 NM

Climate:
  tropical; moderated by trade winds

Terrain:
  mostly rolling hills; narrow coastal plain with swamps

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: unnamed location in the coastal plain -2 m
  highest point: Juliana Top 1,230 m

Natural resources:
  timber, hydropower, fish, kaolin, shrimp, bauxite, gold, and small amounts
  of nickel, copper, platinum, iron ore

Land use:
  arable land: 0%
  permanent crops: 0%
  permanent pastures: 0%
  forests and woodland: 96%
  other: 4% (1993 est.)
  note: there are 94,927 hectares of arable land, 7,195 hectares of permanent
    crops, and 15,000 hectares of permanent pastures

Irrigated land:
  600 kmē (1993 est.)

Natural hazards:
  NA

Environment - current issues:
  deforestation as timber is cut for export; pollution of inland waterways by
  small-scale mining activities

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
    Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
    Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
  mostly tropical rain forest; great diversity of flora and fauna that, for
  the most part, is increasingly threatened by new development; relatively
  small population, most of which lives along the coast

§3. Suriname People

Population:
  433,998 (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 31.62% (male 70,314; female 66,924)
  15-64 years: 62.71% (male 138,969; female 133,193)
  65 years and over: 5.67% (male 11,194; female 13,404) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:
  0.6% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:
  20.53 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:
  5.68 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:
  -8.87 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.84 male(s)/female
  total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  24.27 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 71.63 years male: 68.97 years
  female: 74.42 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  2.47 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  1.26% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  3,000 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  210 (1999 est.)

Nationality:
  noun: Surinamer(s)
  adjective: Surinamese

Ethnic groups:
  Hindustani (also known locally as "East Indians"; their ancestors emigrated
  from northern India in the latter part of the 19th century) 37%, Creole
  (mixed white and black) 31%, Javanese 15%, "Maroons" (their African
  ancestors were brought to the country in the 17th and 18th centuries as
  slaves and escaped to the interior) 10%, Amerindian 2%, Chinese 2%, white
  1%, other 2%

Religions:
  Hindu 27.4%, Muslim 19.6%, Roman Catholic 22.8%, Protestant 25.2%
  (predominantly Moravian), indigenous beliefs 5%

Languages:
  Dutch (official), English (widely spoken), Sranang Tongo (Surinamese,
  sometimes called Taki-Taki, is native language of Creoles and much of the
  younger population and is lingua franca among others), Hindustani (a
  dialect of Hindi), Javanese

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 93%
  male: 95%
  female: 91% (1995 est.)

§4. Suriname Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: Republic of Suriname
  conventional short form: Suriname
  local long form: Republiek Suriname
  local short form: Suriname
  former: Netherlands Guiana, Dutch Guiana

Government type:
  constitutional democracy

Capital:
  Paramaribo

Administrative divisions:
  10 districts (distrikten, singular - distrikt); Brokopondo, Commewijne,
  Coronie, Marowijne, Nickerie, Para, Paramaribo, Saramacca, Sipaliwini,
  Wanica

Independence:
  25 November 1975 (from Netherlands)

National holiday:
  Independence Day, 25 November (1975)

Constitution:
  ratified 30 September 1987

Legal system:
  based on Dutch legal system incorporating French penal theory

Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Runaldo Ronald VENETIAAN (since 12 August 2000);
    Vice President Jules Rattankoemar AJODHIA (since 12 August 2000); note -
    the president is both the chief of state and head of government
  head of government: President Runaldo Ronald VENETIAAN (since 12 August
    2000); Vice President Jules Rattankoemar AJODHIA (since 12 August 2000);
    note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
  cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president from among the
    members of the National Assembly
  elections: president and vice president elected by the National Assembly
    or, if no presidential or vice presidential candidate receives a
    constitutional majority vote in the National Assembly after two votes, by
    the larger People's Assembly (869 representatives from the national,
    local, and regional councils), for five-year terms; election last held 6
    May 2000 (next to be held NA May 2005)
  note: widespread demonstrations during the summer of 1999 led to the
    calling of elections a year early
  election results: Runaldo Ronald VENETIAAN elected president; percent of
    legislative vote - 72.5; National Assembly elected the president -
    Runaldo Ronald VENETIAAN (New Front) 37 votes, Rashied DOEKHIE (NDP) 10
    votes

Legislative branch:
  unicameral National Assembly or Nationale Assemblee (51 seats; members are
  elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
  elections: last held 5 May 2000 (next to be held NA May 2005)
  election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NF 33,
    MC 10, DNP 2000 3, DA '91 2, PVF 2, PALU 1
  note: widespread demonstrations during the summer of 1999 led to the
    calling of elections a year early

Judicial branch:
  Court of Justice (justices are nominated for life)

Political parties and leaders:
  Democratic Alternative '91 or DA '91 (a coalition of the Alternative Forum
  or AF and Party for Brotherhood and Unity in Politics or BEP, formed in
  January 1991) [S. RAMKHELAWAN]; Democratic National Platform 2000 or DNP
  2000 (coalition of two parties, Democratic Party and Democrats of the 21st
  Century) [Jules WIJDENBOSCH]; Independent Progressive Democratic
  Alternative or OPDA [Joginder RAMKHILAWAN]; Millennium Combination or MC (a
  coalition of three parties, Democratic Alternative, Party for National
  Unity and Solidarity, and National Democratic Party) [leader NA]; National
  Democratic Party or NDP [Desire BOUTERSE]; Naya Kadam or NK [leader NA];
  Party for Renewal and Democracy or BVD [Tjan GOBARDHAN]; Party of National
  Unity and Solidarity or KTPI [Willy SOEMITA]; Pertjaja Luhur [Paul
  SOMOHARDJO]; Progressive Workers' and Farm Laborers' Union or PALU [Ir Iwan
  KROLIS]; The New Front or NF (a coalition of four parties Suriname National
  Party or NPS, Progressive Reform Party or VHP, Suriname Labor Party or SPA,
  and Pertjaja Luhur) [Ronald R. VENETIAAN]; The Progressive Development
  Alliance (a combination of three parties, Renewed Progressive Party or HPP,
  Party of the Federation of Land Workers or PVF, and Suriname Progressive
  People's Party or PSV) [Harry KISOENSINGH]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  General Liberation and Development Party or ABOP [Ronnie BRUNSWIJK];
  Mandela Bushnegro Liberation Movement [Leendert ADAMS]; Tucayana Amazonica
  [Alex JUBITANA, Thomas SABAJO]; Union for Liberation and Democracy [Kofi
  AFONGPONG]

International organization participation:
  ACP, Caricom, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDB, IFAD,
  IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, ITU, LAES,
  NAM, OAS, OIC, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO,
  WIPO, WMO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant) chancery: Suite 460, 4301 Connecticut
    Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
  telephone: [1] (202) 244-7488
  FAX: [1] (202) 244-5878
  consulate(s) general: Miami

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Daniel A. JOHNSON embassy: Dr. Sophie
    Redmondstraat 129, Paramaribo
  mailing address: Department of State, 3390 Paramaribo Place, Washington,
    DC, 20521-3390
  telephone: [597] 472900
  FAX: [597] 420800

Flag description:
  five horizontal bands of green (top, double width), white, red (quadruple
  width), white, and green (double width); there is a large, yellow,
  five-pointed star centered in the red band

§5. Suriname Economy

Economy - overview:
  The economy is dominated by the bauxite industry, which accounts for more
  than 15% of GDP and 70% of export earnings. After assuming power in the
  fall of 1996, the WIJDENBOSCH government ended the structural adjustment
  program of the previous government, claiming it was unfair to the poorer
  elements of society. Tax revenues fell as old taxes lapsed and the
  government failed to implement new tax alternatives. By the end of 1997,
  the allocation of new Dutch development funds was frozen as Surinamese
  Government relations with the Netherlands deteriorated. Economic growth
  slowed in 1998, with decline in the mining, construction, and utility
  sectors. Rampant government expenditures, poor tax collection, a bloated
  civil service, and reduced foreign aid in 1999 contributed to the fiscal
  deficit, estimated at 11% of GDP. The government sought to cover this
  deficit through monetary expansion, which led to a dramatic increase in
  inflation and exchange rate depreciation. Suriname's economic prospects for
  the medium term will depend on renewed commitment to responsible monetary
  and fiscal policies and to the introduction of structural reforms to
  liberalize markets and promote competition. The new government of Ronald
  VENETIAAN has begun an austerity program, raised taxes, and attempted to
  control spending. the exchange rate has responded by stabilizing. The Dutch
  Government has restarted the aid flow, which will allow Suriname to access
  international development financing.

GDP:
  purchasing power parity - $1.48 billion (1999 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  -1% (1999 est.)

GDP - per capita:
  purchasing power parity - $3,400 (1999 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 13% industry: 22%
  services: 65% (1998 est.)

Population below poverty line:
  NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  78% (2000 est.)

Labor force:
  100,000

Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%

Unemployment rate:
  20% (1997)

Budget:
  revenues: $393 million
  expenditures: $403 million, including capital expenditures of $34 million
    (1997 est.)

Industries:
  bauxite and gold mining, alumina production, lumbering, food processing,
  fishing

Industrial production growth rate:
  6.5% (1994 est.)

Electricity - production:
  1.937 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:
  fossil fuel: 25.92% hydro: 74.08%
  nuclear: 0%
  other: 0% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:
  1.801 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products:
  paddy rice, bananas, palm kernels, coconuts, plantains, peanuts; beef,
  chickens; forest products; shrimp

Exports:
  $443 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Exports - commodities:
  alumina, crude oil, lumber, shrimp and fish, rice, bananas

Exports - partners:
  US 23%, Norway 19%, Netherlands 11%, France, Japan, UK (1999)

Imports:
  $525 million (f.o.b., 1999)

Imports - commodities:
  capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, cotton, consumer goods

Imports - partners:
  US 35%, Netherlands 15%, Trinidad and Tobago 12%, Japan, UK, Brazil (1999)

Debt - external:
  $512 million (2000 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
  Netherlands provided $37 million for project and program assistance,
  European Development Fund $4 million, Belgium $2 million (1998)

Currency:
  Surinamese guilder (SRG)

Currency code:
  SRG

Exchange rates:
  Surinamese guilders per US dollar - 2,178.50 (December 2000), 987.50
  (December 1999), 401.00 (December 1998), 401.00 (December 1997), 401.26
  (December 1996)
  note: beginning in July 1994, the central bank midpoint exchange rate was
    unified and became market determined; during 1998, the exchange rate
    splintered into four distinct rates; in January 1999 the government
    floated the guilder, but subsequently fixed it when the black-market rate
    plunged; the government currently allows trading within a band of SRG 500
    around the official rate

Fiscal year:
  calendar year

§6. Suriname Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  64,000 (1997)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  4,090 (1997)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: international facilities are good domestic: microwave
    radio relay network
  international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 4, FM 13, shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios:
  300,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
  3 (plus seven repeaters) (2000)

Televisions:
  63,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
  .sr

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
  2 (2000)

Internet users:
  10,000 (2000)

§7. Suriname Transportation

Railways:
  total: 166 km (single track)
  standard gauge: 80 km 1.435-m gauge
  narrow gauge: 86 km 1.000-m gauge
  note: Suriname railroads are not in operation (2000)

Highways:
  total: 4,530 km
  paved: 1,178 km
  unpaved: 3,352 km (1996)

Waterways:
  1,200 km
  note: most important means of transport; oceangoing vessels with drafts
    ranging up to 7 m can navigate many of the principal waterways

Ports and harbors:
  Albina, Moengo, New Nickerie, Paramaribo, Paranam, Wageningen

Merchant marine:
  total: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 3,432 GRT/4,525 DWT
  ships by type: cargo 1, container 1, petroleum tanker 1 (2000 est.)

Airports:
  46 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 5 over 3,047 m: 1
  914 to 1,523 m: 1
  under 914 m: 3 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 41 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
  914 to 1,523 m: 5
  under 914 m: 35 (2000 est.)

§8. Suriname Military

Military branches:
  National Army (includes small Navy and Air Force elements), Civil Police

Military manpower - availability:
  males age 15-49: 121,656 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
  males age 15-49: 71,344 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $8.5 million (FY97 est.)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  1.6% (FY97 est.)

§9. Suriname Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  area disputed by French Guiana between Riviere Litani and Riviere Marouini
  (both headwaters of the Lawa); area disputed by Guyana between New (Upper
  Courantyne) and Courantyne/Koetari [Kutari] rivers (all headwaters of the
  Courantyne)

Illicit drugs:
  transshipment point for South American drugs destined for Europe and
  Brazil; transshipment point for arms-for-drugs dealing
