Trinidad and Tobago

§1. Trinidad and Tobago Introduction

Background:
  The islands came under British control in the 19th century; independence
  was granted in 1962. The country is one of the most prosperous in the
  Caribbean thanks largely to petroleum and natural gas production and
  processing. Tourism, mostly in Tobago, is targeted for expansion and is
  growing.

§2. Trinidad and Tobago Geography

Location:
  Caribbean, islands between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean,
  northeast of Venezuela

Geographic coordinates:
  11 00 N, 61 00 W

Map references:
  Central America and the Caribbean

Area:
  total: 5,128 kmē
  land: 5,128 kmē
  water: 0 kmē

Area - comparative:
  slightly smaller than Delaware

Land boundaries:
  0 km

Coastline:
  362 km

Maritime claims:
  contiguous zone: 24 NM continental shelf: 200 NM or to the outer edge of
    the continental margin
  exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
  territorial sea: 12 NM

Climate:
  tropical; rainy season (June to December)

Terrain:
  mostly plains with some hills and low mountains

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m highest point: El Cerro del Aripo 940 m

Natural resources:
  petroleum, natural gas, asphalt

Land use:
  arable land: 15%
  permanent crops: 9%
  permanent pastures: 2%
  forests and woodland: 46%
  other: 28% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land:
  220 kmē (1993 est.)

Natural hazards:
  outside usual path of hurricanes and other tropical storms

Environment - current issues:
  water pollution from agricultural chemicals, industrial wastes, and raw
  sewage; oil pollution of beaches; deforestation; soil erosion

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
    Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
    Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
    Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

§3. Trinidad and Tobago People

Population:
  1,169,682 (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 24.1% (male 143,730; female 138,160)
  15-64 years: 69.2% (male 415,898; female 393,551)
  65 years and over: 6.7% (male 34,785; female 43,558) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:
  -0.51% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:
  13.73 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:
  8.82 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:
  -9.97 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female
  total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  24.98 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 68.27 years male: 65.74 years
  female: 70.92 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  1.81 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  1.05% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  7,800 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  530 (1999 est.)

Nationality:
  noun: Trinidadian(s), Tobagonian(s)
  adjective: Trinidadian, Tobagonian

Ethnic groups:
  black 39.5%, East Indian (a local term - primarily immigrants from northern
  India) 40.3%, mixed 18.4%, white 0.6%, Chinese and other 1.2%

Religions:
  Roman Catholic 29.4%, Hindu 23.8%, Anglican 10.9%, Muslim 5.8%,
  Presbyterian 3.4%, other 26.7%

Languages:
  English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish, Chinese

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 97.9%
  male: 98.8%
  female: 97% (1995 est.)

§4. Trinidad and Tobago Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
  conventional short form: Trinidad and Tobago

Government type:
  parliamentary democracy

Capital:
  Port-of-Spain

Administrative divisions:
  8 counties, 3 municipalities*, and 1 ward**; Arima*, Caroni, Mayaro,
  Nariva, Port-of-Spain*, Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint
  Patrick, San Fernando*, Tobago**, Victoria

Independence:
  31 August 1962 (from UK)

National holiday:
  Independence Day, 31 August (1962)

Constitution:
  1 August 1976

Legal system:
  based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the
  Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Arthur Napoleon Raymond ROBINSON (since 19 March
    1997)
  head of government: Prime Minister Basdeo PANDAY (since 9 November 1995)
  cabinet: Cabinet appointed from among the members of Parliament
  elections: president elected by an electoral college, which consists of the
    members of the Senate and House of Representatives, for a five-year term;
    election last held 11 December 2000 (next to be held by NA 2005); prime
    minister appointed from among the members of Parliament; following
    legislative elections, the leader of the majority party in the House of
    Representatives is usually appointed prime minister
  election results: Arthur Napoleon Raymond ROBINSON elected president;
    percent of electoral college vote - 69%

Legislative branch:
  bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (31 seats; members appointed by
  the president for a maximum term of five years) and the House of
  Representatives (36 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve
  five-year terms)
  elections: House of Representatives - last held 11 December 2000 (next to
    be held by December 2005)
  election results: House of Representatives - percent of vote - UNC 58.1%,
    PNM 40.8%, NAR 1.1%; seats by party - UNC 19, PNM 16, NAR 1
  note: Tobago has a unicameral House of Assembly, with 15 members serving
    four-year terms

Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court of Judicature (comprised of the High Court of Justice and the
  Court of Appeals; the chief justice is appointed by the president on the
  advice of the prime minister and the leader of the opposition; other
  justices are appointed by the president on the advice of the Judicial and
  Legal Service Commission); High Court of Justice; Court of Appeals; The
  Majistracy (hears minor civil cases and summary criminal cases)

Political parties and leaders:
  National Alliance for Reconstruction or NAR [Hochay CHARLES]; People's
  Empowerment Party or PEP [leader NA]; People's National Movement or PNM
  [Patrick MANNING]; United National Congress or UNC [Basdeo PANDAY]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  Jamaat Al Musilmeen [Abu BAKR]

International organization participation:
  ACP, C, Caricom, CCC, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-24, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU,
  ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC,
  ISO, ITU, LAES, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNU,
  UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant) chancery: 1708 Massachusetts Avenue
    NW, Washington, DC 20036
  telephone: [1] (202) 467-6490
  FAX: [1] (202) 785-3130
  consulate(s) general: Miami and New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Edward E. SHUMAKER, III (until April, 2001)
    embassy: 15 Queen's Park West, Port-of-Spain
  mailing address: P. O. Box 752, Port-of-Spain
  telephone: [1] (868) 622-6371 through 6376, 6176
  FAX: [1] (868) 628-5462

Flag description:
  red with a white-edged black diagonal band from the upper hoist side

§5. Trinidad and Tobago Economy

Economy - overview:
  Trinidad and Tobago has earned a reputation as an excellent investment site
  for international businesses. Successful economic reforms were implemented
  in 1995, and foreign investment and trade are flourishing. Persistently
  high unemployment remains one of the chief challenges of the government.
  The petrochemical sector has spurred growth in other related sectors,
  reinforcing the government's commitment to economic diversification.
  Tourism is growing, especially in the pleasure boat sector. New investment
  and construction also will continue to drive the economy.

GDP:
  purchasing power parity - $11.2 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  5% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:
  purchasing power parity - $9,500 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 2% industry: 44%
  services: 54% (1998 est.)

Population below poverty line:
  21% (1992 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  3.2% (2000 est.)

Labor force:
  558,700 (1998)

Labor force - by occupation:
  construction and utilities 12.4%, manufacturing, mining, and quarrying 14%,
  agriculture 9.5%, services 64.1% (1997 est.)

Unemployment rate:
  12.8% (2000)

Budget:
  revenues: $1.54 billion
  expenditures: $1.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $117.3
    million (1998)

Industries:
  petroleum, chemicals, tourism, food processing, cement, beverage, cotton
  textiles

Industrial production growth rate:
  3.8% (2000)

Electricity - production:
  4.9 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:
  fossil fuel: 99.59% hydro: 0%
  nuclear: 0%
  other: 0.41% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:
  4.557 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products:
  cocoa, sugarcane, rice, citrus, coffee, vegetables; poultry

Exports:
  $3.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Exports - commodities:
  petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, steel products, fertilizer,
  sugar, cocoa, coffee, citrus, flowers

Exports - partners:
  US 39.3%, Caricom countries 26.1%, Latin America 9.5%, EU 5.7% (1999)

Imports:
  $3 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Imports - commodities:
  machinery, transportation equipment, manufactured goods, food, live animals

Imports - partners:
  US 39.8%, Venezuela 11.9%, EU 11%, Caricom 4.8% (1999)

Debt - external:
  $2.8 billion (2000 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
  $121.4 million (1995)

Currency:
  Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TTD)

Currency code:
  TTD

Exchange rates:
  Trinidad and Tobago dollars per US dollar - 6.2688 (January 2001), 6.2998
  (2000), 6.2989 (1999), 6.2983 (1998), 6.2517 (1997), 6.0051 (1996)

Fiscal year:
  1 October - 30 September

§6. Trinidad and Tobago Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  243,000 (1997)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  17,411 (1997)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: excellent international service; good local service
  domestic: NA
  international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean);
    tropospheric scatter to Barbados and Guyana

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 2, FM 12, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
  680,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
  4 (1997)

Televisions:
  425,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
  .tt

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
  17 (2000)

Internet users:
  30,000 (2000)

§7. Trinidad and Tobago Transportation

Railways:
  minimal agricultural railroad system near San Fernando; railway service was
  discontinued in 1968

Highways:
  total: 8,320 km
  paved: 4,252 km
  unpaved: 4,068 km (1996)

Waterways:
  none

Pipelines:
  crude oil 1,032 km; petroleum products 19 km; natural gas 904 km

Ports and harbors:
  Pointe-a-Pierre, Point Fortin, Point Lisas, Port-of-Spain, Scarborough,
  Tembladora

Merchant marine:
  total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,439 GRT/4,040 DWT
  ships by type: cargo 1, petroleum tanker 1 (2000 est.)

Airports:
  6 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 3 over 3,047 m: 1
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 1
  under 914 m: 2 (2000 est.)

§8. Trinidad and Tobago Military

Military branches:
  Trinidad and Tobago Defense Force (includes Ground Forces, Coast Guard, and
  Air Wing), Trinidad and Tobago Police Service

Military manpower - availability:
  males age 15-49: 346,043 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
  males age 15-49: 247,297 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $83 million (FY94)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  NA%

§9. Trinidad and Tobago Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  none

Illicit drugs:
  transshipment point for South American drugs destined for the US and
  Europe; producer of cannabis
