Vietnam

§1. Vietnam Introduction

Background:
  France occupied all of Vietnam by 1884. Independence was declared after
  World War II, but the French continued to rule until 1954 when they were
  defeated by communist forces under Ho Chi MINH, who took control of the
  north. US economic and military aid to South Vietnam grew through the 1960s
  in an attempt to bolster the government, but US armed forces were withdrawn
  following a cease-fire agreement in 1973. Two years later North Vietnamese
  forces overran the south. Economic reconstruction of the reunited country
  has proven difficult as aging Communist Party leaders have only grudgingly
  initiated reforms necessary for a free market.

§2. Vietnam Geography

Location:
  Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, Gulf of Tonkin, and
  South China Sea, alongside China, Laos, and Cambodia

Geographic coordinates:
  16 00 N, 106 00 E

Map references:
  Southeast Asia

Area:
  total: 329,560 kmē
  land: 325,360 kmē
  water: 4,200 kmē

Area - comparative:
  slightly larger than New Mexico

Land boundaries:
  total: 4,639 km border countries: Cambodia 1,228 km, China 1,281 km, Laos
    2,130 km

Coastline:
  3,444 km (excludes islands)

Maritime claims:
  contiguous zone: 24 NM continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the
    continental margin
  exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
  territorial sea: 12 NM

Climate:
  tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (mid-May to
  mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October to mid-March)

Terrain:
  low, flat delta in south and north; central highlands; hilly, mountainous
  in far north and northwest

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: South China Sea 0 m highest point: Ngoc Linh 3,143 m

Natural resources:
  phosphates, coal, manganese, bauxite, chromate, offshore oil and gas
  deposits, forests, hydropower

Land use:
  arable land: 17%
  permanent crops: 4%
  permanent pastures: 1%
  forests and woodland: 30%
  other: 48% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land:
  18,600 kmē (1993 est.)

Natural hazards:
  occasional typhoons (May to January) with extensive flooding

Environment - current issues:
  logging and slash-and-burn agricultural practices contribute to
  deforestation and soil degradation; water pollution and overfishing
  threaten marine life populations; groundwater contamination limits potable
  water supply; growing urban industrialization and population migration are
  rapidly degrading environment in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
    Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
    Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban

§3. Vietnam People

Population:
  79,939,014 (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 32.13% (male 13,266,585; female 12,415,384)
  15-64 years: 62.44% (male 24,357,343; female 25,556,187)
  65 years and over: 5.43% (male 1,722,094; female 2,621,421) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:
  1.45% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:
  21.23 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:
  6.22 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:
  -0.49 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.66 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  30.24 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 69.56 years male: 67.12 years
  female: 72.19 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  2.49 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  0.24% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  100,000 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  2,500 (1999 est.)

Nationality:
  noun: Vietnamese (singular and plural)
  adjective: Vietnamese

Ethnic groups:
  Vietnamese 85%-90%, Chinese, Hmong, Thai, Khmer, Cham, mountain groups

Religions:
  Buddhist, Hoa Hao, Cao Dai, Christian (predominantly Roman Catholic, some
  Protestant), indigenous beliefs, Muslim

Languages:
  Vietnamese (official), English (increasingly favored as a second language),
  some French, Chinese, and Khmer; mountain area languages (Mon-Khmer and
  Malayo-Polynesian)

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 93.7%
  male: 96.5%
  female: 91.2% (1995 est.)

§4. Vietnam Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: Socialist Republic of Vietnam
  conventional short form: Vietnam
  local long form: Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Nghia Viet Nam
  local short form: Viet Nam
  abbreviation: SRV

Government type:
  Communist state

Capital:
  Hanoi

Administrative divisions:
  58 provinces (tinh, singular and plural), 3 municipalities* (thu do,
  singular and plural); An Giang, Bac Giang, Bac Kan, Bac Lieu, Bac Ninh, Ba
  Ria-Vung Tau, Ben Tre, Binh Dinh, Binh Duong, Binh Phuoc, Binh Thuan, Ca
  Mau, Can Tho, Cao Bang, Dac Lak, Da Nang, Dong Nai, Dong Thap, Gia Lai, Ha
  Giang, Hai Duong, Hai Phong*, Ha Nam, Ha Noi*, Ha Tay, Ha Tinh, Hoa Binh,
  Ho Chi Minh*, Hung Yen, Khanh Hoa, Kien Giang, Kon Tum, Lai Chau, Lam Dong,
  Lang Son, Lao Cai, Long An, Nam Dinh, Nghe An, Ninh Binh, Ninh Thuan, Phu
  Tho, Phu Yen, Quang Binh, Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Quang Ninh, Quang Tri, Soc
  Trang, Son La, Tay Ninh, Thai Binh, Thai Nguyen, Thanh Hoa, Thua Thien-Hue,
  Tien Giang, Tra Vinh, Tuyen Quang, Vinh Long, Vinh Phuc, Yen Bai

Independence:
  2 September 1945 (from France)

National holiday:
  Independence Day, 2 September (1945)

Constitution:
  15 April 1992

Legal system:
  based on communist legal theory and French civil law system

Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Tran Duc LUONG (since 24 September 1997) and Vice
    President Nguyen Thi BINH (since NA October 1992)
  head of government: Prime Minister Phan Van KHAI (since 25 September 1997);
    First Deputy Prime Minister Nguyen Tan DUNG (since 29 September 1997);
    Deputy Prime Ministers Nguyen Cong TAN (since 29 September 1997), Nguyen
    Manh CAM (since 29 September 1997), and Pham Gia KHIEM (since 29
    September 1997)
  cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the proposal of the prime
    minister and ratification of the National Assembly
  elections: president elected by the National Assembly from among its
    members for a five-year term; election last held 25 September 1997 (next
    to be held when National Assembly meets following legislative elections
    in NA 2002); prime minister appointed by the president from among the
    members of the National Assembly; deputy prime ministers appointed by the
    prime minister
  election results: Tran Duc LUONG elected president; percent of National
    Assembly vote - NA%

Legislative branch:
  unicameral National Assembly or Quoc-Hoi (450 seats; members elected by
  popular vote to serve five-year terms)
  elections: last held 20 July 1997 (next to be held NA 2002)
  election results: percent of vote by party - CPV 92%, other 8% (the 8% are
    not CPV members but are approved by the CPV to stand for election); seats
    by party - CPV or CPV-approved 450

Judicial branch:
  Supreme People's Court (chief justice is elected for a five-year term by
  the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president)

Political parties and leaders:
  only party - Communist Party of Vietnam or CPV [Le Kha PHIEU, general
  secretary]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  none

International organization participation:
  ACCT, APEC, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
  ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol,
  IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,
  WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador-designate Nguyen Tam CHIEN chancery: 1233 20th
    Street NW, Washington, DC 20036, Suite 400
  telephone: [1] (202) 861-0737
  FAX: [1] (202) 861-0917
  consulate(s) general: San Francisco

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Douglas B. "Pete" PETERSON embassy: 7 Lang Ha
    Road, Ba Dinh District, Hanoi
  mailing address: PSC 461, Box 400, FPO AP 96521-0002
  telephone: [84] (4) 8431500
  FAX: [84] (4) 8351510
  consulate(s) general: Ho Chi Minh City

Flag description:
  red with a large yellow five-pointed star in the center

§5. Vietnam Economy

Economy - overview:
  Vietnam is a poor, densely populated country that has had to recover from
  the ravages of war, the loss of financial support from the old Soviet Bloc,
  and the rigidities of a centrally planned economy. Substantial progress was
  achieved from 1986 to 1996 in moving forward from an extremely low starting
  point - growth averaged around 9% per year from 1993 to 1997. The 1997
  Asian financial crisis highlighted the problems existing in the Vietnamese
  economy but, rather than prompting reform, reaffirmed the government's
  belief that shifting to a market oriented economy leads to disaster. GDP
  growth of 8.5% in 1997 fell to 6% in 1998 and 5% in 1999. Growth continued
  at the moderately strong level of 5.5%, a level that should be matched in
  2001. These numbers mask some major difficulties in economic performance.
  Many domestic industries, including coal, cement, steel, and paper, have
  reported large stockpiles of inventory and tough competition from more
  efficient foreign producers; this problem apparently eased in 2000. Foreign
  direct investment fell dramatically, from $8.3 billion in 1996 to about
  $1.6 billion in 1999. Meanwhile, Vietnamese authorities have moved slowly
  in implementing the structural reforms needed to revitalize the economy and
  produce more competitive, export-driven industries.

GDP:
  purchasing power parity - $154.4 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  5.5% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:
  purchasing power parity - $1,950 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 25% industry: 35%
  services: 40% (1999 est.)

Population below poverty line:
  37% (1998 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 3.5% highest 10%: 29% (1993)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  -0.6% (2000 est.)

Labor force:
  38.2 million (1998 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture 67%, industry and services 33% (1997 est.)

Unemployment rate:
  25% (1995 est.)

Budget:
  revenues: $5.3 billion
  expenditures: $5.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.8 billion
    (1999 est.)

Industries:
  food processing, garments, shoes, machine building, mining, cement,
  chemical fertilizer, glass, tires, oil, coal, steel, paper

Industrial production growth rate:
  10.7% (2000 est.)

Electricity - production:
  22.985 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:
  fossil fuel: 47.71% hydro: 52.29%
  nuclear: 0%
  other: 0% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:
  21.376 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products:
  paddy rice, corn, potatoes, rubber, soybeans, coffee, tea, bananas, sugar;
  poultry, pigs; fish

Exports:
  $14.3 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Exports - commodities:
  crude oil, marine products, rice, coffee, rubber, tea, garments, shoes

Exports - partners:
  China, Japan, Germany, Australia, US, France, Singapore, UK, Taiwan

Imports:
  $15.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Imports - commodities:
  machinery and equipment, petroleum products, fertilizer, steel products,
  raw cotton, grain, cement, motorcycles

Imports - partners:
  Japan, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, China, Thailand, Hong Kong,
  Malaysia, Indonesia, France, US, Sweden

Debt - external:
  $13.2 billion (2000)

Economic aid - recipient:
  $2.1 billion in credits and grants pledged by international donors for 2000

Currency:
  dong (VND)

Currency code:
  VND

Exchange rates:
  dong per US dollar - 14,530 (January 2001), 14,020 (January 2000), 13,900
  (December 1998), 11,100 (December 1996), 11,193 (1995 average), 11,000
  (October 1994)

Fiscal year:
  calendar year

§6. Vietnam Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  2.6 million (2000)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  730,155 (2000)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: Vietnam is putting considerable effort into
    modernization and expansion of its telecommunication system, but its
    performance continues to lag behind that of its more modern neighbors
  domestic: all provincial exchanges are digitalized and connected to Hanoi,
    Da Nang, and Ho Chi Minh City by fiber-optic cable or microwave radio
    relay networks; since 1991, main lines in use have been substantially
    increased and the use of mobile telephones is growing rapidly
  international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean
    region)

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 65, FM 7, shortwave 29 (1999)

Radios:
  8.2 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
  at least 7 (plus 13 repeaters) (1998)

Televisions:
  3.57 million (1997)

Internet country code:
  .vn

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
  5 (2000)

Internet users:
  121,000 (2000)

§7. Vietnam Transportation

Railways:
  total: 2,652 km
  standard gauge: 166 km 1.435-m gauge
  narrow gauge: 2,249 km 1.000-m gauge
  dual gauge: 237 km NA-m gauges (three rails) (1998)

Highways:
  total: 93,300 km
  paved: 23,418 km
  unpaved: 69,882 km (1996)

Waterways:
  17,702 km
  note: more than 5,149 km are navigable at all times by vessels up to 1.8 m
    draft

Pipelines:
  petroleum products 150 km

Ports and harbors:
  Cam Ranh, Da Nang, Haiphong, Ho Chi Minh City, Ha Long, Quy Nhon, Nha
  Trang, Vinh, Vung Tau

Merchant marine:
  total: 143 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 705,388 GRT/1,071,902 DWT
  ships by type: bulk 8, cargo 108, chemical tanker 1, combination bulk 1,
    container 2, liquefied gas 2, petroleum tanker 18, refrigerated cargo 3
    (2000 est.)

Airports:
  34 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 17 over 3,047 m: 8
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
  under 914 m: 2 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 17 over 3,047 m: 1
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
  914 to 1,523 m: 7
  under 914 m: 8 (2000 est.)

§8. Vietnam Military

Military branches:
  People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) (includes Ground Forces, Navy, and Air
  Force), Coast Guard

Military manpower - military age:
  17 years of age

Military manpower - availability:
  males age 15-49: 21,704,588 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
  males age 15-49: 13,673,438 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
  males: 961,124 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $650 million (FY98)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  2.5% (FY98)

§9. Vietnam Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  maritime boundary with Cambodia not defined; involved in a complex dispute
  over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and
  possibly Brunei; maritime boundary agreement with China in the Gulf of
  Tonkin awaits ratification; Paracel Islands occupied by China but claimed
  by Vietnam and Taiwan; portions of boundary with Cambodia are in dispute;
  agreement on land border with China was signed in December 1999, but
  details of alignment have not yet been made public

§10. Illicit drugs: minor producer of opium poppy with 2,100 hectares
  cultivated in 1999, capable of producing 11 metric tons of opium; probable
  minor transit point for Southeast Asian heroin;
  opium/heroin/methamphetamine addiction problems
