Tuvalu

§1. Tuvalu Introduction

Background:
  In 1974, ethnic differences within the British colony of the Gilbert and
  Ellice Islands caused the Polynesians of the Ellice Islands to vote for
  separation from the Micronesians of the Gilbert Islands. The following
  year, the Ellice Islands became the separate British colony of Tuvalu.
  Independence was granted in 1978. In 2000, Tuvalu negotiated a contract
  leasing its Internet domain name ".tv" for $50 million in royalties over
  the next dozen years.

§2. Tuvalu Geography

Location:
  Oceania, island group consisting of nine coral atolls in the South Pacific
  Ocean, about one-half of the way from Hawaii to Australia

Geographic coordinates:
  8 00 S, 178 00 E

Map references:
  Oceania

Area:
  total: 26 kmē
  land: 26 kmē
  water: 0 kmē

Area - comparative:
  0.1 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
  0 km

Coastline:
  24 km

Maritime claims:
  contiguous zone: 24 NM exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
  territorial sea: 12 NM

Climate:
  tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November); westerly
  gales and heavy rain (November to March)

Terrain:
  very low-lying and narrow coral atolls

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed location 5 m

Natural resources:
  fish

Land use:
  arable land: 0%
  permanent crops: 0%
  permanent pastures: 0%
  forests and woodland: 0%
  other: 100% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land:
  NA kmē

Natural hazards:
  severe tropical storms are usually rare, but, in 1997, there were three
  cyclones; low level of islands make them very sensitive to changes in sea
  level

Environment - current issues:
  since there are no streams or rivers and groundwater is not potable, most
  water needs must be met by catchment systems with storage facilities (the
  Japanese Government has built one desalination plant and plans to build one
  other); beachhead erosion because of the use of sand for building
  materials; excessive clearance of forest undergrowth for use as fuel;
  damage to coral reefs from the spread of the Crown of Thorns starfish;
  Tuvalu is very concerned about global increases in greenhouse gas emissions
  and their effect on rising sea levels, which threaten the country's
  underground water table

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification,
    Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified:
    Biodiversity, Law of the Sea

§3. Tuvalu People

Population:
  10,991 (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 33.28% (male 1,862; female 1,796)
  15-64 years: 61.6% (male 3,241; female 3,529)
  65 years and over: 5.12% (male 236; female 327) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:
  1.4% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:
  21.56 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:
  7.55 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.72 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  22.65 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 66.65 years male: 64.52 years
  female: 68.88 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  3.09 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  NA%

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  NA

Nationality:
  noun: Tuvaluan(s)
  adjective: Tuvaluan

Ethnic groups:
  Polynesian 96%

Religions:
  Church of Tuvalu (Congregationalist) 97%, Seventh-Day Adventist 1.4%,
  Baha'i 1%, other 0.6%

Languages:
  Tuvaluan, English

Literacy:
  definition: NA
  total population: NA%
  male: NA%
  female: NA%

§4. Tuvalu Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: none
  conventional short form: Tuvalu
  former: Ellice Islands

Government type:
  constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy; began debating
  republic status in 1992

Capital:
  Funafuti

Administrative divisions:
  none

Independence:
  1 October 1978 (from UK)

National holiday:
  Independence Day, 1 October (1978)

Constitution:
  1 October 1978

Legal system:
  NA

Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
  chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by
    Governor General Sir Tomasi PUAPUA (since 26 June 1998)
  head of government: Acting Prime Minister Lagitupu (of Nanumea) TUILIMU
    (since 8 December 2000); note - TUILIMU took over after Prime Minister
    Ionatana IONATANA died suddenly of a heart attack on 8 December 2000
  cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the recommendation of
    the prime minister
  elections: the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the
    monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; prime minister and
    deputy prime minister elected by and from the members of Parliament;
    election last held 27 April 1999 (next to be held NA 2002)
  election results: results of the last election for prime minister -
    Ionatana IONATANA elected prime minister; percent of Parliament vote -
    NA%; Lagitupu (of Nanumea) TUILIMU elected deputy prime minister; percent
    of Parliament vote - NA%; note - Deputy Prime Minister Lagitupu (of
    Nanumea) TUILIMU became acting prime minister following the death of
    Prime Minister Ionatana IONATANA on 8 December 2000

Legislative branch:
  unicameral Parliament or Fale I Fono, also called House of Assembly (12
  seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
  elections: last held 26-27 March 1998 (next to be held by NA 2002)
  election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 12

Judicial branch:
  High Court (a chief justice visits twice a year to preside over its
  sessions; its rulings can be appealed to the Court of Appeal in Fiji);
  eight Island Courts (with limited jurisdiction)

Political parties and leaders:
  there are no political parties but members of Parliament usually align
  themselves in informal groupings

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  none

International organization participation:
  ACP, AsDB, C, ESCAP, IFRCS (associate), Intelsat (nonsignatory user), ITU,
  Sparteca, SPC, SPF, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WTrO (applicant)

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  Tuvalu does not have an embassy in the US

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  the US does not have an embassy in Tuvalu; the US ambassador to Fiji is
  accredited to Tuvalu

Flag description:
  light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant; the
  outer half of the flag represents a map of the country with nine yellow
  five-pointed stars symbolizing the nine islands

§5. Tuvalu Economy

Economy - overview:
  Tuvalu consists of a densely populated, scattered group of nine coral
  atolls with poor soil. The country has no known mineral resources and few
  exports. Subsistence farming and fishing are the primary economic
  activities. Government revenues largely come from the sale of stamps and
  coins and worker remittances. About 1,000 Tuvaluans work in Nauru in the
  phosphate mining industry. Nauru has begun repatriating Tuvaluans, however,
  as phosphate resources decline. Substantial income is received annually
  from an international trust fund established in 1987 by Australia, NZ, and
  the UK and supported also by Japan and South Korea. Thanks to wise
  investments and conservative withdrawals, this Fund has grown from an
  initial $17 million to over $35 million in 1999. The US government is also
  a major revenue source for Tuvalu, with 1999 payments from a 1988 treaty on
  fisheries at about $9 million, a total which is expected to rise annually.
  In an effort to reduce its dependence on foreign aid, the government is
  pursuing public sector reforms, including privatization of some government
  functions and personnel cuts of up to 7%. In 1998, Tuvalu began deriving
  revenue from use of its area code for "900" lines and in 2000, from the
  sale of its ".tv" Internet domain name. Royalties from these new technology
  sources could raise GDP three or more times over the next decade. In 1999,
  with merchandise exports falling and financing reaching less than 5% of
  imports, continued reliance was placed on fishing and telecommunications
  license fees, remittances from overseas workers, official transfers, and
  investment income from overseas assets to cover the trade deficit.

GDP:
  purchasing power parity - $11.6 million (1999 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  3% (1999 est.)

GDP - per capita:
  purchasing power parity - $1,100 (1999 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: NA% industry: NA%
  services: NA%

Population below poverty line:
  NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  7% (1999 est.)

Labor force:
  NA

Labor force - by occupation:
  people make a living mainly through exploitation of the sea, reefs, and
  atolls and from wages sent home by those working abroad (mostly workers in
  the phosphate industry and sailors)

Unemployment rate:
  NA%

Budget:
  revenues: $6.2 million
  expenditures: $6.1 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998
    est.)

Industries:
  fishing, tourism, copra

Industrial production growth rate:
  NA%

Electricity - production by source:
  fossil fuel: NA% hydro: NA%
  nuclear: NA%
  other: NA%

Agriculture - products:
  coconuts; fish

Exports:
  $165,000 (f.o.b., 1989)

Exports - commodities:
  copra

Exports - partners:
  Fiji, Australia, NZ

Imports:
  $4.4 million (c.i.f., 1989)

Imports - commodities:
  food, animals, mineral fuels, machinery, manufactured goods

Imports - partners:
  Fiji, Australia, NZ

Debt - external:
  $NA

Economic aid - recipient:
  $13 million (1999 est.); note - major donors are Japan and Australia

Currency:
  Australian dollar (AUD); note - there is also a Tuvaluan dollar

Currency code:
  AUD

Exchange rates:
  Tuvaluan dollars or Australian dollars per US dollar - 1.7995 (January
  2001), 1.7173 (2000), 1.5497 (1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439 (1997), 1.2773
  (1996)

Fiscal year:
  calendar year

§6. Tuvalu Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  1,000 (1997)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  0 (1994)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: serves particular needs for internal communications
  domestic: radiotelephone communications between islands
  international: NA

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
  4,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
  0 (1997)

Televisions:
  800

Internet country code:
  .tv

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
  1 (2000)

Internet users:
  NA

§7. Tuvalu Transportation

Railways:
  0 km

Highways:
  total: 8 km
  paved: 0 km
  unpaved: 8 km (1996)

Waterways:
  none

Ports and harbors:
  Funafuti, Nukufetau

Merchant marine:
  total: 9 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 52,135 GRT/68,300 DWT
  ships by type: cargo 5, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll
    off 2 (2000 est.)

Airports:
  1 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2000 est.)

§8. Tuvalu Military

Military branches:
  no regular military forces; Police Force includes Maritime Surveillance
  Unit for search and rescue missions and surveillance operations

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $NA

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  NA%

§9. Tuvalu Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  none
