Bahrain

§1. Bahrain Introduction

Background:
  Bahrain's small size and central location among Persian Gulf countries
  require it to play a delicate balancing act in foreign affairs among its
  larger neighbors. Possessing minimal oil reserves, Bahrain has turned to
  petroleum processing and refining, and has transformed itself into an
  international banking center. The new amir is pushing economic and
  political reforms, and has worked to improve relations with the Shi'a
  community. In 2001, the International Court of Justice awarded the Hawar
  Islands, long disputed with Qatar, to Bahrain.

§2. Bahrain Geography

Location:
  Middle East, archipelago in the Persian Gulf, east of Saudi Arabia

Geographic coordinates:
  26 00 N, 50 33 E

Map references:
  Middle East

Area:
  total: 620 kmē
  land: 620 kmē
  water: 0 kmē

Area - comparative:
  3.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
  0 km

Coastline:
  161 km

Maritime claims:
  contiguous zone: 24 NM continental shelf: extending to boundaries to be
    determined
  territorial sea: 12 NM

Climate:
  arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers

Terrain:
  mostly low desert plain rising gently to low central escarpment

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m highest point: Jabal ad Dukhan 122 m

Natural resources:
  oil, associated and nonassociated natural gas, fish, pearls

Land use:
  arable land: 1%
  permanent crops: 1%
  permanent pastures: 6%
  forests and woodland: 0%
  other: 92% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land:
  10 kmē (1993 est.)

Natural hazards:
  periodic droughts; dust storms

Environment - current issues:
  desertification resulting from the degradation of limited arable land,
  periods of drought, and dust storms; coastal degradation (damage to
  coastlines, coral reefs, and sea vegetation) resulting from oil spills and
  other discharges from large tankers, oil refineries, and distribution
  stations; no natural fresh water resources so that groundwater and sea
  water are the only sources for all water needs

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes,
    Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
  close to primary Middle Eastern petroleum sources; strategic location in
  Persian Gulf which much of Western world's petroleum must transit to reach
  open ocean

§3. Bahrain People

Population:
  645,361
  note: includes 228,424 non-nationals (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 29.6% (male 96,697; female 94,330)
  15-64 years: 67.43% (male 257,360; female 177,839)
  65 years and over: 2.97% (male 9,721; female 9,414) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:
  1.73% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:
  20.07 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:
  3.92 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:
  1.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 1.45 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 1.03 male(s)/female
  total population: 1.29 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  19.77 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 73.2 years male: 70.81 years
  female: 75.67 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  2.79 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  0.15% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  NA

Nationality:
  noun: Bahraini(s)
  adjective: Bahraini

Ethnic groups:
  Bahraini 63%, Asian 19%, other Arab 10%, Iranian 8%

Religions:
  Shi'a Muslim 70%, Sunni Muslim 30%

Languages:
  Arabic, English, Farsi, Urdu

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 85.2%
  male: 89.1%
  female: 79.4% (1995 est.)

§4. Bahrain Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: State of Bahrain
  conventional short form: Bahrain
  local long form: Dawlat al Bahrayn
  local short form: Al Bahrayn
  former: Dilmun

Government type:
  constitutional monarchy

Capital:
  Manama

Administrative divisions:
  12 municipalities (manatiq, singular - mintaqah); Al Hadd, Al Manamah, Al
  Mintaqah al Gharbiyah, Al Mintaqah al Wusta, Al Mintaqah ash Shamaliyah, Al
  Muharraq, Ar Rifa' wa al Mintaqah al Janubiyah, Jidd Hafs, Madinat Hamad,
  Madinat 'Isa, Juzur Hawar, Sitrah
  note: all municipalities administered from Manama

Independence:
  15 August 1971 (from UK)

National holiday:
  National Day, 16 December (1971); note - 15 August 1971 is the date of
  independence from the UK, 16 December 1971 is the date of independence from
  British protection

Constitution:
  adopted late December 2000 (new constitution calls for a partially elected
  legislature, a constitutional monarchy, and an independent judiciary)

Legal system:
  based on Islamic law and English common law

Suffrage:
  none

Executive branch:
  chief of state: Amir HAMAD bin Isa Al Khalifa (since 6 March 1999); Heir
    Apparent Crown Prince SALMAN bin Hamad (son of the monarch, born 21
    October 1969)
  head of government: Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman Al Khalifa (since NA
    1971)
  cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch
  elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister appointed by the
    monarch

Legislative branch:
  unicameral National Assembly was dissolved 26 August 1975 and legislative
  powers were assumed by the Cabinet; appointed Advisory Council established
  16 December 1992; the National Action Charter created a bicameral
  legislature on 23 December 2000; approved by referendum of 14 February 2001

Judicial branch:
  High Civil Appeals Court

Political parties and leaders:
  political parties prohibited

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  Shi'a activists fomented unrest sporadically 1994-97, demanding the return
  of an elected National Assembly and an end to unemployment; several small,
  clandestine leftist and Islamic fundamentalist groups are active

International organization participation:
  ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDB,
  IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISO
  (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO,
  UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant) chancery: 3502 International Drive
    NW, Washington, DC 20008
  telephone: [1] (202) 342-0741
  FAX: [1] (202) 362-2192
  consulate(s) general: New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Johnny YOUNG embassy: #979, Road 3119 (next to
    Al-Ahli Sports Club), Block 321, Zinj District, Manama
  mailing address: American Embassy Manama, PSC 451, FPO AE 09834-5100;
    international mail: American Embassy, Box 26431, Manama
  telephone: [973] 273-300
  FAX: [973] 272-594

Flag description:
  red with a white serrated band (eight white points) on the hoist side

§5. Bahrain Economy

Economy - overview:
  In Bahrain, petroleum production and refining account for about 60% of
  export receipts, 60% of government revenues, and 30% of GDP. With its
  highly developed communication and transport facilities, Bahrain is home to
  numerous multinational firms with business in the Gulf. Bahrain is
  dependent on Saudi Arabia for oil revenue granted as aid. A large share of
  exports consists of petroleum products made from imported crude.
  Construction proceeds on several major industrial projects. Unemployment,
  especially among the young, and the depletion of both oil and underground
  water resources are major long-term economic problems.

GDP:
  purchasing power parity - $10.1 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  5% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:
  purchasing power parity - $15,900 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 1% industry: 46%
  services: 53% (1996 est.)

Population below poverty line:
  NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  2% (2000 est.)

Labor force:
  295,000 (1998 est.)
  note: 44% of the population in the 15-64 age group is non-national (July
    1998 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
  industry, commerce, and service 79%, government 20%, agriculture 1% (1997
  est.)

Unemployment rate:
  15% (1998 est.)

Budget:
  revenues: $1.8 billion
  expenditures: $2.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2001
    est.)

Industries:
  petroleum processing and refining, aluminum smelting, offshore banking,
  ship repairing; tourism

Industrial production growth rate:
  2% (2000 est.)

Electricity - production:
  6.185 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:
  fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0%
  nuclear: 0%
  other: 0% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:
  5.752 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products:
  fruit, vegetables; poultry, dairy products; shrimp, fish

Exports:
  $5.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Exports - commodities:
  petroleum and petroleum products 61%, aluminum 7%

Exports - partners:
  India 14%, Saudi Arabia 5%, US 5%, UAE 5%, Japan 4%, South Korea 4% (1999)

Imports:
  $4.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Imports - commodities:
  nonoil 59%, crude oil 41%

Imports - partners:
  France 20%, US 14%, UK 8%, Saudi Arabia 7%, Japan 5% (1999)

Debt - external:
  $2.7 billion (2000)

Economic aid - recipient:
  $48.4 million (1995)

Currency:
  Bahraini dinar (BHD)

Currency code:
  BHD

Exchange rates:
  Bahraini dinars per US dollar - 0.3760 (fixed rate pegged to the US dollar)

Fiscal year:
  calendar year

§6. Bahrain Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  152,000 (1997)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  58,543 (1997)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: modern system domestic: modern fiber-optic integrated
    services; digital network with rapidly growing use of mobile cellular
    telephones
  international: tropospheric scatter to Qatar and UAE; microwave radio relay
    to Saudi Arabia; submarine cable to Qatar, UAE, and Saudi Arabia;
    satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian
    Ocean) and 1 Arabsat (1997)

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 2, FM 3, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
  338,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
  4 (1997)

Televisions:
  275,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
  .bh

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
  1 (2000)

Internet users:
  37,500 (2000)

§7. Bahrain Transportation

Railways:
  0 km

Highways:
  total: 3,164 km
  paved: 2,433 km
  unpaved: 731 km
  note: there is a paved causeway connecting Bahrain to Saudi Arabia (1997)

Waterways:
  none

Pipelines:
  crude oil 56 km; petroleum products 16 km; natural gas 32 km

Ports and harbors:
  Manama, Mina' Salman, Sitrah

Merchant marine:
  total: 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 175,609 GRT/207,652 DWT
  ships by type: bulk 2, cargo 3, container 2 (2000 est.)

Airports:
  3 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 2 over 3,047 m: 2 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2000 est.)

Heliports:
  1 (2000 est.)

§8. Bahrain Military

Military branches:
  Ground Force, Navy, Air Force, Coast Guard, Police Force

Military manpower - military age:
  15 years of age

Military manpower - availability:
  males age 15-49: 222,141 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
  males age 15-49: 121,833 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
  males: 5,926 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $318 million (FY99)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  5.2% (FY99)

§9. Bahrain Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  in March of 2001, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) awarded the
  Hawar Islands to Bahrain and also adjusted Bahrain's maritime boundary with
  Qatar
