Turkmenistan

§1. Turkmenistan Introduction

Background:
  Annexed by Russia between 1865 and 1885, Turkmenistan became a Soviet
  republic in 1925. It achieved its independence upon the dissolution of the
  USSR in 1991. President NIYAZOV retains absolute control over the country
  and opposition is not tolerated. Extensive hydrocarbon/natural gas reserves
  could prove a boon to this underdeveloped country if extraction and
  delivery projects can be worked out.

§2. Turkmenistan Geography

Location:
  Central Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea, between Iran and Kazakhstan

Geographic coordinates:
  40 00 N, 60 00 E

Map references:
  Commonwealth of Independent States

Area:
  total: 488,100 kmē
  land: 488,100 kmē
  water: 0 kmē

Area - comparative:
  slightly larger than California

Land boundaries:
  total: 3,736 km border countries: Afghanistan 744 km, Iran 992 km,
    Kazakhstan 379 km, Uzbekistan 1,621 km

Coastline:
  0 km; note - Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea (1,768 km)

Maritime claims:
  none (landlocked)

Climate:
  subtropical desert

Terrain:
  flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes rising to mountains in the south;
  low mountains along border with Iran; borders Caspian Sea in west

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Vpadina Akchanaya -81.00 m; note - Sarygamysh Koli is a lake
    in northern Turkmenistan with a water level that fluctuates above and
    below the elevation of Vpadina Akchanaya (the lake has dropped as low as
    -110 m)
  highest point: Gora Ayribaba 3,139 m

Natural resources:
  petroleum, natural gas, coal, sulfur, salt

Land use:
  arable land: 3%
  permanent crops: 0%
  permanent pastures: 63%
  forests and woodland: 8%
  other: 26% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land:
  13,000 kmē (1993 est.)

Natural hazards:
  NA

Environment - current issues:
  contamination of soil and groundwater with agricultural chemicals,
  pesticides; salination, water-logging of soil due to poor irrigation
  methods; Caspian Sea pollution; diversion of a large share of the flow of
  the Amu Darya into irrigation contributes to that river's inability to
  replenish the Aral Sea; desertification

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,
    Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection
  signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:
  landlocked

§3. Turkmenistan People

Population:
  4,603,244 (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 37.88% (male 891,758; female 852,104)
  15-64 years: 58.09% (male 1,313,303; female 1,360,690)
  65 years and over: 4.03% (male 70,800; female 114,589) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:
  1.85% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:
  28.55 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:
  8.98 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:
  -1.04 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.62 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  73.25 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 61 years male: 57.43 years
  female: 64.76 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  3.58 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  0.01% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  less than 100 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  less than 100 (1999 est.)

Nationality:
  noun: Turkmen(s)
  adjective: Turkmen

Ethnic groups:
  Turkmen 77%, Uzbek 9.2%, Russian 6.7%, Kazakh 2%, other 5.1% (1995)

Religions:
  Muslim 89%, Eastern Orthodox 9%, unknown 2%

Languages:
  Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7%

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 98%
  male: 99%
  female: 97% (1989 est.)

§4. Turkmenistan Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: none
  conventional short form: Turkmenistan
  local long form: none
  local short form: Turkmenistan
  former: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic

Government type:
  republic

Capital:
  Ashgabat

Administrative divisions:
  5 welayatlar (singular - welayat): Ahal Welayaty (Ashgabat), Balkan
    Welayaty (Nebitdag), Dashhowuz Welayaty (formerly Tashauz), Lebap
    Welayaty (Charjew), Mary Welayaty
  note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative
    centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in
    parentheses)

Independence:
  27 October 1991 (from the Soviet Union)

National holiday:
  Independence Day, 27 October (1991)

Constitution:
  adopted 18 May 1992

Legal system:
  based on civil law system

Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
  chief of state: President and Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers
    Saparmurat NIYAZOV (since 27 October 1990, when the first direct
    presidential election occurred); note - the president is both the chief
    of state and head of government
  head of government: President and Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers
    Saparmurat NIYAZOV (since 27 October 1990, when the first direct
    presidential election occurred); note - the president is both the chief
    of state and head of government
  cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
  note: NIYAZOV's term in office was extended indefinitely on 28 December
    1999 by the Assembly (Majlis) during a session of the People's Council
    (Halk Maslahaty)
  elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election
    last held 21 June 1992 (next scheduled to be held NA); note - President
    NIYAZOV was unanimously approved as president for life by the Assembly on
    28 December 1999); deputy chairmen of the cabinet of ministers are
    appointed by the president
  election results: Saparmurat NIYAZOV elected president without opposition;
    percent of vote - Saparmurat NIYAZOV 99.5%

Legislative branch:
  under the 1992 constitution, there are two parliamentary bodies, a
  unicameral People's Council or Halk Maslahaty (more than 100 seats, some of
  which are elected by popular vote and some of which are appointed; meets
  infrequently) and a unicameral Assembly or Majlis (50 seats; members are
  elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
  elections: People's Council - NA; Assembly - last held 12 December 1999
    (next to be held NA 2004)
  election results: Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party
    - NA; note - all 50 elected officials preapproved by President NIYAZOV;
    most are from the DPT

Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president)

Political parties and leaders:
  Democratic Party of Turkmenistan or DPT [Saparmurat NIYAZOV] note: formal
    opposition parties are outlawed; unofficial, small opposition movements
    exist underground or in foreign countries

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  NA

International organization participation:
  AsDB, CCC, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, ECO, ESCAP, FAO, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDB,
  IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), IOC, IOM
  (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN,
  UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Mered ORAZOV chancery: 2207 Massachusetts
    Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
  telephone: [1] (202) 588-1500
  FAX: [1] (202) 588-0697

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Steven R. MANN embassy: 9 Pushkin Street,
    Ashgabat, Turkmenistan 774000
  mailing address: use embassy street address
  telephone: [9] (9312) 35-00-45
  FAX: [9] (9312) 51-13-05

Flag description:
  green field with a vertical red stripe near the hoist side, containing five
  carpet guls (designs used in producing rugs) stacked above two crossed
  olive branches similar to the olive branches on the UN flag; a white
  crescent moon and five white stars appear in the upper corner of the field
  just to the fly side of the red stripe

§5. Turkmenistan Economy

Economy - overview:
  Turkmenistan is largely desert country with intensive agriculture in
  irrigated oases and huge gas (fifth largest reserves in the world) and oil
  resources. One-half of its irrigated land is planted in cotton, making it
  the world's tenth largest producer. Until the end of 1993, Turkmenistan had
  experienced less economic disruption than other former Soviet states
  because its economy received a boost from higher prices for oil and gas and
  a sharp increase in hard currency earnings. In 1994, Russia's refusal to
  export Turkmen gas to hard currency markets and mounting debts of its major
  customers in the former USSR for gas deliveries contributed to a sharp fall
  in industrial production and caused the budget to shift from a surplus to a
  slight deficit. With an authoritarian ex-communist regime in power and a
  tribally based social structure, Turkmenistan has taken a cautious approach
  to economic reform, hoping to use gas and cotton sales to sustain its
  inefficient economy. Privatization goals remain limited. In 1998-2000,
  Turkmenistan suffered from the continued lack of adequate export routes for
  natural gas and from obligations on extensive short-term external debt. At
  the same time, however, total exports rose sharply because of higher
  international oil and gas prices. Prospects in the near future are
  discouraging because of widespread internal poverty and the burden of
  foreign debt. IMF assistance would seem to be necessary, yet the government
  is not as yet ready to accept IMF requirements. Turkmenistan's 1999 deal to
  ship 20 billion cubic meters (bcm) of natural gas through Russia's Gazprom
  pipeline helped alleviate the 2000 fiscal shortfall. Inadequate fiscal
  restraint and the tenuous nature of Turkmenistan's 2001 gas deals, combined
  with a lack of economic reform, will limit progress in the near term.

GDP:
  purchasing power parity - $19.6 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  16% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:
  purchasing power parity - $4,300 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 25% industry: 43%
  services: 32% (1999 est.)

Population below poverty line:
  58% (1999 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 2.6% highest 10%: 31.7% (1998)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  14% (2000 est.)

Labor force:
  2.34 million (1996)

Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture 44%, industry 19%, services 37% (1996)

Unemployment rate:
  NA%

Budget:
  revenues: $588.6 million
  expenditures: $658.2 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999
    est.)

Industries:
  natural gas, oil, petroleum products, textiles, food processing

Industrial production growth rate:
  18% (2000 est.)

Electricity - production:
  8.371 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:
  fossil fuel: 99.94% hydro: 0.06%
  nuclear: 0%
  other: 0% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:
  4.785 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:
  4.1 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:
  1.1 billion kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products:
  cotton, grain; livestock

Exports:
  $2.4 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Exports - commodities:
  gas 33%, oil 30%, cotton fiber 18%, textiles 8% (1999)

Exports - partners:
  Ukraine, Iran, Turkey, Russia, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan

Imports:
  $1.65 billion (c.i.f., 2000 est.)

Imports - commodities:
  machinery and equipment 60%, foodstuffs 15% (1999)

Imports - partners:
  Ukraine, Turkey, Russia, Germany, US, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan

Debt - external:
  $2.5 billion (2000 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
  $27.2 million (1995)

Currency:
  Turkmen manat (TMM)

Currency code:
  TMM

Exchange rates:
  Turkmen manats per US dollar - 5,200 (January 2001), 5,200 (January 2000),
  5,350 (January 1999), 4,070 (January 1997), 2,400 (January 1996)

Fiscal year:
  calendar year

§6. Turkmenistan Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  363,000 (1997)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  4,300 (1998)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: poorly developed domestic: NA
  international: linked by cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS
    republics and to other countries by leased connections to the Moscow
    international gateway switch; a new telephone link from Ashgabat to Iran
    has been established; a new exchange in Ashgabat switches international
    traffic through Turkey via Intelsat; satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita
    and 1 Intelsat

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 16, FM 8, shortwave 2 (1998)

Radios:
  1.225 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
  3 (much programming relayed from Russia and Turkey) (1997)

Televisions:
  820,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
  .tm

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
  NA

Internet users:
  2,000 (2000)

§7. Turkmenistan Transportation

Railways:
  total: 2,187 km
  broad gauge: 2,187 km 1.520-m gauge (1996 est.)

Highways:
  total: 22,000 km
  paved: 18,000 km (these roads are said to be hard-surfaced, and include, in
    addition to conventionally paved roads, some that are surfaced with
    gravel or other coarse aggregate, making them trafficable in all weather)
  unpaved: 4,000 km (these roads are made of unstabilized earth and are
    difficult to negotiate in wet weather) (1996)

Waterways:
  the Amu Darya is an important inland waterway for Turkmenistan

Pipelines:
  crude oil 250 km; natural gas 4,400 km

Ports and harbors:
  Turkmenbashi

Merchant marine:
  total: 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 6,459 GRT/8,865 DWT
  ships by type: container 1 (2000 est.)

Airports:
  76 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 13 2,438 to 3,047 m: 9
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 63 2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
  914 to 1,523 m: 10
  under 914 m: 41 (2000 est.)

§8. Turkmenistan Military

Military branches:
  Ministry of Defense (Army, Air and Air Defense, Navy, Border Troops, and
  Internal Troops), National Guard

Military manpower - military age:
  18 years of age

Military manpower - availability:
  males age 15-49: 1,173,500 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
  males age 15-49: 952,218 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
  males: 48,292 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $90 million (FY99)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  3.4% (FY99)

§9. Turkmenistan Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  Caspian Sea boundaries are not yet determined among Azerbaijan, Iran,
  Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkmenistan

Illicit drugs:
  limited illicit cultivator of opium poppy, mostly for domestic consumption;
  limited government eradication program; increasingly used as transshipment
  point for illicit drugs from Southwest Asia to Russia and Western Europe;
  also a transshipment point for acetic anhydride destined for Afghanistan
