Mauritius

§1. Mauritius Introduction

Background:
  Discovered by the Portuguese in 1505, Mauritius was subsequently held by
  the Dutch, French, and British before independence was attained in 1968. A
  stable democracy with regular free elections and a positive human rights
  record, the country has attracted considerable foreign investment and has
  earned one of Africa's highest per capita incomes. Recent poor weather and
  declining sugar prices have slowed economic growth leading to some protests
  over standards of living in the Creole community.

§2. Mauritius Geography

Location:
  Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar

Geographic coordinates:
  20 17 S, 57 33 E

Map references:
  World

Area:
  total: 1,860 kmē
  land: 1,850 kmē
  water: 10 kmē
  note: includes Agalega Islands, Cargados Carajos Shoals (Saint Brandon),
    and Rodrigues

Area - comparative:
  almost 11 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
  0 km

Coastline:
  177 km

Maritime claims:
  continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin
  exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
  territorial sea: 12 NM

Climate:
  tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to
  November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)

Terrain:
  small coastal plain rising to discontinuous mountains encircling central
  plateau

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: Mont Piton 828 m

Natural resources:
  arable land, fish

Land use:
  arable land: 49%
  permanent crops: 3%
  permanent pastures: 3%
  forests and woodland: 22%
  other: 23% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land:
  170 kmē (1993 est.)

Natural hazards:
  cyclones (November to April); almost completely surrounded by reefs that
  may pose maritime hazards

Environment - current issues:
  water pollution, degradation of coral reefs

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
    Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
    Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
    Pollution
  signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

§3. Mauritius People

Population:
  1,189,825 (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 25.53% (male 153,691; female 150,094)
  15-64 years: 68.24% (male 404,940; female 407,056)
  65 years and over: 6.23% (male 29,588; female 44,456) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:
  0.88% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:
  16.5 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:
  6.82 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:
  -0.92 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.02 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  17.19 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 71.25 years male: 67.26 years
  female: 75.31 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  2.01 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  0.08% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  NA

Nationality:
  noun: Mauritian(s)
  adjective: Mauritian

Ethnic groups:
  Indo-Mauritian 68%, Creole 27%, Sino-Mauritian 3%, Franco-Mauritian 2%

Religions:
  Hindu 52%, Christian 28.3% (Roman Catholic 26%, Protestant 2.3%), Muslim
  16.6%, other 3.1%

Languages:
  English (official), Creole, French, Hindi, Urdu, Hakka, Bojpoori

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 82.9%
  male: 87.1%
  female: 78.8% (1995 est.)

§4. Mauritius Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: Republic of Mauritius
  conventional short form: Mauritius

Government type:
  parliamentary democracy

Capital:
  Port Louis

Administrative divisions:
  9 districts and 3 dependencies*; Agalega Islands*, Black River, Cargados
  Carajos Shoals*, Flacq, Grand Port, Moka, Pamplemousses, Plaines Wilhems,
  Port Louis, Riviere du Rempart, Rodrigues*, Savanne

Independence:
  12 March 1968 (from UK)

National holiday:
  Independence Day, 12 March (1968)

Constitution:
  12 March 1968; amended 12 March 1992

Legal system:
  based on French civil law system with elements of English common law in
  certain areas

Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Cassam UTEEM (since 1 July 1992) and Vice
    President Angidi Verriah CHETTIAR (since 28 June 1997)
  head of government: Prime Minister Sir Anerood JUGNAUTH (since 17 September
    2000) and Deputy Prime Minister Paul BERENGER (since 17 September 2000)
  cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
    recommendation of the prime minister
  elections: president and vice president elected by the National Assembly
    for five-year terms; election last held 28 June 1997 (next to be held NA
    2002); prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the
    president and are responsible to the National Assembly
  election results: Cassam UTEEM reelected president and Angidi Verriah
    CHETTIAR elected vice president; percent of vote by the National Assembly
    - NA%

Legislative branch:
  unicameral National Assembly (66 seats - 62 elected by popular vote, 4
  appointed by the election commission from the losing political parties to
  give representation to various ethnic minorities; members serve five-year
  terms)
  elections: last held on 11 September 2000 (next to be held by September
    2005)
  election results: percent of vote by party - MSM/MMM 52.3%, MLP/PMSD 36.9%,
    OPR 10.8%; seats by party - MSM/MMM 54, MLP/PMSD 6, OPR 2

Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court

Political parties and leaders:
  Hizbullah [Cehl Mohamed FAKEEMEEAH]; Mauritian Labor Party or MLP
  [Navinchandra RAMGOOLAM]; Mauritian Militant Movement or MMM [Paul
  BERENGER] - in coalition with MSM; Mauritian Militant Renaissance or MMR
  [Dr. Paramhansa NABABSING]; Mauritian Social Democrat Party or PMSD
  [Charles Xavier-Luc DUVAL]; Militant Socialist Movement or MSM [Sir Anerood
  JUGNAUTH] - governing party; Rodrigues Movement or OPR [Joseph (Nicholas)
  Von MALLY]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  various labor unions

International organization participation:
  ACCT, ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM,
  IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, InOC, Intelsat, Interpol,
  IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, OPCW, SADC, UN, UN Security Council (temporary),
  UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Usha JEETAH chancery: Suite 441, 4301
    Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
  telephone: [1] (202) 244-1491, 1492
  FAX: [1] (202) 966-0983

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Mark W. ERWIN embassy: 4th Floor, Rogers
    House, John Kennedy Street, Port Louis
  mailing address: international mail: P. O. Box 544, Port Louis; US mail:
    American Embassy, Port Louis, Department of State, Washington, DC
    20521-2450
  telephone: [230] 208-2347, 208-2354, 208-9763 through 9767
  FAX: [230] 208-9534

Flag description:
  four equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, yellow, and green

§5. Mauritius Economy

Economy - overview:
  Since independence in 1968, Mauritius has developed from a low-income,
  agriculturally based economy to a middle-income diversified economy with
  growing industrial, financial, and tourist sectors. For most of the period,
  annual growth has been in the order of 5% to 6%. This remarkable
  achievement has been reflected in increased life expectancy, lowered infant
  mortality, and a much-improved infrastructure. Sugarcane is grown on about
  90% of the cultivated land area and accounts for 25% of export earnings.
  The government's development strategy centers on foreign investment.
  Mauritius has attracted more than 9,000 offshore entities, many aimed at
  commerce in India and South Africa, and investment in the banking sector
  alone has reached over $1 billion. Economic performance since 1991 has
  continued strong with solid growth and low unemployment.

GDP:
  purchasing power parity - $12.3 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  7.5% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:
  purchasing power parity - $10,400 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 10% industry: 29%
  services: 61% (1996)

Population below poverty line:
  10.6% (1992 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  5.3% (2000 est.)

Labor force:
  514,000 (1995)

Labor force - by occupation:
  construction and industry 36%, services 24%, agriculture and fishing 14%,
  trade, restaurants, hotels 16%, transportation and communication 7%,
  finance 3% (1995)

Unemployment rate:
  6.4% (1999 est.)

Budget:
  revenues: $1.1 billion
  expenditures: $1.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999
    est.)

Industries:
  food processing (largely sugar milling), textiles, clothing; chemicals,
  metal products, transport equipment, nonelectrical machinery; tourism

Industrial production growth rate:
  8% (2000 est.)

Electricity - production:
  1.26 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:
  fossil fuel: 91.27% hydro: 8.73%
  nuclear: 0%
  other: 0% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:
  1.172 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products:
  sugarcane, tea, corn, potatoes, bananas, pulses; cattle, goats; fish

Exports:
  $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1999)

Exports - commodities:
  clothing and textiles, sugar, cut flowers, molasses

Exports - partners:
  UK 32%, France 19%, US 15%, Germany 6%, Italy 4% (1999 est.)

Imports:
  $2.3 billion (f.o.b., 1999)

Imports - commodities:
  manufactured goods, capital equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products,
  chemicals (1996)

Imports - partners:
  France 14%, South Africa 11%, India 8%, UK 5% (1999 est.)

Debt - external:
  $1.9 billion (1998 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
  $42 million (1997)

Currency:
  Mauritian rupee (MUR)

Currency code:
  MUR

Exchange rates:
  Mauritian rupees per US dollar - 27.900 (January 2001), 26.250 (2000),
  25.186 (1999), 22.993 (1998), 21.057 (1997), 17.948 (1996)

Fiscal year:
  1 July - 30 June

§6. Mauritius Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  223,000 (1997)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  37,000 (1997)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: small system with good service domestic: primarily
    microwave radio relay
  international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean); new
    microwave link to Reunion; HF radiotelephone links to several countries

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 5, FM 9, shortwave 2 (1998)

Radios:
  420,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
  2 (plus 11 repeaters) (1997)

Televisions:
  258,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
  .mu

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
  2 (2000)

Internet users:
  55,000 (2000)

§7. Mauritius Transportation

Railways:
  0 km

Highways:
  total: 1,910 km
  paved: 1,834 km (including 36 km of expressways)
  unpaved: 76 km (1998)

Waterways:
  none

Ports and harbors:
  Port Louis

Merchant marine:
  total: 9 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 61,909 GRT/87,313 DWT
  ships by type: cargo 2, combination bulk 2, container 2, liquefied gas 1,
    refrigerated cargo 2
  note: includes a foreign-owned ship registered here as a flag of
    convenience: India 1 (2000 est.)

Airports:
  5 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 2 over 3,047 m: 1
  914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 1
  under 914 m: 2 (2000 est.)

§8. Mauritius Military

Military branches:
  National Police Force (includes the paramilitary Special Mobile Force or
  SMF and National Coast Guard)

Military manpower - availability:
  males age 15-49: 339,473 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
  males age 15-49: 171,206 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $11 million (FY97/98)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  0.3% (FY97/98)

§9. Mauritius Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  claims the Chagos Archipelago (UK-administered British Indian Ocean
  Territory); claims French-administered Tromelin Island

Illicit drugs:
  minor consumer and transshipment point for heroin from South Asia; small
  amounts of cannabis produced and consumed locally
