Gabon

§1. Gabon Introduction

Background:
  Ruled by autocratic presidents since independence from France in 1960,
  Gabon introduced a multiparty system and a new constitution in the early
  1990s that allowed for a more transparent electoral process and for reforms
  of governmental institutions. A small population, abundant natural
  resources, and foreign private investment have helped make Gabon one of the
  more prosperous black African countries.

§2. Gabon Geography

Location:
  Western Africa, bordering the Atlantic Ocean at the Equator, between
  Republic of the Congo and Equatorial Guinea

Geographic coordinates:
  1 00 S, 11 45 E

Map references:
  Africa

Area:
  total: 267,667 kmē
  land: 257,667 kmē
  water: 10,000 kmē

Area - comparative:
  slightly smaller than Colorado

Land boundaries:
  total: 2,551 km border countries: Cameroon 298 km, Republic of the Congo
    1,903 km, Equatorial Guinea 350 km

Coastline:
  885 km

Maritime claims:
  contiguous zone: 24 NM exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
  territorial sea: 12 NM

Climate:
  tropical; always hot, humid

Terrain:
  narrow coastal plain; hilly interior; savanna in east and south

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Mont Iboundji 1,575 m

Natural resources:
  petroleum, manganese, uranium, gold, timber, iron ore, hydropower

Land use:
  arable land: 1%
  permanent crops: 1%
  permanent pastures: 18%
  forests and woodland: 77%
  other: 3% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land:
  40 kmē (1993 est.)

Natural hazards:
  NA

Environment - current issues:
  deforestation; poaching

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
    Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
    Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
    Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

§3. Gabon People

Population:
  1,221,175
  note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects
    of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life
    expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and
    growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and
    sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 33.29% (male 203,677; female 202,833)
  15-64 years: 60.77% (male 373,828; female 368,282)
  65 years and over: 5.94% (male 35,867; female 36,688) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:
  1.02% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:
  27.42 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:
  17.22 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:
  0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.98 male(s)/female
  total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  94.91 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 49.59 years male: 48.47 years
  female: 50.75 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  3.69 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  4.16% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  23,000 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  2,000 (1999 est.)

Nationality:
  noun: Gabonese (singular and plural)
  adjective: Gabonese

Ethnic groups:
  Bantu tribes including four major tribal groupings (Fang, Eshira, Bapounou,
  Bateke), other Africans and Europeans 154,000, including 10,700 French and
  11,000 persons of dual nationality

Religions:
  Christian 55%-75%, animist, Muslim less than 1%

Languages:
  French (official), Fang, Myene, Bateke, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 63.2%
  male: 73.7%
  female: 53.3% (1995 est.)

§4. Gabon Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: Gabonese Republic
  conventional short form: Gabon
  local long form: Republique Gabonaise
  local short form: Gabon

Government type:
  republic; multiparty presidential regime (opposition parties legalized in
  1990)

Capital:
  Libreville

Administrative divisions:
  9 provinces; Estuaire, Haut-Ogooue, Moyen-Ogooue, Ngounie, Nyanga,
  Ogooue-Ivindo, Ogooue-Lolo, Ogooue-Maritime, Woleu-Ntem

Independence:
  17 August 1960 (from France)

National holiday:
  Founding of the Gabonese Democratic Party (PDG), 12 March (1968)

Constitution:
  adopted 14 March 1991

Legal system:
  based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review of
  legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; has not
  accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
  21 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
  chief of state: President El Hadj Omar BONGO (since 2 December 1967)
  head of government: Prime Minister Jean-Francois NTOUTOUME-EMANE (since 23
    January 1999)
  cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister in
    consultation with the president
  elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
    election last held 6 December 1998 (next to be held NA 2005); prime
    minister appointed by the president
  election results: President El Hadj Omar BONGO reelected; percent of vote -
    El Hadj Omar BONGO 66.6%, Pierre MAMBOUNDOU 16.5%, Fr. Paul M'BA-ABESSOLE
    13.4%

Legislative branch:
  bicameral legislature consists of the Senate (91 seats) and the National
  Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (120 seats); members are elected by direct
  popular vote to serve five-year terms
  elections: National Assembly - last held 15 and 29 December 1996 (next to
    be held NA December 2001); Senate - last held 26 January and 9 February
    1997 (next to be held in January 2002)
  election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats
    by party - PDG 89, PGP 9, RNB 6, CLR 3, UPG 2, USG 2, independents 4,
    others 5; Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PDG
    53, RNB 20, PGP 4, ADERE 3, RDP 1, CLR 1, independents 9

Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court or Cour Supreme consisting of three chambers - Judicial,
  Administrative, and Accounts; Constitutional Court; Courts of Appeal; Court
  of State Security; County Courts

Political parties and leaders:
  African Forum for Reconstruction or FAR [Leon MBOU-YEMBI]; Circle of
  Liberal Reformers or CLR [General Jean Boniface ASSELE]; Democratic and
  Republican Alliance or ADERE [Divungui-di-Ndinge DIDJOB]; Gabonese
  Democratic Party or PDG, former sole party [Simplice Nguedet MANZELA,
  secretary general]; Gabonese Party for Progress or PGP [Pierre-Louis
  AGONDJO-OKAWE, president]; Gabonese People's Union or UPG [Pierre
  MAMBOUNDOU]; Gabonese Socialist Union or USG [Serge MBA BEKALE]; National
  Rally of Woodcutters (Bucherons) or RNB [Fr. Paul M'BA-ABESSOLE]; People's
  Unity Party or PUP [Louis Gaston MAYILA]; Rally for Democracy and Progress
  or RDP [Pierre EMBONI]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Pierre Claver
  MAGANGA-MOUSSAVOU]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  NA

International organization participation:
  ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, CEMAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-24, G-77, IAEA,
  IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS (associate), ILO, IMF, IMO,
  Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD,
  UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Paul BOUNDOUKOU-LATHA chancery: Suite 200,
    2034 20th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009
  telephone: [1] (202) 797-1000
  FAX: [1] (202) 332-0668
  consulate(s): New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador James V. LEDESMA embassy: Boulevard de la Mer,
    Libreville
  mailing address: B. P. 4000, Libreville
  telephone: [241] 76 20 03 through 76 20 04, 74 34 92
  FAX: [241] 74 55 07

Flag description:
  three equal horizontal bands of green (top), yellow, and blue

§5. Gabon Economy

Economy - overview:
  Gabon enjoys a per capita income four times that of most nations of
  sub-Saharan Africa. This has supported a sharp decline in extreme poverty;
  yet because of high income inequality a large proportion of the population
  remains poor. Gabon depended on timber and manganese until oil was
  discovered offshore in the early 1970s. The oil sector now accounts for 50%
  of GDP. Gabon continues to face fluctuating prices for its oil, timber,
  manganese, and uranium exports. Despite the abundance of natural wealth,
  the economy is hobbled by poor fiscal management. In 1992, the fiscal
  deficit widened to 2.4% of GDP, and Gabon failed to settle arrears on its
  bilateral debt, leading to a cancellation of rescheduling agreements with
  official and private creditors. Devaluation of its Francophone currency by
  50% on 12 January 1994 sparked a one-time inflationary surge, to 35%; the
  rate dropped to 6% in 1996. The IMF provided a one-year standby arrangement
  in 1994-95, a three-year Enhanced Financing Facility (EFF) at near
  commercial rates beginning in late 1995, and stand-by credit of $119
  million in October 2000. Those agreements mandate progress in privatization
  and fiscal discipline. France provided additional financial support in
  January 1997 after Gabon had met IMF targets for mid-1996. In 1997, an IMF
  mission to Gabon criticized the government for overspending on off-budget
  items, overborrowing from the central bank, and slipping on its schedule
  for privatization and administrative reform. The rebound of oil prices in
  1999-2000 helped growth, but drops in production hampered Gabon from fully
  realizing potential gains. An expected decline in oil output may lead to
  contraction in GDP in 2001-02.

GDP:
  purchasing power parity - $7.7 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  1.2% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:
  purchasing power parity - $6,300 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 10% industry: 60%
  services: 30% (1999 est.)

Population below poverty line:
  NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  1.5% (2000 est.)

Labor force:
  600,000

Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture 60%, services and government 25%, industry and commerce 15%

Unemployment rate:
  21% (1997 est.)

Budget:
  revenues: $1.5 billion
  expenditures: $1.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $302 million
    (1996 est.)

Industries:
  food and beverage; textile; lumbering and plywood; cement; petroleum
  extraction and refining; manganese, uranium, and gold mining; chemicals;
  ship repair

Industrial production growth rate:
  2.3% (1995)

Electricity - production:
  1.02 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:
  fossil fuel: 29.9% hydro: 70.1%
  nuclear: 0%
  other: 0% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:
  948.6 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:
  0 kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products:
  cocoa, coffee, sugar, palm oil, rubber; cattle; okoume (a tropical
  softwood); fish

Exports:
  $3.4 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Exports - commodities:
  crude oil 75%, timber, manganese, uranium (1998)

Exports - partners:
  US 47%, France 19%, China 8%, Japan 1.3% (1999)

Imports:
  $1 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Imports - commodities:
  machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, petroleum products,
  construction materials

Imports - partners:
  France 64%, US 4%, UK 2%, Netherlands 2%, (1999)

Debt - external:
  $3.9 billion (2000 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
  $331 million (1995)

Currency:
  Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority
  is the Bank of the Central African States

Currency code:
  XAF

Exchange rates:
  Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar - 699.21
  (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997),
  511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XAF is pegged to the euro at
  a rate of 655.957 XAF per euro

Fiscal year:
  calendar year

§6. Gabon Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  37,000 (1997)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  9,500 (1997)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: NA domestic: adequate system of cable, microwave radio
    relay, tropospheric scatter, radiotelephone communication stations, and a
    domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations
  international: satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 6, FM 7, shortwave 6 (1998)

Radios:
  208,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
  4 (plus five low-power repeaters) (1997)

Televisions:
  63,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
  .ga

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
  1 (2000)

Internet users:
  5,000 (2000)

§7. Gabon Transportation

Railways:
  total: 649 km (Gabon State Railways or OCTRA)
  standard gauge: 649 km 1.435-m gauge; single track (1994)

Highways:
  total: 7,670 km
  paved: 629 km (including 30 km of expressways)
  unpaved: 7,041 km (1996)

Waterways:
  1,600 km (perennially navigable)

Pipelines:
  crude oil 270 km; petroleum products 14 km

Ports and harbors:
  Cap Lopez, Kango, Lambarene, Libreville, Mayumba, Owendo, Port-Gentil

Airports:
  59 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 10 over 3,047 m: 1
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 7
  914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 49 1,524 to 2,437 m: 8
  914 to 1,523 m: 17
  under 914 m: 24 (2000 est.)

§8. Gabon Military

Military branches:
  Army, Navy, Air Force, Republican Guard (charged with protecting the
  president and other senior officials), National Gendarmerie, National
  Police

Military manpower - military age:
  20 years of age

Military manpower - availability:
  males age 15-49: 281,218 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
  males age 15-49: 145,062 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
  males: 11,304 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $91 million (FY96)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  1.6% (FY96)

§9. Gabon Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  maritime boundary dispute with Equatorial Guinea because of disputed
  sovereignty over islands in Corisco Bay
