Slovakia

§1. Slovakia Introduction

Background:
  In 1918 the Slovaks joined the closely related Czechs to form
  Czechoslovakia. Following the chaos of World War II, Czechoslovakia became
  a communist nation within Soviet-ruled Eastern Europe. Soviet influence
  collapsed in 1989 and Czechoslovakia once more became free. The Slovaks and
  the Czechs agreed to separate peacefully on 1 January 1993. Historic,
  political, and geographic factors have caused Slovakia to experience more
  difficulty in developing a modern market economy than some of its Central
  European neighbors.

§2. Slovakia Geography

Location:
  Central Europe, south of Poland

Geographic coordinates:
  48 40 N, 19 30 E

Map references:
  Europe

Area:
  total: 48,845 kmē
  land: 48,800 kmē
  water: 45 kmē

Area - comparative:
  about twice the size of New Hampshire

Land boundaries:
  total: 1,355 km border countries: Austria 91 km, Czech Republic 215 km,
    Hungary 515 km, Poland 444 km, Ukraine 90 km

Coastline:
  0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims:
  none (landlocked)

Climate:
  temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters

Terrain:
  rugged mountains in the central and northern part and lowlands in the south

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Bodrok River 94 m highest point: Gerlachovsky Stit 2,655 m

Natural resources:
  brown coal and lignite; small amounts of iron ore, copper and manganese
  ore; salt; arable land

Land use:
  arable land: 31%
  permanent crops: 3%
  permanent pastures: 17%
  forests and woodland: 41%
  other: 8% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land:
  800 kmē (1993 est.)

Natural hazards:
  NA

Environment - current issues:
  air pollution from metallurgical plants presents human health risks; acid
  rain damaging forests

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
    Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile
    Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
    Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of
    the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution,
    Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants,
    Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Geography - note:
  landlocked

§3. Slovakia People

Population:
  5,414,937 (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 18.86% (male 522,563; female 498,832)
  15-64 years: 69.6% (male 1,872,496; female 1,896,249)
  65 years and over: 11.54% (male 236,996; female 387,801) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:
  0.13% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:
  10.05 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:
  9.25 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:
  0.53 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.61 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  8.97 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 73.97 years male: 69.95 years
  female: 78.2 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  1.25 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  less than 0.01% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  400 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  less than 100 (1999 est.)

Nationality:
  noun: Slovak(s)
  adjective: Slovak

Ethnic groups:
  Slovak 85.7%, Hungarian 10.6%, Roma 1.6% (the 1992 census figures
  underreport the Gypsy/Romany community, which is about 500,000), Czech,
  Moravian, Silesian 1.1%, Ruthenian and Ukrainian 0.6%, German 0.1%, Polish
  0.1%, other 0.2% (1996)

Religions:
  Roman Catholic 60.3%, atheist 9.7%, Protestant 8.4%, Orthodox 4.1%, other
  17.5%

Languages:
  Slovak (official), Hungarian

Literacy:
  definition: NA
  total population: NA%
  male: NA%
  female: NA%

§4. Slovakia Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: Slovak Republic
  conventional short form: Slovakia
  local long form: Slovenska Republika
  local short form: Slovensko

Government type:
  parliamentary democracy

Capital:
  Bratislava

Administrative divisions:
  8 regions (kraje, singular - kraj); Banskobystricky, Bratislavsky, Kosicky,
  Nitriansky, Presovsky, Trenciansky, Trnavsky, Zilinsky

Independence:
  1 January 1993 (Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia)

National holiday:
  Constitution Day, 1 September (1992)

Constitution:
  ratified 1 September 1992, fully effective 1 January 1993; changed in
  September 1998 to allow direct election of the president; amended February
  2001 to allow Slovakia to apply for NATO and EU membership

Legal system:
  civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes; has not accepted
  compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; legal code modified to comply with the
  obligations of Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
  and to expunge Marxist-Leninist legal theory

Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Rudolf SCHUSTER (since 15 June 1999)
  head of government: Prime Minister Mikulas DZURINDA (since 30 October 1998)
  cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the
    prime minister
  elections: president elected by direct popular vote for a five-year term;
    election last held 29 May 1999 (next to be held NA May/June 2004);
    following National Council elections, the leader of the majority party or
    the leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by
    the president
  election results: Rudolf SCHUSTER elected president in the first direct,
    popular election; percent of vote - Rudolf SCHUSTER 57%
  note: government coalition - SDK, SDL, SMK, SOP, KDH

Legislative branch:
  unicameral National Council of the Slovak Republic or Narodna Rada
  Slovenskej Republiky (150 seats; members are elected on the basis of
  proportional representation to serve four-year terms)
  elections: last held 25-26 September 1998 (next to be held NA September
    2002)
  election results: percent of vote by party - HZDS 27%, SDK 26.3%, SDL
    14.7%, SMK 9.1%, SNS 9.1%, SOP 8%; seats by party - governing coalition
    93 (SDK 42, SDL 23, SMK 15, SOP 13), opposition 57 (HZDS 43, SNS 14)

Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court (judges are elected by the National Council); Constitutional
  Court (judges appointed by president from group of nominees approved by the
  National Council)

Political parties and leaders:
  Christian Democratic Movement or KDH [Pavol HRUSOVSKY]; Liberal Democratic
  Union or LDU [Jan BUDAJ]; Movement for a Democratic Slovakia or HZDS
  [Vladimir MECIAR]; Party of Civic Understanding or SOP [Pavol HAMZIK];
  Party of the Democratic Left or SDL [Jozef MIGAS]; Party of the Hungarian
  Coalition or SMK [Bela BUGAR]; Slovak Democratic and Christian Union or
  SDKU [Mikulas DZURINDA]; note - this is DZURINDA's new party for 2002
  elections; he remains chairman of a rump and splintering SDK; Slovak
  Democratic Coalition or SDK (loose parliamentary club grouping representing
  members of the smaller SSDS, SZS, and those committed to run under SDKU in
  2002) [Mikulas DZURINDA]; Slovak National Party or SNS [Anna MALIKOVA]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  Association of Employers of Slovakia; Association of Towns and Villages or
  ZMOS; Confederation of Trade Unions or KOZ; Metal Workers Unions or KOVO
  and METALURG

International organization participation:
  Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CCC, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECE,
  EU (applicant), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS,
  ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, IOM,
  ISO, ITU, NAM (guest), NSG, OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF,
  UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WEU (associate partner), WFTU, WHO,
  WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Martin BUTORA chancery: Suite 250, 2201
    Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007; note - new chancery opening in
    June 2001 at International Court NW, Washington, DC
  telephone: [1] (202) 965-5161
  FAX: [1] (202) 965-5166

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Carl SPIELVOGEL embassy: Hviezdoslavovo
    Namestie 4, 81102 Bratislava
  mailing address: use embassy street address
  telephone: [421] (7) 5443-3338
  FAX: [421] (7) 5443-0096

Flag description:
  three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red superimposed
  with the Slovak cross in a shield centered on the hoist side; the cross is
  white centered on a background of red and blue

§5. Slovakia Economy

Economy - overview:
  Slovakia continues the difficult transition from a centrally planned
  economy to a modern market economy. The economic slowdown in 1999 stemmed
  from large budget and current account deficits, fast-growing external debt,
  and persistent corruption. Even though GDP growth reached only 2.2% in
  2000, the year was marked by positive developments such as foreign direct
  investment of $1.5 billion, strong export performance, restructuring and
  privatization in the banking sector, entry into the OECD, and initial
  efforts to stem corruption. Strong challenges face the government in 2001,
  especially the maintenance of fiscal balance, the further privatization of
  the economy, and the reduction of unemployment.

GDP:
  purchasing power parity - $55.3 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  2.2% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:
  purchasing power parity - $10,200 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 4.5% industry: 29.3%
  services: 66.2% (1999 est.)

Population below poverty line:
  NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 5.1% highest 10%: 18.2% (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  12.2% (2000 est.)

Labor force:
  3 million (1999)

Labor force - by occupation:
  industry 29.3%, agriculture 8.9%, construction 8%, transport and
  communication 8.2%, services 45.6% (1994)

Unemployment rate:
  17% (2000 est.)

Budget:
  revenues: $5.2 billion
  expenditures: $5.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999)

Industries:
  metal and metal products; food and beverages; electricity, gas, coke, oil,
  nuclear fuel; chemicals and manmade fibers; machinery; paper and printing;
  earthenware and ceramics; transport vehicles; textiles; electrical and
  optical apparatus; rubber products

Industrial production growth rate:
  9.3% (2000 est.)

Electricity - production:
  22.582 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:
  fossil fuel: 37.56% hydro: 18.27%
  nuclear: 44.17%
  other: 0% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:
  21.471 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:
  930 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:
  1.4 billion kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products:
  grains, potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruit; pigs, cattle, poultry; forest
  products

Exports:
  $12 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Exports - commodities:
  machinery and transport equipment 39.4%, intermediate manufactured goods
  27.5%, miscellaneous manufactured goods 13%, chemicals 8% (1999)

Exports - partners:
  EU 59.7% (Germany 27.8%, Austria 8%, Italy 8.9%), Czech Republic 18.1%
  (1999)

Imports:
  $12.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Imports - commodities:
  machinery and transport equipment 37.7%, intermediate manufactured goods
  18%, fuels 13%, chemicals 11%, miscellaneous manufactured goods 9.5% (1999)

Imports - partners:
  EU 51.4% (Germany 26%, Italy 7.1%), Czech Republic 16.6%, Russia 11.9%
  (1999)

Debt - external:
  $10.3 billion (2000 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
  $421.9 million (1995)

Currency:
  Slovak koruna (SKK)

Currency code:
  SKK

Exchange rates:
  koruny per US dollar - 48.09 (March 2001), 46.395 (2000), 41.363 (1999),
  35.233 (1998), 33.616 (1997), 30.654 (1996)

Fiscal year:
  calendar year

§6. Slovakia Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  1,934,558 (1998)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  736,662 (April 1999)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: a modernization and privatization program is increasing
    accessibility to telephone service, reducing the waiting time for new
    subscribers, and generally improving service quality
  domestic: predominantly an analog system that is now receiving digital
    equipment and is being enlarged with fiber-optic cable, especially in the
    larger cities; mobile cellular capability has been added
  international: three international exchanges (one in Bratislava and two in
    Banska Bystrica) are available; Slovakia is participating in several
    international telecommunications projects that will increase the
    availability of external services

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 15, FM 78, shortwave 2 (1998)

Radios:
  3.12 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
  38 (plus 864 repeaters) (1995)

Televisions:
  2.62 million (1997)

Internet country code:
  .sk

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
  6 (2000)

Internet users:
  700,000 (2000)

§7. Slovakia Transportation

Railways:
  total: 3,660 km
  broad gauge: 102 km 1.520-m gauge
  standard gauge: 3,507 km 1.435-m gauge (1,505 km electrified; 1,011 km
    double track)
  narrow gauge: 51 km (46 km 1,000-m gauge; 5 km 0.750-m gauge) (1998)

Highways:
  total: 17,710 km
  paved: 17,533 km (including 288 km of expressways)
  unpaved: 177 km (1998 est.)

Waterways:
  172 km (all on the Danube)

Pipelines:
  petroleum products NA km; natural gas 2,700 km

Ports and harbors:
  Bratislava, Komarno

Merchant marine:
  total: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 15,041 GRT/19,517 DWT
  ships by type: cargo 3 (2000 est.)

Airports:
  35 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 18 over 3,047 m: 1
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
  914 to 1,523 m: 3
  under 914 m: 8 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 17 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
  914 to 1,523 m: 9
  under 914 m: 7 (2000 est.)

§8. Slovakia Military

Military branches:
  Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Territorial Defense Forces,
  Civil Defense Force

Military manpower - military age:
  18 years of age

Military manpower - availability:
  males age 15-49: 1,487,093 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
  males age 15-49: 1,136,811 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
  males: 45,502 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $380 million (FY00)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  1.71% (FY00)

§9. Slovakia Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  Gabcikovo/Nagymaros Dam dispute with Hungary is before the ICJ

Illicit drugs:
  transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin bound for Western Europe
