Macau (special administrative region of China)

§1. Macau Introduction

Background:
  Colonized by the Portuguese in the 16th century, Macau was the first
  European settlement in the Far East. Pursuant to an agreement signed by
  China and Portugal on 13 April 1987, Macau became the Macau Special
  Administrative Region (SAR) of China on 20 December 1999. China has
  promised that, under its "one country, two systems" formula, China's
  socialist economic system will not be practiced in Macau and that Macau
  will enjoy a high degree of autonomy in all matters except foreign and
  defense affairs.

§2. Macau Geography

Location:
  Eastern Asia, bordering the South China Sea and China

Geographic coordinates:
  22 10 N, 113 33 E

Map references:
  Southeast Asia

Area:
  total: 21 kmē
  land: 21 kmē
  water: 0 kmē

Area - comparative:
  about 0.1 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:
  total: 0.34 km border countries: China 0.34 km

Coastline:
  40 km

Maritime claims:
  not specified

Climate:
  subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers

Terrain:
  generally flat

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: South China Sea 0 m highest point: Coloane Alto 174 m

Natural resources:
  NEGL

Land use:
  arable land: 0%
  permanent crops: 2%
  permanent pastures: 0%
  forests and woodland: 0%
  other: 98% (1998 est.)

Irrigated land:
  NA kmē

Natural hazards:
  typhoons

Environment - current issues:
  NA

Geography - note:
  essentially urban; one causeway and two bridges connect the two islands of
  Coloane and Taipa to the peninsula on mainland

§3. Macau People

Population:
  453,733 (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 22.68% (male 53,291; female 49,615)
  15-64 years: 70.08% (male 150,538; female 167,431)
  65 years and over: 7.24% (male 13,287; female 19,571) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:
  1.79% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:
  12.36 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:
  3.71 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:
  9.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 0.9 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.92 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  4.47 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 81.69 years male: 78.88 years
  female: 84.64 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  1.31 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  NA%

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  NA

Nationality:
  noun: Chinese
  adjective: Chinese

Ethnic groups:
  Chinese 95%, Macanese (mixed Portuguese and Asian ancestry), Portuguese,
  other

Religions:
  Buddhist 50%, Roman Catholic 15%, none and other 35% (1997 est.)

Languages:
  Portuguese, Chinese (Cantonese)

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 90%
  male: 93%
  female: 86% (1981 est.)

§4. Macau Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: Macau Special Administrative Region
  conventional short form: Macau
  local long form: Aomen Tebie Xingzhengqu (Chinese); Regiao Administrativa
    Especial de Macau (Portuguese)
  local short form: Aomen (Chinese); Macau (Portuguese)

Dependency status:
  special administrative region of China

Government type:
  NA

Administrative divisions:
  none (special administrative region of China)

Independence:
  none (special administrative region of China)

National holiday:
  National Day (Anniversary of the Founding of the People's Republic of
  China), 1 October (1949); note - 20 December 1999 is celebrated as Macau
  Special Administrative Region Establishment Day

Constitution:
  Basic Law, approved in March 1993 by China's National People's Congress, is
  Macau's "mini-constitution"

Legal system:
  based on Portuguese civil law system

Suffrage:
  direct election 18 years of age, universal for permanent residents living
  in Macau for the past seven years; indirect election limited to
  organizations registered as "corporate voters" (257 are currently
  registered) and a 300-member Election Committee drawn from broad regional
  groupings, municipal organizations, and central government bodies

Executive branch:
  chief of state: President of China JIANG Zemin (since 27 March 1993)
  head of government: Chief Executive Edmund HO Hau-wah (since 20 December
    1999)
  cabinet: Executive Council consists of all five government secretaries,
    three legislators, and two businessmen
  elections: NA

Legislative branch:
  unicameral Legislative Council or LEGCO (23 seats; 8 elected by popular
  vote, 8 by indirect vote, and 7 appointed by the chief executive; members
  serve four-year terms)
  elections: last held 22 September 1996 (next to be held by 15 October 2001)
  election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - APPEM 2,
    UNIPRO 2, CODEM 1, UDM 1, UPD 1, ANMD 1

Judicial branch:
  The Court of Final Appeal in the Macau Special Administrative Region

Political parties and leaders:
  the following is a listing of those associations that participated in the
    last legislative elections: Associacao de Novo Macau Democratico or ANMD
    [leader NA]; Associacao Promotora para a Economia de Macau or APPEM
    [leader NA]; Convergencia para o Desenvolvimento or CODEM [leader NA];
    Uniao Geral para o Desenvolvimento de Macau or UDM [leader NA]; Uniao
    para o Desenvolvimento or UPD [leader NA]; Uniao Promotora para o
    Progresso or UNIPRO [leader NA]
  note: there are no formal political parties, but civic associations are
    used instead

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  Catholic Church [Domingos LAM, bishop]; Macau Society of Tourism and
  Entertainment or STDM [Stanley HO, managing director]; Union for Democracy
  Development [Antonio NG Kuok-cheong, leader]

International organization participation:
  CCC, ESCAP (associate), IMO (associate), Interpol (subbureau), UNESCO
  (associate), WMO, WToO (associate), WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  none (special administrative region of China)

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  the US has no offices in Macau, and US interests are monitored by the US
  Consulate General in Hong Kong

Flag description:
  light green with a lotus flower above a stylized bridge and water in white,
    beneath an arc of five gold, five-pointed stars: one large in center of
    arc and four smaller

§5. Macau Economy

Economy - overview:
  The economy is based largely on tourism (including gambling) and textile
  and fireworks manufacturing. Efforts to diversify have spawned other small
  industries - toys, artificial flowers, and electronics. The tourist sector
  has accounted for roughly 25% of GDP, and the clothing industry has
  provided about three-fourths of export earnings; the gambling industry
  probably represents over 40% of GDP. More than 8 million tourists visited
  Macau in 2000. Macau depends on China for most of its food, fresh water,
  and energy imports. Japan and Hong Kong are the main suppliers of raw
  materials and capital goods. Output dropped 5% in 1998 and 3% in 1999, with
  a small 2% gain in 2000. Macau reverted to Chinese administration on 20
  December 1999. Gang violence, a dark spot in the economy, probably will be
  reduced in 2000-01 to the advantage of the tourism sector.

GDP:
  purchasing power parity - $7.82 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  2% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:
  purchasing power parity - $17,500 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 1% industry: 25%
  services: 74% (2000 est.)

Population below poverty line:
  NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  -1.8% (2000 est.)

Labor force:
  283,450 (1999)

Labor force - by occupation:
  restaurants and hotels 26%, manufacturing 22%, other services 52% (2000
  est.)

Unemployment rate:
  6.6% (2000)

Budget:
  revenues: $1.26 billion
  expenditures: $1.22 billion, including capital expenditures of $175 million
    (1999 est.)

Industries:
  clothing, textiles, toys, electronics, footwear, tourism, gambling

Industrial production growth rate:
  NA%

Electricity - production:
  1.355 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:
  fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0%
  nuclear: 0%
  other: 0% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:
  1.422 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:
  3 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:
  165 million kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products:
  rice, vegetables

Exports:
  $2.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)

Exports - commodities:
  textiles, clothing, toys, electronics, cement, footwear, machinery

Exports - partners:
  US 47%, EU 30%, China 9.2%, Hong Kong 6.7% (1999)

Imports:
  $2.4 billion (c.i.f., 2000 est.)

Imports - commodities:
  raw materials, foodstuffs, capital goods, fuels, consumer goods

Imports - partners:
  China 36%, Hong Kong 18%, EU 13%, Taiwan 10%, Japan 7% (1999)

Debt - external:
  $1.7 billion (1997)

Economic aid - recipient:
  $NA

Currency:
  pataca (MOP)

Currency code:
  MOP

Exchange rates:
  patacas per US dollar - 8.033 (January 2001), 8.025 (2000), 7.990 (1999),
  7.978 (1998), 7.974 (1997), 7.966 (1996); note - linked to the Hong Kong
  dollar at the rate of 1.03 patacas per Hong Kong dollar

Fiscal year:
  calendar year

§6. Macau Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  176,837 (2000)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  120,957 (2000)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: fairly modern communication facilities maintained for
    domestic and international services
  domestic: NA
  international: HF radiotelephone communication facility; access to
    international communications carriers provided via Hong Kong and China;
    satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 0, FM 2, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:
  160,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
  0 (receives Hong Kong broadcasts) (1997)

Televisions:
  49,000 (1997)

Internet country code:
  .mo

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
  1 (2000)

Internet users:
  40,000 (2000)

§7. Macau Transportation

Railways:
  0 km

Highways:
  total: 50 km
  paved: 50 km
  unpaved: 0 km (2001)

Waterways:
  none

Ports and harbors:
  Macau

Merchant marine:
  none (2000 est.)

Airports:
  1 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 1 over 3,047 m: 1 (2000 est.)

§8. Macau Military

Military branches:
  Macau garrison of China's People's Liberation Army (PLA) includes about 500
  troops

Military manpower - availability:
  males age 15-49: 125,737 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
  males age 15-49: 69,191 (2001 est.)

Military - note:
  responsibility for defense reverted to China on 20 December 1999

§9. Macau Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  none
