Ghana

§1. Ghana Introduction

Background:
  Formed from the merger of the British colony of the Gold Coast and the
  Togoland trust territory, Ghana in 1957 became the first country in
  colonial Africa to gain its independence. A long series of coups resulted
  in the suspension of the constitution in 1981 and the banning of political
  parties. A new constitution, restoring multiparty politics, was approved in
  1992. Lt. Jerry RAWLINGS, head of state since 1981, won presidential
  elections in 1992 and 1996, but was constitutionally prevented from running
  for a third term in 2000. He was succeeded by John KUFUOR.

§2. Ghana Geography

Location:
  Western Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Cote d'Ivoire and
  Togo

Geographic coordinates:
  8 00 N, 2 00 W

Map references:
  Africa

Area:
  total: 238,540 kmē
  land: 230,020 kmē
  water: 8,520 kmē

Area - comparative:
  slightly smaller than Oregon

Land boundaries:
  total: 2,093 km border countries: Burkina Faso 548 km, Cote d'Ivoire 668
    km, Togo 877 km

Coastline:
  539 km

Maritime claims:
  contiguous zone: 24 NM continental shelf: 200 NM
  exclusive economic zone: 200 NM
  territorial sea: 12 NM

Climate:
  tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid
  in southwest; hot and dry in north

Terrain:
  mostly low plains with dissected plateau in south-central area

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Mount Afadjato 880 m

Natural resources:
  gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish, rubber,
  hydropower

Land use:
  arable land: 12%
  permanent crops: 7%
  permanent pastures: 22%
  forests and woodland: 35%
  other: 24% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land:
  60 kmē (1993 est.)

Natural hazards:
  dry, dusty, harmattan winds occur from January to March; droughts

Environment - current issues:
  recent drought in north severely affecting agricultural activities;
  deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; poaching and habitat destruction
  threatens wildlife populations; water pollution; inadequate supplies of
  potable water

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
    Species, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban,
    Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical
    Timber 94, Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation

Geography - note:
  Lake Volta is the world's largest artificial lake; northeasterly harmattan
  wind (January to March)

§3. Ghana People

Population:
  19,894,014
  note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects
    of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life
    expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and
    growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and
    sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 41.18% (male 4,123,317; female 4,068,786)
  15-64 years: 55.35% (male 5,455,577; female 5,555,278)
  65 years and over: 3.47% (male 328,809; female 362,247) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:
  1.79% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:
  28.95 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:
  10.26 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:
  -0.83 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.91 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  56.54 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 57.24 years male: 55.86 years
  female: 58.66 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  3.82 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  3.6% (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  340,000 (1999 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  33,000 (1999 est.)

Nationality:
  noun: Ghanaian(s)
  adjective: Ghanaian

Ethnic groups:
  black African 99.8% (major tribes - Akan 44%, Moshi-Dagomba 16%, Ewe 13%,
  Ga 8%), European and other 0.2%

Religions:
  indigenous beliefs 38%, Muslim 30%, Christian 24%, other 8%

Languages:
  English (official), African languages (including Akan, Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe,
  and Ga)

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 64.5%
  male: 75.9%
  female: 53.5% (1995 est.)

§4. Ghana Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: Republic of Ghana
  conventional short form: Ghana
  former: Gold Coast

Government type:
  constitutional democracy

Capital:
  Accra

Administrative divisions:
  10 regions; Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo, Central, Eastern, Greater Accra,
  Northern, Upper East, Upper West, Volta, Western

Independence:
  6 March 1957 (from UK)

National holiday:
  Independence Day, 6 March (1957)

Constitution:
  new constitution approved 28 April 1992

Legal system:
  based on English common law and customary law; has not accepted compulsory
  ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage:
  18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
  chief of state: President John Agyekum KUFUOR (since 7 January 2001); Vice
    President Alhaji Aliu MAHAMA (since 7 January 2001); note - the president
    is both the chief of state and head of government
  head of government: President John Agyekum KUFUOR (since 7 January 2001);
    Vice President Alhaji Aliu MAHAMA (since 7 January 2001); note - the
    president is both the chief of state and head of government
  cabinet: Council of Ministers; president nominates members subject to
    approval by Parliament
  elections: president and vice president elected on the same ticket by
    popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 7 and 28 December
    2000 (next to be held NA December 2004)
  election results: John Agyekum KUFUOR elected president in runoff; percent
    of vote - John KUFUOR 56.4%, John Atta MILLS 43.6%

Legislative branch:
  unicameral Parliament (200 seats; members are elected by direct popular
  vote to serve four-year terms)
  elections: last held 7 December 2000 (next to be held NA December 2004)
  election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NPP 100,
    NDC 92, PNC 3, CPP 1, independents 4

Judicial branch:
  Supreme Court

Political parties and leaders:
  Every Ghanaian Living Everywhere or EGLE [Owuraku AMOFA, chairman];
  National Convention Party or NCP [Sarpong KUMA-KUMA]; National Democratic
  Congress or NDC [Dr. Huudu YAHAYA, general secretary]; New Patriotic Party
  or NPP [Samuel Arthur ODOI-SYKES]; People's Convention Party or PCP [P. K.
  DONKOH-AYIFI, acting chairman]; People's Heritage Party or PHP [Emmanuel
  Alexander ERSKINE]; People's National Convention or PNC [Edward MAHAMA]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  NA

International organization participation:
  ABEDA, ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO,
  ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat,
  Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, MINURSO, NAM, OAS (observer), OAU,
  OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNMEE, UNMIBH,
  UNMIK, UNMOP, UNMOT, UNTAET, UNU, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO,
  WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Kobena KOOMSON chancery: 3512 International
    Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008
  telephone: [1] (202) 686-4520
  FAX: [1] (202) 686-4527
  consulate(s) general: New York

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Kathryn D. ROBINSON embassy: Ring Road East,
    East of Danquah Circle, Accra
  mailing address: P. O. Box 194, Accra
  telephone: [233] (21) 775348
  FAX: [233] (21) 776008

Flag description:
  three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with a large
  black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; uses the popular
  pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Bolivia, which has a
  coat of arms centered in the yellow band

§5. Ghana Economy

Economy - overview:
  Well endowed with natural resources, Ghana has twice the per capita output
  of the poorer countries in West Africa. Even so, Ghana remains heavily
  dependent on international financial and technical assistance. Gold,
  timber, and cocoa production are major sources of foreign exchange. The
  domestic economy continues to revolve around subsistence agriculture, which
  accounts for 36% of GDP and employs 60% of the work force, mainly small
  landholders. In 1995-97, Ghana made mixed progress under a three-year
  structural adjustment program in cooperation with the IMF. On the minus
  side, public sector wage increases and regional peacekeeping commitments
  have led to continued inflationary deficit financing, depreciation of the
  cedi, and rising public discontent with Ghana's austerity measures.
  Political uncertainty and a depressed cocoa market led to disappointing
  growth in 2000. A rebound in the cocoa market should push growth over 4% in
  2001-02.

GDP:
  purchasing power parity - $37.4 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  3% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:
  purchasing power parity - $1,900 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 36% industry: 25%
  services: 39% (2000 est.)

Population below poverty line:
  31.4% (1992 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: 3.6% highest 10%: 26.1% (1997)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  22.8% (2000 est.)

Labor force:
  9 million (2000 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture 60%, industry 15%, services 25% (1999 est.)

Unemployment rate:
  20% (1997 est.)

Budget:
  revenues: $1.39 billion
  expenditures: $1.47 billion, including capital expenditures of $370 million
    (1996 est.)

Industries:
  mining, lumbering, light manufacturing, aluminum smelting, food processing

Industrial production growth rate:
  4.2% (1996 est.)

Electricity - production:
  5.466 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:
  fossil fuel: 26.82% hydro: 73.18%
  nuclear: 0%
  other: 0% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:
  5.573 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:
  400 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:
  890 million kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products:
  cocoa, rice, coffee, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, corn, shea nuts, bananas;
  timber

Exports:
  $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Exports - commodities:
  gold, cocoa, timber, tuna, bauxite, aluminum, manganese ore, diamonds

Exports - partners:
  Togo, UK, Italy, Netherlands, Germany, US, France (1998)

Imports:
  $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000)

Imports - commodities:
  capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs

Imports - partners:
  UK, Nigeria, US, Germany, Italy, Spain (1998)

Debt - external:
  $7 billion (1999 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
  $477.3 million (1995)

Currency:
  cedi (GHC)

Currency code:
  GHC

Exchange rates:
  cedis per US dollar - 6,895.77 (January 2001), 5,321.68 (2000), 2,647.32
  (1999), 2,314.15 (1998), 2,050.17 (1997), 1,637.23 (1996)

Fiscal year:
  calendar year

§6. Ghana Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  200,000 (1998)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  30,000 (yearend 1998)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: poor to fair system; Internet accessible; many rural
    communities not yet connected; expansion of services is underway
  domestic: primarily microwave radio relay; wireless local loop has been
    installed
  international: satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean);
    microwave radio relay link to Panaftel system connects Ghana to its
    neighbors

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 0, FM 18, shortwave 3 (1999)

Radios:
  4.4 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
  11 (1999)

Televisions:
  1.73 million (1997)

Internet country code:
  .gh

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
  1 (2000)

Internet users:
  20,000 (2000)

§7. Ghana Transportation

Railways:
  total: 953 km (undergoing major rehabilitation)
  narrow gauge: 953 km 1.067-m gauge (32 km double track) (1997 est.)

Highways:
  total: 39,409 km
  paved: 11,653 km (including 30 km of expressways)
  unpaved: 27,756 km (1997)

Waterways:
  1,293 km
  note: Volta, Ankobra, and Tano Rivers provide 168 km of perennial
    navigation for launches and lighters; Lake Volta provides 1,125 km of
    arterial and feeder waterways

Pipelines:
  0 km

Ports and harbors:
  Takoradi, Tema

Merchant marine:
  total: 6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 13,484 GRT/18,583 DWT
  ships by type: petroleum tanker 2, refrigerated cargo 4 (2000 est.)

Airports:
  12 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 6 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
  914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 6 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
  914 to 1,523 m: 3
  under 914 m: 2 (2000 est.)

§8. Ghana Military

Military branches:
  Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police Force, Palace Guard, Civil Defense

Military manpower - military age:
  18 years of age

Military manpower - availability:
  males age 15-49: 4,890,483 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
  males age 15-49: 2,713,584 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
  males: 213,237 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $53 million (FY99)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  0.7% (FY99)

§9. Ghana Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  none

Illicit drugs:
  illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; transit hub
  for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin and South American cocaine
  destined for Europe and the US
