Yugoslavia

§1. Yugoslavia Introduction

Background:
  The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was formed in 1918; its name was
    changed to Yugoslavia in 1929. Occupation by Nazi Germany in 1941 was
    resisted by various partisan bands that fought themselves as well as the
    invaders. The group headed by Marshal TITO took full control upon German
    expulsion in 1945. Although communist in name, his new government
    successfully steered its own path between the Warsaw Pact nations and the
    West for the next four and a half decades. In the early 1990s, post-TITO
    Yugoslavia began to unravel along ethnic lines: Slovenia, Croatia, and
    The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia all declared their independence
    in 1991; Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992. The remaining republics of
    Serbia and Montenegro declared a new "Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" in
    1992 and, under President Slobodan MILOSEVIC, Serbia led various military
    intervention efforts to unite Serbs in neighboring republics into a
    "Greater Serbia." All of these efforts were ultimately unsuccessful. In
    1999, massive expulsions by Serbs of ethnic Albanians living in the
    autonomous republic of Kosovo provoked an international response,
    including the NATO bombing of Serbia and the stationing of NATO and
    Russian peacekeepers in Kosovo. Blatant attempts to manipulate
    presidential balloting in October of 2000 were followed by massive
    nationwide demonstrations and strikes that saw the election winner,
    Vojislav KOSTUNICA, replace MILOSEVIC.

§2. Yugoslavia Geography

Location:
  Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Albania and Bosnia
  and Herzegovina

Geographic coordinates:
  44 00 N, 21 00 E

Map references:
  Europe

Area:
  total: 102,350 kmē
  land: 102,136 kmē
  water: 214 kmē

Area - comparative:
  slightly smaller than Kentucky

Land boundaries:
  total: 2,246 km border countries: Albania 287 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina
    527 km, Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 241 km, Croatia (south) 25 km,
    Hungary 151 km, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 221 km, Romania
    476 km

Coastline:
  199 km

Maritime claims:
  NA

Climate:
  in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with
  well distributed rainfall); central portion, continental and Mediterranean
  climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers
  and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland

Terrain:
  extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone
  ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountains and hills; to the
  southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands off the coast

Elevation extremes:
  lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m highest point: Daravica 2,656 m

Natural resources:
  oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite, chrome,
  hydropower, arable land

Land use:
  arable land: 40%
  permanent crops: 0%
  permanent pastures: 20.7%
  forests and woodland: 17.3%
  other: 22% (1998 est.)

Irrigated land:
  NA kmē

Natural hazards:
  destructive earthquakes

Environment - current issues:
  pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in
  tourist-related areas such as Kotor; air pollution around Belgrade and
  other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes dumped into
  the Sava which flows into the Danube

Environment - international agreements:
  party to: Air Pollution, Climate Change, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
    Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer
    Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
  signed, but not ratified: Biodiversity

Geography - note:
  controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the
  Near East; strategic location along the Adriatic coast

§3. Yugoslavia People

Population:
  10,677,290
  note: all data dealing with population is subject to considerable error
    because of the dislocations caused by military action and ethnic
    cleansing (July 2001 est.)

Age structure:
  0-14 years: 19.8% (male 1,095,905; female 1,024,123)
  15-64 years: 65.3% (male 3,415,728; female 3,553,343)
  65 years and over: 14.9% (male 681,559; female 906,632) (2001 est.)

Population growth rate:
  -0.27% (2001 est.)

Birth rate:
  12.61 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Death rate:
  10.54 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Net migration rate:
  -4.71 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

Sex ratio:
  at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female
  under 15 years: 1.08 male(s)/female
  15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
  65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
  total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2001 est.)

Infant mortality rate:
  17.42 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
  total population: 73.5 years male: 70.57 years
  female: 76.67 years (2001 est.)

Total fertility rate:
  1.75 children born/woman (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
  NA%

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
  NA

HIV/AIDS - deaths:
  NA

Nationality:
  noun: Serb(s); Montenegrin(s)
  adjective: Serbian; Montenegrin

Ethnic groups:
  Serb 62.6%, Albanian 16.5%, Montenegrin 5%, Hungarian 3.3%, other 12.6%
  (1991)

Religions:
  Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other 11%

Languages:
  Serbian 95%, Albanian 5%

Literacy:
  definition: age 15 and over can read and write
  total population: 93%
  male: 97.2%
  female: 88.9% (1991)

§4. Yugoslavia Government

Country name:
  conventional long form: Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
  conventional short form: Yugoslavia
  local long form: Savezna Republika Jugoslavija
  local short form: Jugoslavija

Government type:
  republic

Capital:
  Belgrade

Administrative divisions:
  2 republics (republike, singular - republika); and 2 nominally autonomous
  provinces* (autonomn pokrajine, singular - autonomna pokrajina); Kosovo*,
  Montenegro, Serbia, Vojvodina*

Independence:
  27 April 1992 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia or FRY formed as
  self-proclaimed successor to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
  or SFRY)

National holiday:
  Republic Day, 29 November

Constitution:
  27 April 1992

Legal system:
  based on civil law system

Suffrage:
  16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal

Executive branch:
  chief of state: President Vojislav KOSTUNICA (since 7 October 2000)
  head of government: Prime Minister Dragisa PESIC (since 24 July 2001);
    Deputy Prime Minister Miroljub LABUS (since 25 January 2001)
  cabinet: Federal Executive Council
  elections: president elected by direct popular vote for up to two,
    four-year terms; election last held 24 September 2000 (next to be held NA
    2004); prime minister appointed by the president
  election results: Vojislav KOSTUNICA elected president; percent of vote -
    Vojislav KOSTUNICA 55%, Slobodan MILOSEVIC 35%

Legislative branch:
  bicameral Federal Assembly or Savezna Skupstina consists of the Chamber of
  Republics or Vece Republika (40 seats - 20 Serbian, 20 Montenegrin; members
  distributed on the basis of party representation in the republican
  assemblies to serve four-year terms; note - the Assembly passed a new
  constitutional amendment calling for direct elections for the deputies to
  the upper chamber) and the Chamber of Citizens or Vece Gradjana (138 seats
  - 108 Serbian with half elected by constituency majorities and half by
  proportional representation, 30 Montenegrin with six elected by
  constituency and 24 proportionally; members serve four-year terms)
  elections: Chamber of Republics - last held 24 September 2000 (next to be
    held NA 2004); Chamber of Citizens - last held 24 September 2000 (next to
    be held NA 2004)
  election results: Chamber of Republics - percent of vote by party - NA%;
    seats by party - SNP 19, DOS 10, SPS/JUL 7, SRS 2, SPO 1, SNS 1; note -
    seats are filled on a proportional basis to reflect the composition of
    the legislatures of the republics of Montenegro and Serbia; since 1998
    Serbia has effectively barred Montenegro from its constitutional right to
    delegate deputies to the Chamber of Republics; Chamber of Citizens -
    percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - DOS 55, SPS/JUL 46, SNP
    28, SRS 4, SNS 2, other 3

Judicial branch:
  Federal Court or Savezni Sud; Constitutional Court; judges for both courts
  are elected by the Federal Assembly for nine-year terms

Political parties and leaders:
  Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians or SVM [Jozsef KASZA]; Civic Alliance of
  Serbia or GSS [Vesna PESIC]; Coalition Sandzak [Rasim JAJIC]; Coalition
  Sumadija [Branislav KOVACEVIC]; Democratic Alternative of DA [Nebojsa
  COVIC]; Democratic Center or DC [Dragoljub MICUNOVIC]; Democratic Christian
  Party of Serbia of DHSS [Vladan BATIC]; Democratic League of Kosovo or LDK
  [Dr. Ibrahim RUGOVA, president]; Democratic Opposition of Serbia or DOS
  [leader NA]; Democratic Party or DS [Zoran DJINDJIC]; Democratic Party of
  Serbia or DSS [Vojislav KOSTUNICA]; Democratic Party of Socialists of
  Montenegro or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC]; Movement for a Democratic Serbia or
  PDS [Momcilo PERISIC]; New Democracy or ND [Dusan MIHAJLOVIC]; New Serbia
  [Velimir ILIC and Milan St. PROTIC]; People's Party of Montenegro or NS
  [Dragan SOC]; Serb People's Party or SNS [leader NA]; Serbian Radical Party
  or SRS [Vojislav SESELJ]; Serbian Renewal Movement or SPO [Vuk DRASKOVIC,
  president]; Serbian Socialist Party or SPS (former Communist Party)
  [Slobodan MILOSEVIC]; Social Democracy or SD [Vuk OBRADOVIC]; Social
  Democratic Union or SDU [Zarko KORAC]; Socialist People's Party of
  Montenegro or SNP [Momir BULATOVIC]; Yugoslav United Left or JUL [Ljubisa
  RISTIC]

Political pressure groups and leaders:
  Alliance for the Future of Kosovo or AAK [leader RAMUSH]; Group of 17
  Independent Economists or G-17 [leader NA]; National Movement for the
  Liberation of Kosovo or LKCK [Sabit GASHI]; Otpor Student Resistance
  Movement [leader NA]; Political Council for Presevo, Meveda and Bujanovac
  or PCPMB [leader NA]; The People's Movement for Kosovo or LPK [leader NA]

International organization participation:
  BIS, CE (guest), FAO (applicant), G- 9, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, ICAO, ICC,
  ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, IOC, IOM
  (observer), ISO, ITU, NAM, OPCW, OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO,
  WIPO, WMO, WTrO (observer)

Diplomatic representation in the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador Milan PROTIC chancery: 2410 California St. NW,
    Washington, DC 20008
  note: Yugoslavia restored its diplomatic mission in the US in November 2000
    after temporarily ceasing its operations at the beginning of the March
    1999 NATO bombing campaign

Diplomatic representation from the US:
  chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires William MONTGOMERY
    embassy: Kneza Milosa 30, 11000 Belgrade
  note: the US reestablished relations with Yugoslavia 17 November 2000; the
    embassy is not scheduled to open for business until extensive renovations
    have been completed

Flag description:
  three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red

§5. Yugoslavia Economy

Economy - overview:
  The swift collapse of the Yugoslav federation in 1991 was followed by
  highly destructive warfare, the destabilization of republic boundaries, and
  the breakup of important interrepublic trade flows. Output in Yugoslavia
  dropped by half in 1992-93. Like the other former Yugoslav republics, it
  had depended on its sister republics for large amounts of energy and
  manufactures. Wide differences in climate, mineral resources, and levels of
  technology among the republics accentuated this interdependence, as did the
  communist practice of concentrating much industrial output in a small
  number of giant plants. The breakup of many of the trade links, the sharp
  drop in output as industrial plants lost suppliers and markets, and the
  destruction of physical assets in the fighting all have contributed to the
  economic difficulties of the republics. Hyperinflation ended with the
  establishment of a new currency unit in June 1993; prices were relatively
  stable from 1995 through 1997, but inflationary pressures resurged in 1998.
  Reliable statistics continue to be hard to come by, and the GDP estimate is
  extremely rough. The economic boom anticipated by the government after the
  suspension of UN sanctions in December 1995 has failed to materialize.
  Government mismanagement of the economy is largely to blame, but the damage
  to Yugoslavia's infrastructure and industry by the NATO bombing during the
  war in Kosovo have added to problems. All sanctions now have been lifted.
  Yugoslavia is in the first stage of economic reform. Severe electricity
  shortages are chronic, the result of lack of investment by former regimes,
  depleted hydropower reservoirs due to extended drought, and lack of funds.
  GDP growth in 2000 was perhaps 15%, which made up for a large part of the
  20% decline of 1999.

GDP:
  purchasing power parity - $24.2 billion (2000 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
  15% (2000 est.)

GDP - per capita:
  purchasing power parity - $2,300 (2000 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:
  agriculture: 20% industry: 50%
  services: 30% (1998 est.)

Population below poverty line:
  NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
  lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
  42% (1999 est.)

Labor force:
  1.6 million (1999 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
  agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%

Unemployment rate:
  30% (2000 est.)

Budget:
  revenues: $NA
  expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Industries:
  machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; tanks and weapons;
  electrical equipment; agricultural machinery); metallurgy (steel, aluminum,
  copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium); mining (coal,
  bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone); consumer goods (textiles,
  footwear, foodstuffs, appliances); electronics, petroleum products,
  chemicals, and pharmaceuticals

Industrial production growth rate:
  -22% (1999 est.)

Electricity - production:
  34.455 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - production by source:
  fossil fuel: 70% hydro: 30%
  nuclear: 0%
  other: 0% (1999)

Electricity - consumption:
  33.006 billion kWh (1999)

Electricity - exports:
  960 million kWh (1999)

Electricity - imports:
  1.923 billion kWh (1999)

Agriculture - products:
  cereals, fruits, vegetables, tobacco, olives; cattle, sheep, goats

Exports:
  $1.5 billion (1999)

Exports - commodities:
  manufactured goods, food and live animals, raw materials

Exports - partners:
  Bosnia and Herzegovina, Italy, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
  Germany (1998)

Imports:
  $3.3 billion (1999)

Imports - commodities:
  machinery and transport equipment, fuels and lubricants, manufactured
  goods, chemicals, food and live animals, raw materials

Imports - partners:
  Germany, Italy, Russia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (1998)

Debt - external:
  $14.1 billion (1999 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:
  $NA

Currency:
  new Yugoslav dinar (YUM); note - in Montenegro the German deutsche mark is
  legal tender (1999)

Currency code:
  YUM

Exchange rates:
  new Yugoslav dinars per US dollar - official rate: 10.0 (December 1998),
    5.85 (December 1997), 5.02 (September 1996), 1.5 (early 1995); black
    market rate: 14.5 (December 1998), 8.9 (December 1997), 2 to 3 (early
    1995)

Fiscal year:
  calendar year

§6. Yugoslavia Communications

Telephones - main lines in use:
  2.017 million (1995)

Telephones - mobile cellular:
  87,000 (1997)

Telephone system:
  general assessment: NA domestic: NA
  international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:
  AM 113, FM 194, shortwave 2 (1998)

Radios:
  3.15 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:
  more than 771 (including 86 strong stations and 685 low-power stations,
  plus 20 repeaters in the principal networks; also numerous local or private
  stations in Serbia and Vojvodina) (1997)

Televisions:
  2.75 million (1997)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
  9 (2000)

Internet users:
  80,000 (2000)

§7. Yugoslavia Transportation

Railways:
  total: 4,095 km
  standard gauge: 4,095 km 1.435-m gauge (1,377 km partially electrified
    since 1992)
  note: during to the 1999 Kosovo conflict, the Serbian rail system suffered
    significant damage due to bridge destruction; many rail bridges have been
    rebuilt, but the bridge over the Danube at Novi Sad was still down in
    early 2000; however, a by-pass is available; Montenegrin rail lines
    remain intact

Highways:
  total: 48,603 km
  paved: 28,822 km (including 560 km of expressways)
  unpaved: 19,781 km (1998 est.)
  note: because of the 1999 Kosovo conflict, many road bridges were
    destroyed; since the end of the conflict in June 1999, there has been an
    intensive program to either rebuild bridges or build by-pass routes

Waterways:
  587 km
  note: The Danube River, which connects Europe with the Black Sea, runs
    through Serbia; since early 2000, a pontoon bridge, replacing a destroyed
    conventional bridge, has obstructed river traffic at Novi Sad; the
    obstruction can be bypassed by a canal system but inadequate lock size
    limits the size of vessels which may pass (2001)

Pipelines:
  crude oil 415 km; petroleum products 130 km; natural gas 2,110 km

Ports and harbors:
  Bar, Belgrade, Kotor, Novi Sad, Pancevo, Tivat, Zelenika

Merchant marine:
  total: 1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,437 GRT/400 DWT
  ships by type: short-sea passenger 1 (2000 est.)

Airports:
  47 (2000 est.)

Airports - with paved runways:
  total: 19 over 3,047 m: 2
  2,438 to 3,047 m: 5
  1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
  914 to 1,523 m: 3
  under 914 m: 4 (2000 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways:
  total: 28 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
  914 to 1,523 m: 12
  under 914 m: 14 (2000 est.)

Heliports:
  2 (2000 est.)

§8. Yugoslavia Military

Military branches:
  Army (including ground forces with border troops, naval forces, air and air
  defense forces)

Military manpower - military age:
  19 years of age

Military manpower - availability:
  males age 15-49: 2,600,362 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:
  males age 15-49: 2,088,595 (2001 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
  males: 82,542 (2001 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:
  $760 million (FY00)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
  NA%

§9. Yugoslavia Transnational Issues

Disputes - international:
  Albanian majority in Kosovo seeks independence from Yugoslavia; Croatia and
  Yugoslavia are negotiating the status of the strategically important
  Prevlaka Peninsula, which is currently under a UN military observer mission
  (UNMOP); the February 2001 agreement with the Former Yugoslav Republic of
  Macedonia settled alignment of boundary, stipulating implementation within
  two years

Illicit drugs:
  transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin moving to Western Europe on
  the Balkan route
